Code. Prof. Cond. Ct. Inter. & Trans. Canon 1
An interpreter must render a complete and accurate interpretation or sight translation by reproducing in the target language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, without altering, omitting, or adding anything to the meaning of what is stated or written, and without explanation.
Code. Prof. Cond. Ct. Inter. & Trans. Canon 1
Comment to Canon 1
Qualifications of an interpreter in a legal proceeding.
To fulfill the obligation to interpret completely and accurately in a legal proceeding, an interpreter should have college-level vocabularies, including legal terms and slang, in English and at least one other language. An interpreter must also have exceptional memory and verbal skills and should have training in legal interpreting.
Role of an interpreter in a legal proceeding.
The primary role of an interpreter in a legal proceeding is twofold: To ensure that communications of an LEP participant are completely and accurately expressed in English and that communications of an English proficient participant are completely and accurately expressed in the oral or sign language the LEP participant understands.
An interpreter should apply the interpreter's best skills and judgment to preserve the meaning of what is communicated as faithfully as possible without adding or omitting words or phrases. The interpreter should express the style or register of speech, the ambiguities and nuances of the speaker, and the level of language that best conveys the original meaning of the source language, even if the LEP participant does not completely understand that level of language. Verbatim, "word for word," or literal oral interpretations are inappropriate when they distort the meaning of what was said in the source language. However, all spoken statements, including misstatements, should be interpreted, even if they appear non-responsive, obscene, rambling, or incoherent.
Sometimes, a speaker in a court proceeding might use a term or phrase that has no direct equivalent in the target language. When this occurs, the interpreter should ask the judicial officer's permission to explain the situation, and then offer the most accurate interpretation possible under the circumstances. If this situation arises in a legal proceeding without a judicial officer present, the interpreter should inform the attorney(s), or the supervisor of the activity if no attorney is involved, about the language issue, and then offer the most accurate interpretation possible under the circumstances.
An oral language interpreter should convey the emotional emphasis of the speaker without reenacting or mimicking the speaker's emotions, or dramatic gestures. A sign language interpreter, however, must employ all of the visual cues that the language being interpreted requires, including facial expressions, body language, and hand gestures. Judicial officers should ensure that court participants do not confuse these essential elements of the interpreted language with inappropriate interpreter conduct. Any challenge to the interpreter's conduct should be directed to the judicial officer.
The obligation to preserve accuracy includes the interpreter's duty to correct any errors of interpretation discovered during the proceeding. An interpreter should demonstrate professionalism by objectively analyzing any challenge to the interpreter's performance.
Preparation by an interpreter for a legal proceeding.
The ethical responsibility to interpret accurately and completely includes the responsibility of properly preparing for interpreting assignments. An interpreter is encouraged to obtain public documents and other public information necessary to become familiar with the nature and purpose of a proceeding. Prior preparation is especially important when testimony or documents are likely to include highly specialized terminology and subject matter.
To avoid any impropriety, or even the appearance of impropriety, an interpreter should seek permission of the court before conducting any preparation involving access to confidential information. Courts may grant such permission when it is necessary for the interpreter to discharge the interpreter's professional responsibilities.
Preparation may include, but is not limited to, the following:
(1) Reviewing public documents in the court file, such as motions and supporting affidavits, witness lists, and jury instructions; the criminal complaint, information, and preliminary hearing transcript in a criminal case; and the summons, petition, and answer in a civil case.
(2) Reviewing information from public sources such as dictionaries, newspapers, online case records, or internet sites.
(3) Reviewing documents in the possession of counsel, such as police reports, witness summaries, deposition transcripts, and presentence investigation reports.
(4) Contacting any other interpreters involved in the case for information on language use or style.
(5) Contacting attorneys involved in the case for additional information on anticipated testimony or exhibits.
(6) Anticipating and discussing interpreting issues related to the case with the judicial officer, but only in the presence of counsel for all parties unless the court directs otherwise.
Team interpreting in a legal proceeding.
When engaging in team interpreting, but not actively interpreting, the support interpreter must remain attentive during the proceeding to assist the active interpreter as needed to ensure the accuracy of interpretation. If the support interpreter believes the active interpreter?s interpretation should be corrected, the support interpreter should ask the judicial officer?s permission to discuss an interpretation issue with the active interpreter. If necessary, the active interpreter should then correct the interpretation for the record.