Conn. R. Evid. 8-5

As amended through July 1, 2024

Section 8-5 - Hearsay Exceptions: Declarant Must Be Available

The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, provided the declarant is available for crossexamination at trial:

(1)Prior inconsistent statement. A prior inconsistent statement of a witness, provided (A) the statement is in writing or otherwise recorded by audiotape, videotape, or some other equally reliable medium, (B) the statement or recording is duly authenticated as that of the witness, and (C) the witness has personal knowledge of the contents of the statement.

(2)Identification of a person. The identification of a person made by a declarant prior to trial where the identification is reliable.

Conn. Code. Evid. 8-5

Amended June 29, 2007, to take effect 1/1/2008; amended Dec. 14, 2017, to take effect 2/1/2018.

COMMENTARY

(1) Prior inconsistent statement.

Section 8-5(1) incorporates the rule of State v. Whelan, 200 Conn. 743, 753, 513 A.2d 86, cert. denied, 479 U.S. 994, 107 S. Ct. 597, 93 L. Ed. 2d 598 (1986), and later developments and clarifications. State v. Simpson, 286 Conn. 634, 641-42, 945 A.2d 449 (2008); e.g., State v. Hopkins, 222 Conn. 117, 126, 609 A.2d 236 (1992) (prior inconsistent statement must be made under circumstances assuring reliability, which is to be determined on case-by-case basis); State v. Holloway, 209 Conn. 636, 649, 553 A.2d 166 (tape-recorded statement admissible under Whelan), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1071, 109 S. Ct. 2078, 104 L. Ed. 2d 643 (1989); State v. Luis F., 85 Conn. App. 264, 271, 856 A.2d 522 (2004) (videotaped statement admissible); see also State v. Woodson, 227 Conn. 1, 21, 629 A.2d 386 (1993) (signature of witness unnecessary when tape-recorded statement offered under Whelan).

Use of the word "witness'' in Section 8-5(1) assumes that the declarant has testified at the proceeding in question, as required by the Whelan rule.

As to the requirements of authentication, see Section 9-1 of the Code.

(2) Identifications of a person.

Section 8-5(2) incorporates the hearsay exception recognized in State v. McClendon, 199 Conn. 5, 11, 505 A.2d 685 (1986), and reaffirmed in subsequent cases. See State v. Outlaw, 216 Conn. 492, 497-98, 582 A.2d 751 (1990); State v. Townsend, 206 Conn. 621, 624, 539 A.2d 114 (1988); State v. Weidenhof, 205 Conn. 262, 274, 533 A.2d 545 (1987). Although this hearsay exception appears to have been the subject of criminal cases exclusively, Section 8-5(2) is not so limited, and applies in civil cases as well.

Either the declarant or another witness present when the declarant makes the identification, such as a police officer, can testify at trial as to the identification. Compare State v. McClendon, supra, 199 Conn. 8 (declarants testified at trial about their prior out-of-court identifications) with State v. Weidenhof, supra, 205 Conn. 274 (police officer who showed declarant photographic array was called as witness at trial to testify concerning declarant's prior out-of-court identification). Even when it is another witness who testifies as to the declarant's identification, the declarant must be available for cross-examination at trial for the identification to be admissible. But cf. State v. Outlaw, supra, 216 Conn. 498 (dictum suggesting that declarant must be available for cross-examination either at trial or at prior proceeding in which outof- court identification is offered).

Constitutional infirmities in the admission of first-time identifications, whether pretrial or in-court, are the subject of separate inquiries and constitute independent grounds for exclusion. See, e.g., State v. Dickson, 322 Conn. 410, 423-31, 141 A.3d 810 (2016); see also id., 445-47 (requiring state to seek permission from trial court prior to presenting first time in-court identification and establishing that trial court may grant permission only if no factual dispute as to identity of perpetrator or ability of eyewitness to identify defendant).

General Statutes § 54-1p prescribes numerous rules regarding eyewitness identification procedures used by law enforcement. The statute is silent on the remedy for noncompliance. See State v. Grant, 154 Conn. App. 293, 312 n.10, 112 A.3d 175 (2014) (procedures in § 54-1p are "best practices'' and "not constitutionally mandated''), cert. denied, 315 Conn. 928, 109 A.3d 923 (2015); see also State v. Guilbert, 306 Conn. 218, 49 A.3d 705 (2012); State v. Ledbetter, 275 Conn. 534, 881 A.2d 290 (2005), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1082, 126 S. Ct. 1798, 164 L. Ed. 2d 537 (2006).