Subsection 2109.3 - Adobe construction Adobe construction shall comply with this section and shall be subject to the requirements of this code for Type V construction, Chapter 5 of TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5, and this section.
2109.3.1Unstabilized adobe.2109.3.1.1Compressive strength. Adobe units shall have an average compressive strength of 300 psi (2068 kPa) when tested in accordance with ASTM C 67. Five samples shall be tested and no individual unit is permitted to have a compressive strength of less than 250 psi (1724 kPa).2109.3.1.2Modulus of rupture. Adobe units shall have an average modulus of rupture of 50 psi (345 kPa) when tested in accordance with the following procedure. Five samples shall be tested and no individual unit shall have a modulus of rupture of less than 35 psi (241 kPa). 2109.3.1.2.1Support conditions. A cured unit shall be simply supported by 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) cylindrical supports located 2 inches (51 mm) in from each end and extending the full width of the unit.2109.3.1.2.2Loading conditions. A 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) cylinder shall be placed at midspan parallel to the supports.2109.3.1.2.3Testing procedure. A vertical load shall be applied to the cylinder at the rate of 500 pounds per minute (37 N/s) until failure occurs.2109.3.1.2.4Modulus of rupture determination. The modulus of rupture shall be determined by the equation: | f r = 3 PLs /2 Sw (St2) | (Equation 21-2) |
where, for the purposes of this section only:
Sw = Width of the test specimen measured parallel to the loading cylinder, inches (mm).
fr = Modulus of rupture, psi (MPa).
Ls = Distance between supports, inches (mm).
St = Thickness of the test specimen measured parallel to the direction of load, inches (mm).
P = The applied load at failure, pounds (N).
2109.3.1.3 Moisture content requirements. Adobe units shall have a moisture content not exceeding 4 percent by weight.2109.3.1.4Shrinkage cracks. Adobe units shall not contain more than three shrinkage cracks and any single shrinkage crack shall not exceed 3 inches (76 mm) in length or 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) in width. 2109.3.2 Stabilized adobe.2109.3.2.1 Material requirements. Stabilized adobe shall comply with the material requirements of unstabilized adobe in addition to Sections 2109.3.2.1.1 and 2109.3.2.1.2.2109.3.2.1.1Soil requirements. Soil used for stabilized adobe units shall be chemically compatible with the stabilizing material.2109.3.2.1.2Absorption requirements. A 4-inch (102 mm) cube, cut from a stabilized adobe unit dried to a constant weight in a ventilated oven at 212°F to 239°F (100°C to 115°C), shall not absorb more than 21/2 percent moisture by weight when placed upon a constantly water-saturated, porous surface for seven days. A minimum of five specimens shall be tested and each specimen shall be cut from a separate unit.2109.3.3Allowable stress. The allowable compressive stress based on gross cross-sectional area of adobe shall not exceed 30 psi (207 kPa).2109.3.3.1 Bolts. Bolt values shall not exceed those set forth in Table 2109.3.3.1. TABLE 2109.3.3.1 ALLOWABLE SHEAR ON BOLTS IN ADOBE MASONRY
DIAMETER OF BOLTS
(inches) | MINIMUM EMBEDMENT
(inches) | SHEAR
(pounds) |
| 1/2 | - | - |
| 5/8 | 12 | 200 |
| 3/4 | 15 | 300 |
| 7/8 | 18 | 400 |
| 1 | 21 | 500 |
| 11/8 | 24 | 600 |
| For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound = 4.448 N. |
2109.3.4Construction.2109.3.4.1General. Adobe construction shall be limited as stated in Sections 2109.3.4.1.1 through 2109.3.4.1.4.2109.3.4.1.1Height restrictions. Adobe construction shall be limited to buildings not exceeding one story, except that two-story construction is allowed when designed by a registered design professional.2109.3.4.1.2 Mortar restrictions. Mortar for stabilized adobe units shall comply with Chapter 21 or adobe soil. Adobe soil used as mortar shall comply with material requirements for stabilized adobe. Mortar for unstabilized adobe shall be portland cement mortar.2109.3.4.1.3Mortar joints. Adobe units shall be laid with full head and bed joints and in full running bond.2109.3.4.1.4Parapet walls. Parapet walls constructed of adobe units shall be waterproofed.2109.3.4.2 Wall thickness. The minimum thickness of exterior walls in one-story buildings shall be 10 inches (254 mm). The walls shall be laterally supported at intervals not exceeding 24 feet (7315 mm). The minimum thickness of interior load-bearing walls shall be 8 inches (203 mm). In no case shall the unsupported height of any wall constructed of adobe units exceed 10 times the thickness of such wall.2109.3.4.3 Foundations. Foundations for adobe construction shall be in accordance with Sections 2109.3.4.3.1 and 2109.3.4.3.2. 2109.3.4.3.1Foundation support. Walls and partitions constructed of adobe units shall be supported by foundations or footings that extend not less than 6 inches (152 mm) above adjacent ground surfaces and are constructed of solid masonry (excluding adobe) or concrete. Footings and foundations shall comply with Chapter 18.2109.3.4.3.2 Lower course requirements. Stabilized adobe units shall be used in adobe walls for the first 4 inches (102 mm) above the finished first-floor elevation.2109.3.4.4 Isolated piers or columns. Adobe units shall not be used for isolated piers or columns in a load-bearing capacity. Walls less than 24 inches (610 mm) in length shall be considered isolated piers or columns.2109.3.4.5Tie beams.Exterior walls and interior load-bearing walls constructed of adobe units shall have a continuous tie beam at the level of the floor or roof bearing and meeting the following requirements. 2109.3.4.5.1Concrete tie beams. Concrete tie beams shall be a minimum depth of 6 inches (152 mm) and a minimum width of 10 inches (254 mm). Concrete tie beams shall be continuously reinforced with a minimum of two No. 4 reinforcing bars. The specified compressive strength of concrete shall be at least 2,500 psi (17.2 MPa).2109.3.4.5.2Wood tie beams. Wood tie beams shall be solid or built up of lumber having a minimum nominal thickness of 1 inch (25 mm), and shall have a minimum depth of 6 inches (152 mm) and a minimum width of 10 inches (254 mm). Joints in wood tie beams shall be spliced a minimum of 6 inches (152 mm). No splices shall be allowed within 12 inches (305 mm) of an opening. Wood used in tie beams shall be approved naturally decay-resistant or preservative-treated wood.2109.3.4.6 Exterior finish. Exterior walls constructed of unstabilized adobe units shall have their exterior surface covered with a minimum of two coats of portland cement plaster having a minimum thickness of 3/4 inch (19.1 mm) and conforming to ASTM C 926. Lathing shall comply with ASTM C 1063. Fasteners shall be spaced at 16 inches (406 mm) o.c. maximum. Exposed wood surfaces shall be treated with an approved wood preservative or other protective coating prior to lath application.2109.3.4.7Lintels. Lintels shall be considered structural members and shall be designed in accordance with the applicable provisions of Chapter 16.