Rule 56.01 - General Provisions Governing Discovery(a) Discovery Methods. Parties may obtain discovery by one or more of the following methods: depositions upon oral examination or written questions; written interrogatories; production of documents, electronically stored information, or things or permission to enter upon land or other property, for inspection and other purposes; physical and mental examinations; and requests for admission.(b) Scope of Discovery. Unless otherwise limited by order of the court in accordance with these rules, the scope of discovery is as follows:(1) In General. Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, that is relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action, whether it relates to the claim or defense of the party seeking discovery or to the claim or defense of any other party, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition and location of any books, documents, or other tangible things and the identity and location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter, provided the discovery is proportional to the needs of the case considering the totality of the circumstances, including but not limited to, the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy, the parties' relative access to relevant information, the parties' resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expenses of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit. Information within the scope of discovery need not be admissible in evidence to be discoverable if the information sought appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.
The party seeking discovery shall bear the burden of establishing relevance.
(2) Limitations. Upon the motion of any party or on its own, the court must limit the frequency or extent of discovery if it determines that: (A) The discovery sought is cumulative, duplicative, or can be obtained from some other source that is more convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive;(B) The party seeking discovery has had ample opportunity to obtain the information by discovery in the action; or(C) The proposed discovery is outside the scope permitted by this Rule 56.01(b)(1).(3) Specific Limitations on Electronically Stored Information. A party need not provide discovery of electronically stored information from sources that the party identifies as not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or cost. On motion to compel discovery or for a protective order, the party from whom discovery is sought must show that the information is not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or cost. If that showing is made, the court may nonetheless order discovery from such sources if the requesting party shows good cause, considering the limitations of Rule 56.01(b)(2). The court may specify conditions for the discovery.(4) Insurance Agreements. A party may obtain discovery of the existence and contents, including production of the policy and declaration page, of any insurance agreement under which any person carrying on an insurance business may be liable to satisfy part or all of a judgment that may be entered in the action or to indemnify or reimburse for payments made to satisfy the judgment. Information concerning the insurance agreement is not by reason of disclosure admissible in evidence at trial. For purposes of this Rule 56.01(b)(4), an application for insurance shall not be treated as part of an insurance agreement.(5) Trial Preparation: Materials. Subject to the provisions of Rule 56.01(b)(6), a party may obtain discovery of documents and tangible things otherwise discoverable under Rule 56.01(b)(1) and prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or by or for that other party's representative, including an attorney, consultant, surety, indemnitor, insurer, or agent, only upon a showing that the party seeking discovery has substantial need of the materials in the preparation of the case and that the adverse party is unable without undue hardship to obtain the substantial equivalent of the materials by other means. In ordering discovery of such materials when the required showing has been made, the court shall protect against disclosure of the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of an attorney or other representative of a party concerning the litigation. A party may obtain without the required showing a statement concerning the action or its subject matter previously made by that party. For purposes of this paragraph, a statement previously made is:
(a) a written statement signed or otherwise adopted or approved by the person making it, or(b) a stenographic, mechanical, electrical, audio, video, motion picture or other recording, or a transcription thereof, of the party or of a statement made by the party and contemporaneously recorded.(6) Trial Preparation: Experts. Discovery of facts known and opinions held by experts, otherwise discoverable under the provisions of Rule 56.01(b)(1) and acquired or developed in anticipation of litigation or for trial, may be obtained only as follows: (A) A party may require through interrogatories, any other party to identify each person whom the other party expects to call as an expert witness at trial by providing such expert's name, address, occupation, place of employment, and qualifications to give an opinion or, if such information is available on the expert's curriculum vitae, such curriculum vitae may be attached to the interrogatory answers as a full response to such interrogatory, and to state the general nature of the subject matter on which the expert is expected to testify and the expert's hourly deposition fee.(B) A party may discover by deposition the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected to testify. Unless manifest injustice would result, the court shall require that the party seeking discovery from an expert pay the expert a reasonable hourly fee for the time such expert is deposed.(7) Trial Preparation: Non-retained Experts. A party, through interrogatories, may require any other party to identify each non-retained expert witness, including a party, whom the other party expects to call at trial who may provide expert witness opinion testimony by providing the expert's name, address, and field of expertise. For the purpose of this Rule 56.01(b)(7), an expert witness is a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, experience, training, or education giving testimony relative to scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge that will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence. Discovery of the facts known and opinions held by such an expert shall be discoverable in the same manner as for lay witnesses.(8) Approved Interrogatories and Request for Production. A circuit court by local court rule may promulgate "approved" interrogatories and requests for production for use in specified types of litigation. Each such approved interrogatory and request for production submitted to a party shall be denominated as having been approved by reference to the local court rule and paragraph number containing the interrogatory or request for production.(9) Claiming Privilege or Protecting Trial Preparation Materials.(A) Information produced. (i) If information produced in discovery is subject to a claim of privilege or of protection as trial preparation material, the party making the claim may notify any party that received the information of the claim and the basis for it. After being notified, a party must promptly return, sequester, or destroy the specified information and any copies it has; must not use or disclose the information until the claim is resolved; must take reasonable steps to retrieve the information if the party disclosed it before being notified; and may promptly present the information to the court under seal for a determination of the claim. The producing party must preserve the information until the claim is resolved.(ii) An attorney who receives information that contains privileged communications involving an adverse or third party and who has reasonable cause to believe that the information was incorrectly received shall not read the information or, if he or she has begun to do so, shall stop reading it. The receiving attorney shall promptly notify the sending attorney of such receipt; promptly return the information to the sending attorney; sequester, delete, or destroy the information and any copies thereof; and take reasonable measures to assure that the information is inaccessible. A sending attorney who has been notified about information containing privileged communications has the obligation to preserve the information.(B) The production of privileged or work-product protected documents, electronically stored information or other information, whether inadvertent or otherwise, is not a waiver of the privilege or protection from discovery in the proceeding.(c) Protective Orders. Upon motion by a party or by the person from whom discovery is sought, including e-discovery, and for good cause shown, the court may make any order which justice requires to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense, including one or more of the following: (1) that the discovery not be had;(2) that the discovery may be had only on specified terms and conditions, including a designation of the time or place or the allocation of expenses;(3) that the discovery may be had only by a method of discovery other than that selected by the party seeking discovery;(4) that certain matters not be inquired into, or that the scope of the discovery be limited to certain matters;(5) that discovery be conducted with no one present except persons designated by the court;(6) that a deposition after being sealed be opened only by order of the court;(7) that a trade secret or other confidential research, development, or commercial information not be disclosed or be disclosed only in a designated way;(8) that the parties simultaneously file specified documents or information enclosed in sealed envelopes to be opened as directed by the court. If a motion for protective order is denied in whole or in part, the court may, on such terms and conditions as are just, order that any party or person provide or permit discovery. The provisions of Rule 61.01 apply to the award of expenses incurred in relation to the motion.
In ruling on an objection that the discovery request creates an undue burden or expense, the court shall consider the issues in the case and the serving party's need for such information to prosecute or defend the case and may consider, among other things, the amount in controversy and the parties' relative resources in determining whether the proposed discovery burden or expense outweighs its benefit.
(d) Sequence and Timing of Discovery. Unless the parties stipulate or the court upon motion, for the convenience of parties and witnesses and in the interests of justice, orders otherwise, methods of discovery may be used in any sequence and the fact that a party is conducting discovery, whether by deposition or otherwise, shall not operate to delay any other party's discovery.(e) Supplementation of Responses. A party is under a duty seasonably to amend a prior response to an interrogatory, request for production, or request for admission if the party learns that the response is in some material respect incomplete or incorrect and if the additional or corrective information has not otherwise been made known to the other parties during the discovery process or in writing.(f) Stipulations Regarding Discovery Procedure. Unless the court orders otherwise, the parties may by written stipulation (1) provide that depositions may be taken before any person at any time or place, upon any notice, and in any manner and when so taken may be used like other depositions, and (2) modify the procedures provided by these Rules for other methods of discovery. Any stipulation under subdivision (2) shall be filed.(g) Cooperation in Discovery. All parties shall make reasonable efforts to cooperate for the purpose of minimizing the burden or expense of discovery. Adopted March 29, 1974, eff. 1/1/1975. Amended by L.1989, S.B. No. 127 et al., eff. 8/28/1989; amended June 16, 1989, eff. 1/1/1990; June 1, 1993, eff. 1/1/1994; Sept. 28, 1993, eff. 1/1/1994; Sept. 26, 1995, eff. 7/1/1996; June 25, 2001, eff. 1/1/2002; June 21, 2002, eff. 1/1/2003. Amended December 22, 2009, effective 7/1/2010; amended October 15, 2018, effective 7/1/2019; amended March 2, 2021, effective 9/2/2021.