Del. Admin. Code tit. 16, Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Health Systems Protection (HSP), 4465, pt. D, app G
I. Manifest
A waste generator, collector, or processor who transports, or offers for transportation, low- level radioactive waste intended for ultimate disposal at a licensed low- level radioactive waste land disposal facility must prepare a Manifest reflecting information requested on applicable Agency Forms XX (Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest (Shipping Paper)) and XY (Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest (Container and Waste Description)) and, if necessary, on an applicable Agency Form XZ (Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest (Manifest Index and Regional Compact Tabulation)). Agency Forms XX and XXA must be completed and must physically accompany the pertinent low-level waste shipment. Upon agreement between shipper and consignee, Agency Forms XY and XYA and XZ and XZA may be completed, transmitted, and stored in electronic media with the capability for producing legible, accurate, and complete records on the respective forms. Licensees are not required by Agency to comply with the manifesting requirements of this part when they ship:
(a) LLW for processing and expect its return (i.e., for storage under their license) prior to disposal at a licensed land disposal facility;
(b) LLW that is being returned to the licensee who is the "waste generator" or "generator," as defined in this part; or
(c) Radioactively contaminated material to a "waste processor" that becomes the processor's "residual waste."
For guidance in completing these forms, refer to the instructions that accompany the forms. Copies of manifests required by this appendix may be legible carbon copies, photocopies, or computer printouts that reproduce the data in the format of the uniform manifest.
Agency Forms XX, XXA, XY, XYA, XZ and XZA, and the accompanying instructions, in hard copy, may be obtained from the [cite appropriate Agency address]
This appendix includes information requirements of the Department of Transportation, as codified in 49 CFR part 172 . Information on hazardous, medical, or other waste, required to meet Environmental Protection Agency regulations, as codified in 40 CFR parts 259, 261 or elsewhere, is not addressed in this section, and must be provided on the required EPA forms. However, the required EPA forms must accompany the Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest required by this appendix.
As used in this appendix, the following definitions apply:
Agency Forms XX, XXA, XY, XYA, XZ, and XZA are official Agency Forms referenced in this appendix. Licensees need not use originals of these Agency Forms as long as any substitute forms are equivalent to the original documentation in respect to content, clarity, size, and location of information. Upon agreement between the shipper and consignee, Agency Forms XY (and XYA) and Agency Forms XZ (and XZA) may be completed, transmitted, and stored in electronic media. The electronic media must have the capability for producing legible, accurate, and complete records in the format of the uniform manifest.
Chemical description means a description of the principal chemical characteristics of a low-level radioactive waste.
Computer-readable medium means that the regulatory agency's computer can transfer the information from the medium into its memory.
Consignee means the designated receiver of the shipment of low- level radioactive waste.
Decontamination facility means a facility operating under a Commission or Agreement State license whose principal purpose is decontamination of equipment or materials to accomplish recycle, reuse, or other waste management objectives, and, for purposes of this part, is not considered to be a consignee for LLW shipments.
Disposal container means a container principally used to confine low-level radioactive waste during disposal operations at a land disposal facility (also see "high integrity container"). Note that for some shipments, the disposal container may be the transport package.
EPA identification number means the number received by a transporter following application to the Administrator of EPA as required by 40 CFR part 263.
Generator means a licensee operating under a Commission or Agreement State license who (1) is a waste generator as defined in this part, or (2) is the licensee to whom waste can be attributed within the context of the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985 (e.g., waste generated as a result of decontamination or recycle activities).
High integrity container (HIC) means a container commonly designed to meet the structural stability requirements of section V of this appendix, and to meet Department of Transportation requirements for a Type A package.
Land disposal facility means the land, buildings and structures, and equipment, which are intended to be used for the disposal of radioactive wastes. For purposes of this chapter, a "geologic repository" is not considered a "land disposal facility.
Package means the assembly of components necessary to ensure compliance with the packaging requirements of DOT regulations, together with its radioactive contents, as presented for transport. Physical description means the items called for on Agency Form XY to describe a low- level radioactive waste.
Residual waste means low- level radioactive waste resulting from processing or decontamination activities that cannot be easily separated into distinct batches attributable to specific waste generators. This waste is attributable to the processor or decontamination facility, as applicable.
Shipper means the licensed entity (i.e., the waste generator, waste collector, or waste processor) who offers low- level radioactive waste for transportation, typically consigning this type of waste to a licensed waste collector, waste processor, or land disposal facility operator.
Shipping paper means Agency Form XX and, if required, Agency Form XXA, which includes the information, required by DOT in 49 CFR part 172.
Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest or uniform manifest means the combination of Agency Forms XX, XY, and, if necessary, XZ, and their respective continuation sheets as needed, or equivalent.
Waste collector means an entity, operating under a Commission or Agreement State license, whose principal purpose is to collect and consolidate waste generated by others, and to transfer this waste, without processing or repackaging the collected waste, to another licensed waste collector, licensed waste processor, or licensed land disposal facility.
Waste description means the physical, chemical and radiological description of a low- level radioactive waste as called for on Agency Form XY.
Waste generator means an entity, operating under a Commission or Agreement State license, who (1) possesses any material or component that contains radioactivity or is radioactively contaminated for which the licensee foresees no further use, and (2) transfers this material or component to a licensed land disposal facility or to a licensed waste collector or processor for handling or treatment prior to disposal. A licensee performing processing or decontamination services may be a "waste generator" if the transfer of low- level radioactive waste from its facility is defined as "residual waste."
Waste processor means an entity, operating under a Commission or Agreement State license, whose principal purpose is to process, repackage, or otherwise treat low- level radioactive material or waste generated by others prior to eventual transfer of waste to a licensed low- level radioactive waste land disposal facility.
Waste type means a waste within a disposal container having a unique physical description (i.e., a specific waste descriptor code or description; or a waste sorbed on or solidified in a specifically defined media).
Information Requirements
A. General Information The shipper of the radioactive waste, shall provide the following information on the uniform manifest:
1. The name, facility address, and telephone number of the licensee shipping the waste;
2. An explicit declaration indicating whether the shipper is acting as a waste generator, collector, processor, or a combination of these identifiers for purposes of the manifested shipment; and
3. The name, address, and telephone number, or the name and EPA identification number for the carrier transporting the waste.
B. Shipment Information
The shipper of the radioactive waste shall provide the following information regarding the waste shipment on the uniform manifest:
1. The date of the waste shipment;
2. The total number of packages/disposal containers;
3. The total disposal volume and disposal weight in the shipment;
4. The total radionuclide activity in the shipment;
5. The activity of each of the radionuclides H - 3, C - 14, Tc-99, and I - 129 contained in the shipment; and
6. The total masses of U - 233, U - 235, and plutonium in special nuclear material, and the total mass of uranium and thorium in source material.
C. Disposal Container and Waste Information
The shipper of the radioactive waste shall provide the following information on the uniform manifest regarding the waste and each disposal container of waste in the shipment:
1. An alphabetic or numeric identification that uniquely identifies each disposal container in the shipment;
2. A physical description of the disposal container, including the manufacturer and model of any high integrity container;
3. The volume displaced by the disposal container;
4. The gross weight of the disposal container, including the waste;
5. For waste consigned to a disposal facility, the maximum radiation level at the surface of each disposal container;
6. A physical and chemical description of the waste;
7. The total weight percentage of chelating agent for any waste containing more than 0.1% chelating agent by weight, plus the identity of the principal chelating agent;
8. The approximate volume of waste within a container;
9. The sorbing or solidification media, if any, and the identity of the solidification media vendor and brand name;
10. The identities and activities of individual radionuclides contained in each container, the masses of U - 233, U - 235, and plutonium in special nuclear material, and the masses of uranium and thorium in source material. For discrete waste types (i.e., activated materials, contaminated equipment, mechanical filters, sealed source/devices, and wastes in solidification/stabilization media), the identities and activities of individual radionuclides associated with or contained on these waste types within a disposal container shall be reported;
11. The total radioactivity within each container; and
12. For wastes consigned to a disposal facility, the classification of the waste pursuant to section IV of this appendix. Waste not meeting the structural stability requirements of section V(b) of this appendix must be identified.
D. Uncontainerized Waste Information
The shipper of the radioactive waste shall provide the following information on the uniform manifest regarding a waste shipment delivered without a disposal container:
1. The approximate volume and weight of the waste;
2. A physical and chemical description of the waste;
3. The total weight percentage of chelating agent if the chelating agent exceeds 0.1% by weight, plus the identity of the principal chelating agent;
4. For waste consigned to a disposal facility, the classification of the waste pursuant to section IV. of this appendix. Waste not meeting the structural stability requirements of section V(b) of this appendix must be identified;
5. The identities and activities of individual radionuclides contained in the waste, the masses of U -233, U - 235, and plutonium in special nuclear material, and the masses of uranium and thorium in source material; and
6. For wastes consigned to a disposal facility, the maximum radiation levels at the surface of the waste.
E. Multi-Generator Disposal Container Information
This section applies to disposal containers enclosing mixtures of waste originating from different generators. (Note: The origin of the LLW resulting from a processor's activities may be attributable to one or more "generators" (including "waste generators") as defined in this part). It also applies to mixtures of wastes shipped in an uncontainerized form, for which portions of the mixture within the shipment originate from different generators.
1. For homogeneous mixtures of waste, such as incinerator ash, provide the waste description applicable to the mixture and the volume of the waste attributed to each generator.
2. For heterogeneous mixtures of waste, such as the combined products from a large compactor, identify each generator contributing waste to the disposal container, and, for discrete waste types (i.e., activated materials, contaminated equipment, mechanical filters, sealed source/devices, and wastes in solidification/stabilization media), the identities and activities of individual radionuclides contained on these waste types within the disposal container. For each generator, provide the following:
(a) The volume of waste within the disposal container;
(b) A physical and chemical description of the waste, including the solidification agent, if any;
(c) The total weight percentage of chelating agents for any disposal container containing more than 0.1% chelating agent by weight, plus the identity of the principal chelating agent;
(d) The sorbing or solidification media, if any, and the identity of the solidification media vendor and brand name if the media is claimed to meet stability requirements in section V(b) of this appendix; and
(e) Radionuclide identities and activities contained in the waste, the masses of U - 233, U - 235, and plutonium in special nuclear material, and the masses of uranium and thorium in source material if contained in the waste.
II. Certification
An authorized representative of the waste generator, processor, or collector shall certify by signing and dating the shipment manifest that the transported materials are properly classified, described, packaged, marked, and labeled and are in proper condition for transportation according to the applicable regulations of the Department of Transportation and the Agency. A collector in signing the certification is certifying that nothing has been done to the collected waste, which would invalidate the waste generator's certification.
III. Control and Tracking
A. Any licensee or registrant who transfers radioactive waste to a land disposal facility or a licensed waste collector shall comply with the requirements in paragraphs A.1 through 9 of this appendix. Any licensee or registrant who transfers waste to a licensed waste processor for waste treatment or repackaging shall comply with the requirements of paragraphs A.4 through 9 of this appendix. A licensee shall:
1. Prepare all wastes so that the waste is classified according to section IV. of this appendix and meets the waste characteristics requirements in section V. of this appendix;
2. Label each disposal container (or transport package if potential radiation hazards preclude labeling of the individual disposal container) of waste to identify whether it is Class A waste, Class B waste, Class C waste, or greater then Class C waste, in accordance with section IV. of this appendix;
3. Conduct a quality assurance program to assure compliance with sections IV. and V. of this appendix (the program must include management evaluation of audits);
4. Prepare the Agency Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest as required by this appendix;
5. Forward a copy or electronically transfer the Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest to the intended consignee so that either (i) receipt of the manifest precedes the LLW shipment or (ii) the manifest is delivered to the consignee with the waste at the time the waste is transferred to the consignee. Using both (i) and (ii) is also acceptable;
6. Include Agency Form XX (and Agency Form XXA, if required) with the shipment regardless of the option chosen in paragraph A.5 of this section;
7. Receive acknowledgement of the receipt of the shipment in the form of a signed copy of Agency Form XX;
8. Retain a copy of or electronically store the Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest and documentation of acknowledgement of receipt as the record of transfer of licensed material as required by these regulations; and
9. For any shipments or any part of a shipment for which acknowledgement of receipt has not been received within the times set forth in this appendix, conduct an investigation in accordance with paragraph E of this appendix.
B. Any waste collector licensee who handles only prepackaged waste shall:
1. Acknowledge receipt of the waste from the shipper within one week of receipt by returning a signed copy of Agency Form XX;
2. Prepare a new manifest to reflect consolidated shipments that meet the requirements of this appendix. The waste collector shall ensure that, for each container of waste in the shipment, the manifest identifies the generator of that container of waste;
3. Forward a copy or electronically transfer the Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest to the intended consignee so that either: (i) Receipt of the manifest precedes the LLW shipment or (ii) the manifest is delivered to the consignee with the waste at the time the waste is transferred to the consignee. Using both (i) and (ii) is also acceptable;
4. Include Agency Form XX (and Agency Form XXA, if required) with the shipment regardless of the option chosen in paragraph B.3 of this appendix;
5. Receive acknowledgement of the receipt of the shipment in the form of a signed copy of Agency Form XX;
6. Retain a copy of or electronically store the Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest and documentation of acknowledgement of receipt as the record of transfer of licensed material as required by these regulations;
7. For any shipments or any part of a shipment for which acknowledgement of receipt has not been received within the times set forth in this appendix, conduct an investigation in accordance with paragraph E of this appendix; and
8. Notify the shipper and the Agency when any shipment, or part of a shipment, has not arrived within 60 days after receipt of an advance manifest, unless notified by the shipper that the shipment has been cancelled.
C. Any licensed waste processor who treats or repackages waste shall:
1. Acknowledge receipt of the waste from the shipper within one week of receipt by returning a signed copy of Agency Form XX;
2. Prepare a new manifest that meets the requirements of this appendix. Preparation of the new manifest reflects that the processor is responsible for meeting these requirements. For each container of waste in the shipment, the manifest shall identify the waste generators, the preprocessed waste volume, and the other information as required in paragraph I.E. of this appendix;
3. Prepare all wastes so that the waste is classified according to section IV. of this appendix and meets the waste characteristics requirements in section V. of this appendix;
4. Label each package of waste to identify whether it is Class A waste, Class B waste, or Class C waste, in accordance with sections IV. and VI. of this appendix;
5. Conduct a quality assurance program to assure compliance with sections IV. and V. of this appendix (the program shall include management evaluation of audits);
6. Forward a copy or electronically transfer the Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest to the intended consignee so that either: (i) Receipt of the manifest precedes the LLW shipment or (ii) the manifest is delivered to the consignee with the waste at the time the waste is transferred to the consignee. Using both (i) and (ii) is also acceptable;
7. Include Agency Form XX (and Agency Form XXA, if required) with the shipment regardless of the option chosen in paragraph C.6 of this section;
8. Receive acknowledgement of the receipt of the shipment in the form of a signed copy of Agency Form XX;
9. Retain a copy of or electronically store the Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest and documentation of acknowledgement of receipt as the record of transfer of licensed material as required by these regulations;
10. For any shipment or any part of a shipment for which acknowledgement of receipt has not been received within the times set forth in this appendix, conduct an investigation in accordance with paragraph E of this appendix; and
11. Notify the shipper and the Agency when any shipment, or part of a shipment, has not arrived within 60 days after receipt of an advance manifest, unless notified by the shipper that the shipment has been cancelled.
D. The land disposal facility operator shall:
1. Acknowledge receipt of the waste within one week of receipt by returning, as a minimum, a signed copy of Agency Form XX to the shipper. The shipper to be notified is the licensee who last possessed the waste and transferred the waste to the operator. If any discrepancy exists between materials listed on the Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest and materials received, copies or electronic transfer of the affected forms must be returned indicating the discrepancy;
2. Maintain copies of all completed manifests and electronically store the information required by this Appendix until the Agency terminates the license; and
3. Notify the shipper and the Agency when any shipment, or part of a shipment, has not arrived within 60 days after receipt of an advance manifest, unless notified by the shipper that the shipment has been cancelled.
E. Any shipment or part of a shipment for which acknowledgement is not received within the times set forth in this section must:
1. Be investigated by the shipper if the shipper has not received notification or receipt within 20 days after transfer; and
2. Be traced and reported. The investigation shall include tracing the shipment and filing a report with the Agency. Each licensee who conducts a trace investigation shall file a written report with the Agency within 2 weeks of completion of the investigation.
IV. Classification of Waste
(a) Classification of waste for near surface disposal. (1) Considerations. Determination of the classification of radioactive waste involves two considerations. First, consideration must be given to the concentration of long- lived radionuclides (and their shorter-lived precursors) whose potential hazard will persist long after such precautions as institutional controls, improved waste form, and deeper disposal have ceased to be effective. These precautions delay the time when long- lived radionuclides could cause exposures. In addition, the magnitude of the potential dose is limited by the concentration and availability of the radionuclide at the time of exposure. Second, consideration must be given to the concentration of shorter-lived radionuclides for which requirements on institutional controls, waste form, and disposal methods are effective.
(2) Classes of waste. (i) Class A waste is waste that is usually segregated from other waste classes at the disposal site. The physical form and characteristics of Class A waste must meet the minimum requirements set forth in V.(a) of this appendix. If Class A waste also meets the stability requirements set forth in V.(b) of this appendix, it is not necessary to segregate the waste for disposal.
(ii) Class B waste is waste that must meet more rigorous requirements on waste form to ensure stability after disposal. The physical form and characteristics of Class B waste must meet both the minimum and stability requirements set forth in section V of this appendix.
(iii) Class C waste is waste that not only must meet more rigorous requirements on waste form to ensure stability but also requires additional measures at the disposal facility to protect against inadvertent intrusion. The physical form and characteristics of Class C waste must meet both the minimum and stability requirements set forth in section V of this appendix.
(iv) Waste that is not generally acceptable for near-surface disposal is waste for which form and disposal methods must be different, and in general more stringent, than those specified for Class C waste. In the absence of specific requirements in this part, such waste must be disposed of in a geologic repository as defined in 10 CFR part 60 unless proposals for disposal of such waste in a disposal site licensed pursuant to 10 CFR Part 61 are approved by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
(3) Classification determined by long- lived radionuclides. If radioactive waste contains only radionuclides listed in Table 1, classification shall be determined as follows:
(i) If the concentration does not exceed 0.1 times the value in Table 1, the waste is Class A.
(ii) If the concentration exceeds 0.1 times the value in Table 1 but does not exceed the value in Table 1, the waste is Class C.
(iii) If the concentration exceeds the value in Table 1, the waste is not generally acceptable for near-surface disposal.
(iv) For wastes containing mixtures of radionuclides listed in Table 1, the total concentration shall be determined by the sum of fractions
| Table 1 | |
| Radionuclide | Concentration curies per cubic meter |
| C-14 | 8 |
| C-14 in activated metal | 80 |
| Ni-59 in activated metal | 220 |
| Nb-94 in activated metal | 0.2 |
| Tc-99 | 3 |
| I-129 | 0.08 |
| Alpha emitting transuranic nuclides with half- life greater than 5 years | 1100 |
| Pu-241 | 13,500 |
| Cm-242 | 120,000 |
1Units are nanocuries per gram.
(4) Classification determined by short-lived radionuclides. If radioactive waste does not contain any of the radionuclides listed in Table 1, classification shall be determined based on the concentrations shown in Table 2. However, as specified in paragraph (a)(6) of this section, if radioactive waste does not contain any nuclides listed in either Table 1 or 2, it is Class A.
(i) If the concentration does not exceed the value in Column 1, the waste is Class A.
(ii) If the concentration exceeds the value in Column 1, but does not exceed the value in Column 2, the waste is Class B.
(iii) If the concentration exceeds the value in Column 2, but does not exceed the value in Column 3, the waste is Class C.
(iv) If the concentration exceeds the value in Column 3, the waste is not generally acceptable for near-surface disposal.
(v) For wastes containing mixtures of the nuclides listed in Table 2, the total concentration shall be determined by the sum of fractions rule
| Table 2 | |||
| Radionuclide | Concentration, curies per cubic meter | ||
| Co 1.1 | Col. 2 | Col. 3 | |
| Total of all nuclides with less than 5 year half- life | 700 | (1) | (1) |
| H-3 | 40 | (1) | (1) |
| Co-60 | 700 | (1) | (1) |
| Ni-63 | 3.5 | 70 | 700 |
| Ni-63 in activated metal | 35 | 700 | 7000 |
| Sr-90 | 0.0 4 | 150 | 7000 |
| Cs-137 | 1 | 44 | 4600 |
1 There are no limits established for these radionuclides in Class B or C wastes. Practical considerations such as the effects of external radiation and internal heat generation on transportation, handling, and disposal will limit the concentrations for these wastes. These wastes shall be Class B unless the concentrations of other nuclides in Table 2 determine the waste to the Class C independent of these nuclides.
(5) Classification determined by both long- and short-lived radionuclides. If radioactive waste contains a mixture of radionuclides, some of which are listed in Table 1, and some of which are listed in Table 2, classification shall be determined as follows:
(i) If the concentration of a nuclide listed in Table 1 does not exceed 0.1 times the value listed in Table 1, the class shall be that determined by the concentration of nuclides listed in Table 2.
(ii) If the concentration of a nuclide listed in Table 1 exceeds 0.1 times the value listed in Table 1 but does not exceed the value in Table 1, the waste shall be Class C, provided the concentration of nuclides listed in Table 2 does not exceed the value shown in Column 3 of Table 2.
(6) Classification of wastes with radionuclides other than those listed in Tables 1 and 2. If radioactive waste does not contain any nuclides listed in either Table 1 or 2, it is Class A.
(7) The sum of the fractions rule for mixtures of radionuclides. For determining classification for waste that contains a mixture of radionuclides, it is necessary to determine the sum of fractions by dividing each nuclide's concentration by the appropriate limit and adding the resulting values. The appropriate limits must all be taken from the same column of the same table. The sum of the fractions for the column must be less than 1.0 if the waste class is to be determined by that column. Example: A waste contains Sr-90 in a concentration of 50 Ci/m3. and Cs-137 in a concentration of 22 Ci/m3. Since the concentrations both exceed the values in Column 1, Table 2, they must be compared to Column 2 values. For Sr-90 fraction 50/150=0.33; for Cs-137 fraction, 22/44=0.5; the sum of the fractions=0.83. Since the sum is less than 1.0, the waste is Class B.
(8) Determination of concentrations in wastes. The concentration of a radionuclide may be determined by indirect methods such as use of scaling factors which relate the inferred concentration of one radionuclide to another that is measured, or radionuclide material accountability, if there is reasonable assurance that the indirect methods can be correlated with actual measurements. The concentration of a radionuclide may be averaged over the volume of the waste, or weight of the waste if the units are expressed as nanocuries per gram.
V. Waste characteristics.
(a) The following requirements are minimum requirements for all classes of waste and are intended to facilitate handling at the disposal site and provide protection of health and safety of personnel at the disposal site.
(1) Waste must not be packaged for disposal in cardboard or fiberboard boxes.
(2) Liquid waste must be solidified or packaged in sufficient absorbent material to absorb twice the volume of the liquid.
(3) Solid waste containing liquid shall contain as little free standing and noncorrosive liquid as is reasonably achievable, but in no case shall the liquid exceed 1% of the volume.
(4) Waste must not be readily capable of detonation or of explosive decomposition or reaction at normal pressures and temperatures, or of explosive reaction with water.
(5) Waste must not contain, or be capable of generating, quantities of toxic gases, vapors, or fumes harmful to persons transporting, handling, or disposing of the waste. This does not apply to radioactive gaseous waste packaged in accordance with paragraph (a)(7) of this section.
(6) Waste must not be pyrophoric. Pyrophoric materials contained in waste shall be treated, prepared, and packaged to be nonflammable.
(7) Waste in a gaseous form must be packaged at a pressure that does not exceed 1.5 atmospheres at 20°C. Total activity must not exceed 100 curies per container.
(8) Waste containing hazardous, biological, pathogenic, or infectious material must be treated to reduce to the maximum extent practicable the potential hazard from the non-radiological materials.
(b) The requirements in this section are intended to provide stability of the waste. Stability is intended to ensure that the waste does not structurally degrade and affect overall stability of the site through slumping, collapse, or other failure of the disposal unit and thereby lead to water infiltration. Stability is also a factor in limiting exposure to an inadvertent intruder, since it provides a recognizable and nondispersible waste.
(1) Waste must have structural stability. A structurally stable waste form will generally maintain its physical dimensions and its form, under the expected disposal conditions such as weight of overburden and compaction equipment, the presence of moisture, and microbial activity, and internal factors such as radiation effects and chemical changes. Structural stability can be provided by the waste form itself, processing the waste to a stable form, or placing the waste in a disposal container or structure that provides stability after disposal.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions in V(a)(2) and (3), liquid wastes, or wastes containing liquid, must be converted into a form that contains as little free standing and noncorrosive liquid as is reasonably achievable, but in no case shall the liquid exceed 1% of the volume of the waste when the waste is in a disposal container designed to ensure stability, or 0.5% of the volume of the waste for waste processed to a stable form.
(3) Void spaces within the waste and between the waste and its package must be reduced to the extent practicable.
VI. Labeling.
Each package of waste must be clearly labeled to identify whether it is Class A waste, Class B waste, or Class C waste, in accordance with section IV of this appendix.
APPENDIX G - CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Section I. - Classification of Radioactive Waste for Land Disposal.
(a) Considerations. Determination of the classification of radioactive waste involves two considerations. First, consideration must be given to the concentration of long-lived radionuclides (and their shorter-lived precursors) whose potential hazard will persist long after such precautions as institutional controls, improved waste form, and deeper disposal have ceased to be effective. These precautions delay the time when long- lived radionuclides could cause exposures. In addition, the magnitude of the potential dose is limited by the concentration and availability of the radionuclide at the time of exposure. Second, consideration must be given to the concentration of shorter-lived radionuclides for which requirements on institutional controls, waste form, and disposal methods are effective.
(b) Classes of waste.
(1) Class A waste is waste that is usually segregated from other waste classes at the disposal site. The physical form and characteristics of Class A waste must meet the minimum requirements set forth in Section II.(a). If Class A waste also meets the stability requirements set forth in Section II.(b), it is not necessary to segregate the waste for disposal.
(2) Class B waste is waste that must meet more rigorous requirements on waste form to ensure stability after disposal. The physical form and characteristics of Class B waste must meet both the minimum and stability requirements set forth in Section II.
(3) Class C waste is waste that not only must meet more rigorous requirements on waste form to ensure stability but also requires additional measures at the disposal facility to protect against inadvertent intrusion. The physical form and characteristics of Class C waste must meet both the minimum and stability requirements set forth in Section II.
(c) Classification determined by long-lived radionuclides. If the radioactive waste contains only radionuclides listed in Table IV, classification shall be determined as follows:
(1) If the concentration does not exceed 0.1 times the value in Table IV, the waste is Class A.
(2) If the concentration exceeds 0.1 times the value in Table IV, but does not exceed the value in Table IV, the waste is Class C.
(3) If the concentration exceeds the value in Table IV, the waste is not generally acceptable for land disposal.
(4) For wastes containing mixtures of radionuclides listed in Table IV, the total concentration shall be determined by the sum of fractions rule described in Section I.(g).
TABLE IV
| Concentration | ||
| Radionuclide | Curie/Cubic Metera/ | Nanocurie/Gramb/ |
| C-14 | 8 | |
| C-14 in activated metal | 80 | |
| Ni-59 in activated metal | 220 | |
| Nb-94 in activated metal | 0.2 | |
| Tc-99 | 3 | |
| I-129 | 0.08 | |
| Alpha emitting transuranic | ||
| radionuclides with half- | ||
| life greater than five | ||
| years | 100 | |
| Pu-241 | 3,500 | |
| Cm-242 | 20,000 | |
| Ra-226 | 100 | |
a/To convert the Ci/m3 values to gigabecquerel (GBq) per cubic meter, multiply the Ci/m3 value by 37.
b/To convert the nCi/g values to becquerel (Bq) per gram, multiply the nCi/g value by 37.
(d) Classification determined by short-lived radionuclides. If the waste does not contain any of the radionuclides listed in Table IV, classification shall be determined based on the concentrations shown in Table V. However, as specified in Section I.(f), if radioactive waste does not contain any nuclides listed in either Table IV or V, it is Class A.
(1) If the concentration does not exceed the value in Column 1, the waste is Class A.
(2) If the concentration exceeds the value in Column 1 but does not exceed the value in Column 2, the waste is Class B.
(3) If the concentration exceeds the value in Column 2 but does not exceed the value in Column 3, the waste is Class C.
(4) If the concentration exceeds the value in Column 3, the waste is not generally acceptable for near-surface disposal.
(5) For wastes containing mixtures of the radionuclides listed in Table V, the total concentration shall be determined by the sum of fractions rule described in Section I.(g).
TABLE V
| Radionuclide | Concentration Column 1 | Curie/Cubic Metera/ | |
| Column 2 * | Column 3 | ||
| Total of all radio-nuclides with less than 5- year half- life | 700 | * | * |
| H-3 | 40 | * | * |
| Co-60 | 700 | * | * |
| Ni-63 | 3.5 | 70 | 700 |
| Ni-63 in activated metal | 35 | 700 | 7000 |
| Sr-90 | 0.04 | 150 | 7000 |
| Cs-137 | 1 | 44 | 4600 |
a/AGENCY NOTE: To convert the Ci/m3 value to gigabecquerel (GBq) per cubic meter, multiply the Ci/m3 value by 37. There are no limits established for these radionuclides in Class B or C wastes. Practical considerations such as the effects of external radiation and internal heat generation on transportation, handling, and disposal will limit the concentrations for these wastes. These wastes shall be Class B unless the concentrations of other radionuclides in Table V determine the waste to be Class C independent of these radionuclides.
(e) Classification determined by both long- and short-lived radionuclides. If the radioactive waste contains a mixture of radionuclides, some of which are listed in Table IV and some of which are listed in Table V, classification shall be determined as follows:
(1) If the concentration of a radionuclide listed in Table IV is less than 0.1 times the value listed in Table IV, the class shall be that determined by the concentration of radionuclides listed in Table V.
(2) If the concentration of a radionuclide listed in Table IV exceeds 0.1 times the value listed in Table IV, but does not exceed the value in Table IV, the waste shall be Class C, provided the concentration of radionuclides listed in Table V does not exceed the value shown in Column 3 of Table V.
(f) Classification of wastes with radionuclides other than those listed in Tables IV and V. If the waste does not contain any radionuclides listed in either Table IV or V, it is Class A.
(g) The sum of the fractions rule for mixtures of radionuclides. For determining classification for waste that contains a mixture of radionuclides, it is necessary to determine the sum of fractions by dividing each radionuclide's concentration by the appropriate limit and adding the resulting values. The appropriate limits must all be taken from the same column of the same table. The sum of the fractions for the column must be less than 1.0 if the waste class is to be determined by that column. Example: A waste contains Sr-90 in a concentration of 1.85 TBq/m3 (50 Ci/m3) and Cs-137 in a concentration of 814 GBq/m3 (22 Ci/m3). Since the concentrations both exceed the values in Column 1, Table V, they must be compared to Column 2 values. For Sr-90 fraction, 50/150 = 0.33., for Cs-137 fraction, 22/44 = 0.5; the sum of the fractions = 0.83. Since the sum is less than 1.0, the waste is Class B.
(h) Determination of concentrations in wastes. The concentration of a radionuclide may be determined by indirect methods such as use of scaling factors which relate the inferred concentration of one radionuclide to another that is measured, or radionuclide material accountability, if there is reasonable assurance that the indirect methods can be correlated with actual measurements. The concentration of a radionuclide may be averaged over the volume of the waste, or weight of the waste if the units are expressed as becquerel (nanocurie) per gram.
Section II. - Radioactive Waste Characteristics.
(a) The following are minimum requirements for all classes of waste and are intended to facilitate handling and provide protection of health and safety of personnel at the disposal site.
(1) Wastes shall be packaged in conformance with the conditions of the license issued to the site operator to which the waste will be shipped. Where the conditions of the site license are more restrictive than the provisions of Part D, the site license conditions shall govern.
(2) Wastes shall not be packaged for disposal in cardboard or fiberboard boxes.
(3) Liquid waste shall be packaged in sufficient absorbent material to absorb twice the volume of the liquid.
(4) Solid waste containing liquid shall contain as little free-standing and non-corrosive liquid as is reasonably achievable, but in no case shall the liquid exceed 1 percent of the volume.
(5) Waste shall not be readily capable of detonation or of explosive decomposition or reaction at normal pressures and temperatures, or of explosive reaction with water.
(6) Waste shall not contain, or be capable of generating, quantities of toxic gases, vapors, or fumes harmful to persons transporting, handling, or disposing of the waste. This does not apply to radioactive gaseous waste packaged in accordance with Section II.(a)(8).
(7) Waste must not be pyrophoric. Pyrophoric materials contained in wastes shall be treated, prepared, and packaged to be nonflammable.****/
(8) Wastes in a gaseous form shall be packaged at an absolute pressure that does not exceed 1.5 atmospheres at 20°C. Total activity shall not exceed 3.7 TBq (100 Ci) per container.
(9) Wastes containing hazardous, biological, pathogenic, or infectious material shall be treated to reduce to the maximum extent practicable the potential hazard from the non-radiological materials.
(b) The following requirements are intended to provide stability of the waste. Stability is intended to ensure that the waste does not degrade and affect overall stability of the site through slumping, collapse, or other failure of the disposal unit and thereby lead to water infiltration. Stability is also a factor in limiting exposure to an inadvertent intruder, since it provides a recognizable and nondispersible waste.
(1) Waste shall have structural stability. A structurally stable waste form will generally maintain its physical dimensions and its form, under the expected disposal conditions such as weight of overburden and compaction equipment, the presence of moisture, and microbial activity, and internal factors such as radiation effects and chemical changes. Structural stability can be provided by the waste form itself, processing the waste to a stable form, or placing the waste in a disposal container or structure that provides stability after disposal.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions in Section II.(a)(3) and (4), liquid wastes, or wastes containing liquid, shall be converted into a form that contains as little free-standing and non-corrosive liquid as is reasonably achievable, but in no case shall the liquid exceed 1 percent of the volume of the waste when the waste is in a disposal container designed to ensure stability, or 0.5 percent of the volume of the waste for waste processed to a stable form.
(3) Void spaces within the waste and between the waste and its package shall be reduced to the extent practicable.
Section III. - Labeling.
Each package of waste shall be clearly labeled to identify whether it is Class A, Class B, or Class C waste, in accordance with Section I.
****/See. A.4 of these regulations for definition of pyrophoric material.
Del. Admin. Code tit. 16, Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Health Systems Protection (HSP), 4465, pt. D, app G