No covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified individual on the basis of disability in regard to job application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.
As used in subsection (a), the term "discriminate against a qualified individual on the basis of disability" includes-
It shall not be unlawful under this section for a covered entity to take any action that constitutes discrimination under this section with respect to an employee in a workplace in a foreign country if compliance with this section would cause such covered entity to violate the law of the foreign country in which such workplace is located.
If an employer controls a corporation whose place of incorporation is a foreign country, any practice that constitutes discrimination under this section and is engaged in by such corporation shall be presumed to be engaged in by such employer.
This section shall not apply with respect to the foreign operations of an employer that is a foreign person not controlled by an American employer.
For purposes of this paragraph, the determination of whether an employer controls a corporation shall be based on-
of the employer and the corporation.
The prohibition against discrimination as referred to in subsection (a) shall include medical examinations and inquiries.
Except as provided in paragraph (3), a covered entity shall not conduct a medical examination or make inquiries of a job applicant as to whether such applicant is an individual with a disability or as to the nature or severity of such disability.
A covered entity may make preemployment inquiries into the ability of an applicant to perform job-related functions.
A covered entity may require a medical examination after an offer of employment has been made to a job applicant and prior to the commencement of the employment duties of such applicant, and may condition an offer of employment on the results of such examination, if-
A covered entity shall not require a medical examination and shall not make inquiries of an employee as to whether such employee is an individual with a disability or as to the nature or severity of the disability, unless such examination or inquiry is shown to be job-related and consistent with business necessity.
A covered entity may conduct voluntary medical examinations, including voluntary medical histories, which are part of an employee health program available to employees at that work site. A covered entity may make inquiries into the ability of an employee to perform job-related functions.
Information obtained under subparagraph (B) regarding the medical condition or history of any employee are subject to the requirements of subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (3).
42 U.S.C. § 12112
EDITORIAL NOTES
REFERENCES IN TEXTThis chapter, referred to in subsec. (d)(3)(B)(iii), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 101-336, 104 Stat. 327, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 12101 of this title and Tables.
CONSTITUTIONALITYFor the constitutionality of certain provisions of this subchapter, see the Table of Laws Held Unconstitutional in Whole or in Part by the Supreme Court on the Constitution Annotated website, constitution.congress.gov.
AMENDMENTS2008-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110-325, §5(a)(1), substituted "on the basis of disability" for "with a disability because of the disability of such individual". Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110-325, §5(a)(2), substituted "discriminate against a qualified individual on the basis of disability" for "discriminate" in introductory provisions. 1991-Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 102-166 added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d).
STATUTORY NOTES AND RELATED SUBSIDIARIES
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2008 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 110-325 effective Jan. 1, 2009, see section 8 of Pub. L. 110-325, set out as a note under section 705 of Title 29, Labor.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1991 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 102-166 inapplicable to conduct occurring before Nov. 21, 1991, see section 109(c) of Pub. L. 102-166, set out as a note under section 2000e of this title.
EFFECTIVE DATESection effective 24 months after July 26, 1990, see section 108 of Pub. L. 101-336, set out as a note under section 12111 of this title.