Rule 28 - Briefs-Function and Content(a)Function. The function of all briefs required or permitted by these rules is to define clearly the issues presented to the reviewing court and to present the arguments and authorities upon which the parties rely in support of their respective positions thereon. The scope of review on appeal is limited to issues so presented in the several briefs. Issues not presented and discussed in a party's brief are deemed abandoned. Similarly, issues properly presented for review in the Court of Appeals, but not then stated in the notice of appeal or the petition accepted by the Supreme Court for review and discussed in the new briefs required by Rules 14(d)(1) and 15(g)(2) to be filed in the Supreme Court for review by that Court, are deemed abandoned.(b)Content of Appellant's Brief. An appellant's brief shall contain, under appropriate headings and in the form prescribed by Rule 26(g) and the appendixes to these rules, in the following order: (1) A cover page, followed by a subject index and table of authorities as required by Rule 26(g).(2) A statement of the issues presented for review. The proposed issues on appeal listed in the printed record shall not limit the scope of the issues that an appellant may argue in its brief.(3) A concise statement of the procedural history of the case. This shall indicate the nature of the case and summarize the course of proceedings up to the taking of the appeal before the court.(4) A statement of the grounds for appellate review. Such statement shall include citation of the statute or statutes permitting appellate review. When an appeal is based on Rule 54(b) of the Rules of Civil Procedure, the statement shall show that there has been a final judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties and that there has been a certification by the trial court that there is no just reason for delay. When an appeal is interlocutory, the statement must contain sufficient facts and argument to support appellate review on the ground that the challenged order affects a substantial right.(5) A full and complete statement of the facts. This should be a non-argumentative summary of all material facts underlying the matter in controversy which are necessary to understand all issues presented for review, supported by references to pages in the record on appeal.(6) An argument, to contain the contentions of the appellant with respect to each issue presented. Issues not presented in a party's brief, or in support of which no reason or argument is stated, will be taken as abandoned. The argument shall contain a concise statement of the applicable standard(s) of review for each issue, which shall appear either at the beginning of the discussion of each issue or under a separate heading placed before the beginning of the discussion of all the issues.
The body of the argument and the statement of applicable standard(s) of review shall contain citations of the authorities upon which the appellant relies. Evidence or other proceedings material to the issue may be narrated or quoted in the body of the argument, with appropriate reference to the record on appeal, the transcript of proceedings, or exhibits.
(7) A short conclusion stating the precise relief sought.(8) Identification of counsel by signature, typed name, post office address, telephone number, State Bar number, and e-mail address.(9) The proof of service required by Rule 26(d).(10) Any appendix required or allowed by this Rule 28.(c)Content of Appellee's Brief; Presentation of Additional Issues. An appellee's brief shall contain a subject index and table of authorities as required by Rule 26(g), an argument, a conclusion, identification of counsel, and proof of service in the form provided in Rule 28(b) for an appellant's brief, and any appendix required or allowed by this Rule 28. It does not need to contain a statement of the issues presented, procedural history of the case, grounds for appellate review, the facts, or the standard(s) of review, unless the appellee disagrees with the appellant's statements and desires to make a restatement or unless the appellee desires to present issues in addition to those stated by the appellant. Without taking an appeal, an appellee may present issues on appeal based on any action or omission of the trial court that deprived the appellee of an alternative basis in law for supporting the judgment, order, or other determination from which appeal has been taken. Without having taken appeal or listing proposed issues as permitted by Rule 10(c), an appellee may also argue on appeal whether a new trial should be granted to the appellee rather than a judgment notwithstanding the verdict awarded to the appellant when the latter relief is sought on appeal by the appellant. If the appellee presents issues in addition to those stated by the appellant, the appellee's brief must contain a full, non-argumentative summary of all material facts necessary to understand the new issues supported by references to pages in the record on appeal, the transcript of proceedings, or the appendixes, as appropriate, as well as a statement of the applicable standard(s) of review for those additional issues.
An appellee may supplement the record with any materials pertinent to the issues presented on appeal, as provided in Rule 9(b)(5).
(d)Appendixes to Briefs. Whenever the transcript of proceedings is filed pursuant to Rule 9(c)(2), the parties must file portions of the transcript as appendixes to their briefs, if required by this Rule 28(d). (1)When Appendixes to Appellant's Brief Are Required. Except as provided in Rule 28(d)(2), the appellant must reproduce as appendixes to its brief:
a. those portions of the transcript of proceedings which must be reproduced in order to understand any issue presented in the brief;b. those portions of the transcript showing the pertinent questions and answers when an issue presented in the brief involves the admission or exclusion of evidence;c. relevant portions of statutes, rules, or regulations, the study of which is required to determine issues presented in the brief;d. relevant items from the Rule 11(c) or Rule 18(d)(3) supplement, the study of which are required to determine issues presented in the brief.(2)When Appendixes to Appellant's Brief Are Not Required. Notwithstanding the requirements of Rule 28(d)(1), the appellant is not required to reproduce an appendix to its brief with respect to an issue presented:a. whenever the portion of the transcript necessary to understand an issue presented in the brief is reproduced in the body of the brief;b. to show the absence or insufficiency of evidence unless there are discrete portions of the transcript where the subject matter of the alleged insufficiency of the evidence is located; orc. to show the general nature of the evidence necessary to understand an issue presented in the brief if such evidence has been fully summarized as required by Rule 28(b)(4) and (5).(3)When Appendixes to Appellee's Brief Are Required. An appellee must reproduce appendixes to its brief in the following circumstances:a. Whenever the appellee believes that appellant's appendixes do not include portions of the transcript or items from the Rule 11(c) or Rule 18(d)(3) supplement that are required by Rule 28(d)(1), the appellee shall reproduce those portions of the transcript or supplement it believes to be necessary to understand the issue.b. Whenever the appellee presents a new or additional issue in its brief as permitted by Rule 28(c), the appellee shall reproduce portions of the transcript or relevant items from the Rule 11(c) or Rule 18(d)(3) supplement as if it were the appellant with respect to each such new or additional issue.(4)Format of Appendixes. The appendixes to the briefs of any party shall be in the format prescribed by Rule 26(g) and shall consist of copies of transcript pages that have been deemed necessary for inclusion in the appendix under this Rule 28(d). The pages of the appendix shall be consecutively numbered, and an index to the appendix shall be placed at its beginning.(e)References in Briefs to the Record on Appeal. References in the briefs to parts of the printed record, transcripts, documents included in the record on appeal pursuant to Rule 9(d), or supplements shall be to the pages in such filings where those portions appear.(f)Joinder of Multiple Parties in Briefs. Any number of appellants or appellees in a single cause or in causes consolidated for appeal may join in a single brief even though they are not formally joined on the appeal. Any party to any appeal may adopt by reference portions of the briefs of others.(g)Additional Authorities. Additional authorities discovered by a party after filing its brief may be brought to the attention of the court by filing a memorandum thereof with the clerk of the court and serving copies upon all other parties. The memorandum may not be used as a reply brief or for additional argument, but shall simply state the issue to which the additional authority applies and provide a full citation of the authority. Authorities not cited in the briefs or in such a memorandum may not be cited and discussed in oral argument.(h)Reply Briefs. Within fourteen days after an appellee's brief has been served on an appellant, the appellant may file and serve a reply brief, subject to the length limitations set forth in Rule 28(j). Any reply brief which an appellant elects to file shall be limited to a concise rebuttal of arguments set out in the appellee's brief and shall not reiterate arguments set forth in the appellant's principal brief. Upon motion of the appellant, the Court may extend the length limitations on such a reply brief to permit the appellant to address new or additional issues presented for the first time in the appellee's brief. Otherwise, motions to extend reply brief length limitations or to extend the time to file a reply brief are disfavored.(j)Word-Count Limitations Applicable to Briefs Filed in the Court of Appeals. A principal brief filed in the Court of Appeals may contain no more than 8,750 words. A reply brief filed in the Court of Appeals may contain no more than 3,750 words. (1)Portions of Brief Included in Word Count. Footnotes and citations in the body of the brief must be included in the word count. Covers, captions, indexes, tables of authorities, certificates of service, certificates of compliance with this rule, counsel's signature block, and appendixes do not count against these word-count limits.(2)Certificate of Compliance. Parties shall submit with the brief, immediately before the certificate of service, a certification, signed by counsel of record, or in the case of parties filing briefs pro se, by the party, that the brief contains no more than the number of words allowed by this rule. For purposes of this certification, counsel and parties may rely on word counts reported by word-processing software, as long as footnotes and citations are included in those word counts.287 N.C. 671; 301 N.C. 734; 303 N.C. 715; 304 N.C. 737; 306 N.C. 757; 312 N.C. 803;322 N.C. 850; 324 N.C. 585; 324 N.C. 613; 327 N.C. 671; 354 N.C. 598; 354 N.C. 609; 356 N.C. 706;358 N.C. 840; 359 N.C. 883; 361 N.C. 732; 363 N.C. 901; 365 N.C. 583; 369 N.C. 763; 370 N.C. 763;371 N.C. 974; 375 N.C. 1034; 379 N.C. 694; Order Dated 18 October 2023.
Amended November 17, 2020, effective 1/1/2021; amended 1/14/2021; amended October 13, 2021, effective 1/1/2022; amended October 18, 2023, effective 11/20/2023; amended June 18, 2024, effective 6/18/2024.