Table 1 to Paragraph (a)-BATs for PFAS Listed in § 141.61(c)
Contaminant | BAT |
Hazard Index PFAS (HFPO-DA, PFBS, PFHxS, and PFNA) | Anion exchange, GAC, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration. |
HFPO-DA | Anion exchange, GAC, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration. |
PFHxS | Anion exchange, GAC, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration. |
PFNA | Anion exchange, GAC, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration. |
PFOA | Anion exchange, GAC, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration. |
PFOS | Anion exchange, GAC, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration. |
Table 2 to Paragraph (a)-BATs for Other Synthetic Organic Contaminants Listed in § 141.61(c) and Volatile Organic Chemicals Listed in § 141.61(a)
Contaminant | Best available technologies | ||
PTA 1 | GAC 2 | OX 3 | |
(1) Benzene | X | X | |
(2) Carbon tetrachloride | X | X | |
(3) 1,2-Dichloroethane | X | X | |
(4) Trichloroethylene | X | X | |
(5) para-Dichlorobenzene | X | X | |
(6) 1,1-Dichloroethylene | X | X | |
(7) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane | X | X | |
(8) Vinyl chloride | X | ||
(9) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene | X | X | |
(10) 1,2-Dichloropropane | X | X | |
(11) Ethylbenzene | X | X | |
(12) Monochlorobenzene | X | X | |
(13) o-Dichlorobenzene | X | X | |
(14) Styrene | X | X | |
(15) Tetrachloroethylene | X | X | |
(16) Toluene | X | X | |
(17) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene | X | X | |
(18) Xylense (total) | X | X | |
(19) Alachlor | X | ||
(20) Aldicarb | X | ||
(21) Aldicarb sulfoxide | X | ||
(22) Aldicarb sulfone | X | ||
(23) Atrazine | X | ||
(24) Carbofuran | X | ||
(25) Chlordane | X | ||
(26) Dibromochloropropane | X | X | |
(27) 2,4-D | X | ||
(28) Ethylene dibromide | X | X | |
(29) Heptachlor | X | ||
(30) Heptachlor epoxide | X | ||
(31) Lindane | X | ||
(32) Methoxychlor | X | ||
(33) PCBs | X | ||
(34) Pentachlorophenol | X | ||
(35) Toxaphene | X | ||
(36) 2,4,5-TP | X | ||
(37) Benzo[a]pyrene | X | ||
(38) Dalapon | X | ||
(39) Dichloromethane | X | ||
(40) Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate | X | X | |
(41) Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate | X | ||
(42) Dinoseb | X | ||
(43) Diquat | X | ||
(44) Endothall | X | ||
(45) Endrin | X | ||
(46) Glyphosate | X | ||
(47) Hexachlorobenzene | X | ||
(48) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene | X | X | |
(49) Oxamyl (Vydate) | X | ||
(50) Picloram | X | ||
(51) Simazine | X | ||
(52) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene | X | X | |
(53) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane | X | X | |
(54) 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) | X |
1 Packed Tower Aeration.
2 Granular Activated Carbon.
3 Oxidation (Chlorination or Ozonation).
Table 3 to Paragraph (a)-List of Small System Compliance Technologies (SSCTs) 1 for PFAS Listed in § 141.61(c)
Small system compliance technologies | Affordable for listed small system categories 2 |
Anion Exchange | All size categories. |
GAC | All size categories. |
Reverse Osmosis,3 Nanofiltration 3 | 3,301-10,000. |
1 Section 1412(b)(4)(E)(ii) of SDWA specifies that SSCTs must be affordable and technically feasible for small systems.
2 The Act (ibid.) specifies three categories of small systems: (i) those serving 25 or more, but fewer than 501, (ii) those serving more than 500, but fewer than 3,301, and (iii) those serving more than 3,300, but fewer than 10,001.
3 Technologies reject a large volume of water and may not be appropriate for areas where water quantity may be an issue.
* * * * *
BAT for Inorganic Compounds Listed in § 141.62(b)
Chemical name | BAT(s) |
Antimony | 2,7 |
Arsenic4 | 5 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12 |
Asbestos | 2,3,8 |
Barium | 5,6,7,9 |
Beryllium | 1,2,5,6,7 |
Cadmium | 2,5,6,7 |
Chromium | 2,5,62,7 |
Cyanide | 5,7,10 |
Mercury | 21,4,61,71 |
Nickel | 5,6,7 |
Nitrite | 5,7,9 |
Nitrate | 5,7 |
Selenium | 1,23,6,7,9 |
Thallium | 1,5 |
1 BAT only if influent Hg concentrations [LESS THAN EQUAL TO]10[MICRO]g/1.
2 BAT for Chromium III only.
3 BAT for Selenium IV only.
4 BATs for Arsenic V. Pre-oxidation may be required to convert Arsenic III to Arsenic V.
5 To obtain high removals, iron to arsenic ratio must be at least 20:1.
Key to BATS in Table
1 = Activated Alumina
2 = Coagulation/Filtration (not BAT for systems [LESS THAN]500 service connections)
3 = Direct and Diatomite Filtration
4 = Granular Activated Carbon
5 = Ion Exchange
6 = Lime Softening (not BAT for systems [LESS THAN]500 service connections)
7 = Reverse Osmosis
8 = Corrosion Control
9 = Electrodialysis
10 = Chlorine
11 = Ultraviolet
12 = Oxidation/Filtration
40 C.F.R. §142.62