For purposes of this part, the term "qualified small issue bond" means any bond issued as part of an issue the aggregate authorized face amount of which is $1,000,000 or less and 95 percent or more of the net proceeds of which are to be used-
If-
then, for purposes of paragraph (1), in determining the aggregate face amount of any later issue there shall be taken into account the aggregate face amount of tax-exempt bonds issued under all prior such issues and outstanding at the time of such later issue (not including as outstanding any bond which is to be redeemed (other than in an advance refunding) from the net proceeds of the later issue).
For purposes of this subsection, a person is a related person to another person if-
At the election of the issuer with respect to any issue, this subsection shall be applied-
For purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii), the facilities described in this subparagraph are facilities-
For purposes of clause (i), the determination of whether or not facilities are located in the same governmental unit shall be made as of the date of issue of the issue in question.
For purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii), any capital expenditure-
shall not be taken into account.
In applying subparagraph (A)(ii) with respect to capital expenditures made after the date of any issue, no bond issued as a part of such issue shall cease to be treated as a qualified small issue bond by reason of any such expenditure for any period before the date on which such expenditure is paid or incurred.
In the case of any issue described in paragraph (1)(B), an election may be made under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph only if all of the prior issues being redeemed are issues to which paragraph (1) (or the corresponding provision of prior law) applied. In applying subparagraph (A)(ii) with respect to such a refinancing issue, capital expenditures shall be taken into account only for purposes of determining whether the prior issues being redeemed qualified (and would have continued to qualify) under paragraph (1) (or the corresponding provision of prior law).
In the case of any issue 95 percent or more of the net proceeds of which are to be used to provide facilities with respect to which an urban development action grant has been made under section 119 of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, capital expenditures of not to exceed $10,000,000 shall not be taken into account for purposes of applying subparagraph (A)(ii). This subparagraph shall not apply to bonds issued after December 31, 2006.
With respect to bonds issued after December 31, 2006, in addition to any capital expenditure described in subparagraph (C), capital expenditures of not to exceed $10,000,000 shall not be taken into account for purposes of applying subparagraph (A)(ii).
This subsection shall not apply to any bond issued as part of an issue 5 percent or more of the net proceeds of which are to be used directly or indirectly to provide residential real property for family units.
For purposes of this subsection, separate lots of bonds which (but for this subparagraph) would be treated as part of the same issue shall be treated as separate issues unless the proceeds of such lots are to be used with respect to 2 or more facilities-
For purposes of subparagraph (A), a person (other than a governmental unit) shall be considered a principal user of a facility if such person (or a group of related persons which includes such person)-
This subsection shall not apply to any bond issued as part of an issue (other than an issue to which paragraph (4) applies) if the interest on any other bond which is part of such issue is excluded from gross income under any provision of law other than this subsection.
This subsection shall not apply to an issue if-
For purposes of this subsection, 2 or more issues part or all of the net proceeds of which are to be used with respect to a single building, an enclosed shopping mall, or a strip of offices, stores, or warehouses using substantial common facilities shall be treated as 1 issue (and any person who is a principal user with respect to any of such issues shall be treated as a principal user with respect to the aggregated issue).
This subsection shall not apply to any issue if the aggregate authorized face amount of such issue allocated to any test-period beneficiary (when increased by the outstanding tax-exempt facility-related bonds of such beneficiary) exceeds $40,000,000.
For purposes of applying subparagraph (A) with respect to any issue, the outstanding tax-exempt facility-related bonds of any person who is a test-period beneficiary with respect to such issue is the aggregate amount of tax-exempt bonds referred to in clause (ii)-
For purposes of clause (i), the bonds referred to in this clause are-
Except as otherwise provided in regulations, the portion of the face amount of an issue allocated to any test-period beneficiary of a facility financed by the proceeds of such issue (other than an owner of such facility) is an amount which bears the same relationship to the entire face amount of such issue as the portion of such facility used by such beneficiary bears to the entire facility.
Except as otherwise provided in regulations, the portion of the face amount of an issue allocated to any test-period beneficiary who is an owner of a facility financed by the proceeds of such issue is an amount which bears the same relationship to the entire face amount of such issue as the portion of such facility owned by such beneficiary bears to the entire facility.
For purposes of this paragraph, except as provided in regulations, the term "test-period beneficiary" means any person who is an owner or a principal user of facilities being financed by the issue at any time during the 3-year period beginning on the later of-
For purposes of this paragraph, all persons who are related (within the meaning of paragraph (3)) to each other shall be treated as 1 person.
This subsection shall not apply to any issue if more than $250,000 of the net proceeds of such issue are to be used to provide depreciable farm property with respect to which the principal user is or will be the same person or 2 or more related persons.
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "depreciable farm property" means property of a character subject to the allowance for depreciation which is to be used in a trade or business of farming.
In determining the amount of proceeds of an issue to be used as described in subparagraph (A), there shall be taken into account the aggregate amount of each prior issue to which paragraph (1) (or the corresponding provisions of prior law) applied which were or will be so used.
This subsection shall not apply to-
For purposes of clause (ii)(I), average maturity shall be determined in accordance with section 147(b)(2)(A).
Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any bond issued as part of an issue 95 percent or more of the net proceeds of which are to be used to provide-
For purposes of this paragraph-
The term "manufacturing facility" means any facility which is used in the manufacturing or production of tangible personal property (including the processing resulting in a change in the condition of such property). A rule similar to the rule of section 142(b)(2) shall apply for purposes of the preceding sentence.
Such term includes facilities which are directly related and ancillary to a manufacturing facility (determined without regard to this clause) if-
In the case of any issue made after the date of enactment of this clause and before January 1, 2011, clause (ii) shall not apply and the net proceeds from a bond shall be considered to be used to provide a manufacturing facility if such proceeds are used to provide-
For purposes of this part-
The term "qualified student loan bond" means any bond issued as part of an issue the applicable percentage or more of the net proceeds of which are to be used directly or indirectly to make or finance student loans under-
A bond shall not be treated as a qualified student loan bond if the issue of which such bond is a part meets the private business tests of paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 141(b) (determined by treating 501(c)(3) organizations as governmental units with respect to their activities which do not constitute unrelated trades or businesses, determined by applying section 513(a)).
For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "applicable percentage" means-
A student loan shall be treated as being made or financed under a program described in paragraph (1) with respect to an issue only if the student is-
A program shall not be treated as described in paragraph (1)(A) if such program discriminates on the basis of the location (in the United States) of the educational institution in which the student is enrolled.
For purposes of this part-
The term "qualified redevelopment bond" means any bond issued as part of an issue 95 percent or more of the net proceeds of which are to be used for 1 or more redevelopment purposes in any designated blighted area.
A bond shall not be treated as a qualified redevelopment bond unless-
is transferred for fair market value,
For purposes of paragraph (1)-
The term "redevelopment purposes" means, with respect to any designated blighted area-
The term "redevelopment purposes" does not include the construction (other than the rehabilitation) of any property or the enlargement of an existing building.
For purposes of this subsection-
The term "designated blighted area" means any blighted area designated by the governing body of a local general purpose governmental unit in the jurisdiction of which such area is located.
The term "blighted area" means any area which the governing body described in subparagraph (A) determines to be a blighted area on the basis of the substantial presence of factors such as excessive vacant land on which structures were previously located, abandoned or vacant buildings, substandard structures, vacancies, and delinquencies in payment of real property taxes.
An area may be designated by a governmental unit as a blighted area only if the designation percentage with respect to such area, when added to the designation percentages of all other designated blighted areas within the jurisdiction of such governmental unit, does not exceed 20 percent.
For purposes of this subparagraph, the term "designation percentage" means, with respect to any area, the percentage (determined at the time such area is designated) which the assessed value of real property located in such area is of the total assessed value of all real property located within the jurisdiction of the governmental unit which designated such area.
The designation percentage of a previously designated blighted area shall not be taken into account under clause (i) if no qualified redevelopment bond (or similar bond) is or will be outstanding with respect to such area.
Except as provided in clause (ii), an area shall not be treated as a designated blighted area for purposes of this subsection unless such area is contiguous and compact and its area equals or exceeds 100 acres.
Clause (i) shall be applied by substituting "10 acres" for "100 acres" if not more than 25 percent of the financed area is to be provided (pursuant to the issue and all other such issues) to 1 person. For purposes of the preceding sentence, all related persons (as defined in subsection (a)(3)) shall be treated as 1 person. For purposes of this clause, an area provided to a developer on a short-term interim basis shall not be treated as provided to such developer.
The financed area with respect to any issue meets the requirements of this paragraph if, while any bond which is part of such issue is outstanding-
For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term "comparable property" means property which is of the same type as the property to which it is being compared and which is located within the jurisdiction of the designating governmental unit.
The use of the proceeds of an issue meets the requirements of this paragraph if-
For purposes of this subsection, the term "financed area" means, with respect to any issue, the portion of the designated blighted area with respect to which the proceeds of such issue are to be used.
Section 147(c) (other than paragraphs (1)(B) and (2) thereof) shall not apply to any qualified redevelopment bond.
1 See References in Text note below.
26 U.S.C. § 144
EDITORIAL NOTES
REFERENCES IN TEXTSection 119 of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (a)(4)(F), is classified to section 5318 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.The date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, referred to in subsec. (a)(10)(B)(ii)(II), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 99-514, which was approved Oct. 22, 1986.The date of enactment of this clause, referred to in subsec. (a)(12)(C)(iii), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 111-5, which was approved Feb. 17, 2009. The Higher Education Act of 1965, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is Pub. L. 89-329, Nov. 8, 1965, 79 Stat. 1219, which is classified generally to chapter 28 (§1001 et seq.) of Title 20, Education. Section 428B(a) of that Act as enacted in the general amendment of part B of title IV of that Act by Pub. L. 99-498, title IV, §402(a), Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1386, which is classified to section 1078-2(a) of Title 20, did not contain a par. (1). Section 438 of that Act is classified to section 1087-1 of Title 20. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of Title 20 and Tables.The Public Health Service Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(B), is act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, 58 Stat. 682. Subpart I of part C of title VII of the Act was classified generally to subpart I (§294 et seq.) of part C of subchapter V of chapter 6A of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to the general revision of subchapter V of chapter 6A by Pub. L. 102-408, §102, Oct. 13, 1992, 106 Stat. 1994. See subpart I (§292 et seq.) of part A of revised subchapter V of chapter 6A of Title 42. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 201 of Title 42 and Tables.
PRIOR PROVISIONSA prior section 144, acts Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 41; Feb. 26, 1964, Pub. L. 88-272, title I, §112(c), title II, §232(c), 78 Stat. 24, 110; Dec. 10, 1971, Pub. L. 92-178, title II, §206, title III, §301(c), 85 Stat. 511, 520; Oct. 4, 1976, Pub. L. 94-455, title V, §501(b)(3)-(5), title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), 90 Stat. 1558, 1559, 1834, related to method for electing to take standard deduction, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 95-30, title I, §101(d)(1), May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 133, applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976.
AMENDMENTS2009-Subsec. (a)(12)(C). Pub. L. 111-5 substituted dash for comma after "For purposes of this paragraph", designated remainder of first sentence and second sentence of existing provisions as cl. (i) and inserted heading, substituted "The term" for "the term", added cls. (ii) and (iii), and struck out former last sentence which read as follows: "For purposes of the 1st sentence of this subparagraph, the term 'manufacturing facility' includes facilities which are directly related and ancillary to a manufacturing facility (determined without regard to this sentence) if-"(i) such facilities are located on the same site as the manufacturing facility, and"(ii) not more than 25 percent of the net proceeds of the issue are used to provide such facilities." 2006-Subsec. (a)(4)(F), (G). Pub. L. 109-222 substituted "December 31, 2006" for "September 30, 2009". 2004-Subsec. (a)(4)(F). Pub. L. 108-357, §340(b), inserted at end "This subparagraph shall not apply to bonds issued after September 30, 2009."Subsec. (a)(4)(G). Pub. L. 108-357, §340(a), added subpar. (G).1993-Subsec. (a)(12)(B). Pub. L. 103-66 amended heading and text of subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In the case of any bond issued as part of an issue 95 percent or more of the net proceeds of which are to be used to provide-"(i) any manufacturing facility, or "(ii) any land or property in accordance with section 147(c)(2),subparagraph (A) shall be applied by substituting 'June 30, 1992' for 'December 31, 1986'." 1991-Subsec. (a)(12)(B). Pub. L. 102-227 substituted "June 30, 1992" for "December 31, 1991". 1990-Subsec. (a)(12)(B). Pub. L. 101-508 substituted "December 31, 1991" for "September 30, 1990". 1989-Subsec. (a)(12)(B). Pub. L. 101-239 substituted "by substituting 'September 30, 1990' for 'December 31, 1986' " for "by substituting '1989' for '1986' ". 1988-Subsec. (a)(12)(A). Pub. L. 100-647, §1013(a)(4)(B)(ii), inserted sentence at end that for purposes of cl. (ii)(I), average maturity be determined in accordance with section 147(b)(2)(A).Subsec. (a)(12)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 100-647, §1013(a)(4)(A), inserted "(or series of bonds)" before "issued to refund" in introductory text.Subsec. (a)(12)(A)(ii)(I). Pub. L. 100-647, §1013(a)(4)(B)(i), amended subcl. (I) generally. Prior to amendment, subcl. (I) read as follows: "the refunding bond has a maturity date not later than the maturity date of the refunded bond,". Subsec. (a)(12)(A)(ii)(III), (IV). Pub. L. 100-647, §1013(a)(4)(C), redesignated subcl. (IV) as (III) and struck out former subcl. (III) which provided that this subsection apply when the interest rate on the refunding bond is lower than the interest rate on the refunded bond.Subsec. (a)(12)(C). Pub. L. 100-647, §6176(a), inserted sentence at end defining "manufacturing facility". Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 100-647, §1013(a)(5), in subpar. (B) struck out "to which part B of title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (relating to guaranteed student loans) does not apply" after "by the State", substituted "of the Higher Education Act of 1965" for "of such Act", amended last sentence generally, and inserted a new flush sentence at end of par. (1). Prior to amendment, last sentence of subpar. (B) read as follows: "A bond issued as part of an issue shall be treated as a qualified student loan bond only if no bond which is part of such issue meets the private business tests of paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 141(b)."
STATUTORY NOTES AND RELATED SUBSIDIARIES
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2009 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 111-5, div. B, title I, §1301(b), Feb. 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 345, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to obligations issued after the date of the enactment of this Act [Feb. 17, 2009]."
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1993 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 103-66, §13122(b), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 433, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to bonds issued after June 30, 1992."
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1991 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 102-227, §109(b), Dec. 11, 1991, 105 Stat. 1688, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to bonds issued after December 31, 1991."
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 101-508, §11409(b), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388-478, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to bonds issued after September 30, 1990."
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT Amendment by section 1013(a)(4)(A), (B)(i), (ii), (C), (5) of Pub. L. 100-647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100-647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.Pub. L. 100-647, title VI, §6176(b), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3726, provided that: "(1) IN GENERAL.-The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to bonds issued after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988]."(2) REFUNDINGS.-The amendment made by subsection (a) shall not apply to any bond issued to refund (or which is part of a series of bonds issued to refund) a bond issued on or before the date of the enactment of this Act if-"(A) the average maturity date of the issue of which the refunding bond is a part is not later than the average maturity date of the bonds to be refunded by such issue, and "(B) the amount of the refunding bond does not exceed the outstanding amount of the refunded bond.For purposes of subparagraph (A), average maturity shall be determined in accordance with section 147(b) of the 1986 Code."
APPLICATION OF SUBSECTION (A)(12)(A)(II)(I) TO REFUNDING BONDS ISSUED BEFORE JULY 1, 1987Pub. L. 100-647, title I, §1013(a)(4)(B)(iii), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3538, provided that: "A refunding bond issued before July 1, 1987, shall be treated as meeting the requirement of subclause (I) of section 144(a)(12)(A)(ii) of the 1986 Code if such bond met the requirement of such subclause as in effect before the amendments made by this subparagraph [amending this section]."
TERMINATION DATE FOR EXEMPTION FOR CERTAIN SMALL ISSUES UNDER SECTION 103(B)(6)Pub. L. 100-647, title I, §1013(c)(12)(B), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3547, provided that: "The date applicable under section 144(a)(12)(B) of the 1986 Code shall be treated as contained in section 103(b)(6)(N)(iii) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Reform Act [Oct. 22, 1986], for purposes of any bond issued to refund a bond to which such section 103(b)(6)(N)(iii) applies."
- State
- The term "State" shall be construed to include the District of Columbia, where such construction is necessary to carry out provisions of this title.
- person
- The term "person" shall be construed to mean and include an individual, a trust, estate, partnership, association, company or corporation.
- student
- The term "student" means any individual-(i) who is temporarily present in the United States-(I) under subparagraph (F) or (M) of section 101(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, or(II) as a student under subparagraph (J) or (Q) of such section 101(15), and(ii) who substantially complies with the requirements for being so present.
- taxpayer
- The term "taxpayer" means any person subject to any internal revenue tax.
- trade or business
- The term "trade or business" includes the performance of the functions of a public office.