Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8 § 4239
Bolt-Headers. The same as an upsetter or forging machine except that the diameter of stock fed into the machine is much smaller, i.e., commonly three-fourths inch or less.
Drop Hammers. Drop hammer means a hammer in which the force of the blow is developed entirely by gravity.
Forging Presses. A class of forging equipment wherein the shaping of metal between dies is performed by mechanical or hydraulic pressure, and usually is accomplished with a single work stroke of the press for each die station.
Forging. The product of work on metal formed to a desired shape by impact or pressure in hammers, forging machines (upsetters), presses, rolls, and related forming equipment. Forging hammers, counterblow equipment and high-energy-rate forging machines impart impact to the workpiece, while most other types of forging equipment impart squeeze pressure in shaping the stock.
Forging Rolls. A class of auxiliary forging equipment wherein stock is shaped between power driven rolls bearing contoured dies. Usually used for preforming, roll forging is often employed to reduce thickness and increase length of stock.
High-Energy-Rate Forging Machines. A class of forging equipment wherein high ram velocities resulting from the sudden release of a compressed gas against a free piston impart impact to the workpiece.
Open Frame hammers (or Black-Smith Hammers). Hammers used primarily for the shaping of forgings by means of impact with flat dies. Open frame hammers generally are so constructed that the anvil assembly is separate from the operating mechanism and machine supports; it rests on its own independent foundation. Certain exceptions are forging hammers made with frame mounted on the anvil; e.g., the smaller, single-frame hammers are usually made with the anvil and frame in one piece.
Ring Rolls. A class for forging equipment used for shaping weldless rings from pierced discs or thick-walled, ring-shaped blanks between rolls which control wall thickness, ring diameter, height and contour.
Rivet Making Machines. The same as upsetters and bolt headers when producing rivets with stock diameter of 1-inch or more. Rivet making with less than 1-inch diameter is usually a cold forging operation, and therefore not included.
Steam Hammers. A type of drop hammer where the ram is raised for each stroke by a double-action steam cylinder and the energy delivered to the workpiece is supplied by the velocity and weight of the ram and attached upper die driven downward by steam pressure. Energy delivered during each stroke may be varied.
Trimming Presses. A class of auxiliary forging equipment which removes flash or excess metal from a forging. This trimming operation can also be done cold, as can coining, a product sizing operation.
Upsetters (or Forging Machines, or Headers). A type of forging equipment, related to the mechanical press, in which the main forming energy is applied horizontally to the workpiece which is gripped and held by prior action of the dies.
TABLE FM-1-STRENGTH AND DIMENSIONS FOR WOOD RAM PROPS | ||||||
| Size of timber inches1 | Square inches in cross section | Minimum allowable crushing strength parallel to grain, p.s.i.2 | Maximum static load within short column range2 | Safety factor | Maximum recommended weight of forging hammer for timber used | Maximum allowable length of timber, inches |
| 4 x 4 | 16 | 5,000 | 80,000 | 10 | 8,000 | 44 |
| 6 x 6 | 36 | 5,000 | 180,000 | 10 | 18,000 | 66 |
| 8 x 8 | 64 | 5,000 | 320,000 | 10 | 32,000 | 88 |
| 10 x 10 | 100 | 5,000 | 500,000 | 10 | 50,000 | 100 |
| 12 x 12 | 144 | 5,000 | 720,000 | 10 | 72,000 | 132 |
| 1 Actual dimension. | ||||||
| 2 Adapted from U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 479. Hardwoods recommended are those whose ultimate crushing strengths in compression parallel to grain are 5,000 p.s.i. (pounds per square inch) or greater. | ||||||
| 3 Slenderness ratio formula for short columns is L/d = 11, where L = length of timber in inches and d = least dimension in inches; this ratio should not exceed 11. | ||||||
Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 8, § 4239
2. Amendment of subsection (b)(7) filed 7-8-85; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 85, No. 28).
3. Amendment filed 12-16-85; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 85, No. 51).
4. Change without regulatory effect filed 7-17-90 to correct State Printing Plant error made obsolete by Barclays printing of the Code (Register 90, No. 40).
Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.
2. Amendment of subsection (b)(7) filed 7-8-85; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 85, No. 28).
3. Amendment filed 12-16-85; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 85, No. 51).
4. Change without regulatory effect filed 7-17-90 to correct State Printing Plant error made obsolete by Barclays printing of the Code (Register 90, No. 40).