Cal. Code Regs. tit. 13 § 1961.1

Current through Register 2024 Notice Reg. No. 44, November 1, 2024

Section 1961.1 - Greenhouse Gas Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures - 2009 Through 2016 Model Passenger Cars, Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty Vehicles

(a)Greenhouse Gas Emission Requirements. The greenhouse gas emission levels from new 2009 through 2016 model year passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty passenger vehicles shall not exceed the following requirements. Light-duty trucks from 3751 lbs. LVW -- 8500 lbs. GVW that are certified to the Option 1 LEV II NOx Standard in section 1961(a)(1) are exempt from these greenhouse gas emission requirements, however, passenger cars, light-duty trucks 0-3750 lbs. LVW, and medium-duty passenger vehicles are not eligible for this exemption.

(1)Fleet Average Greenhouse Gas Requirements for Passenger Cars, Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles.

(A)

(i) The fleet average greenhouse gas exhaust mass emission values from passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty passenger vehicles that are produced and delivered for sale in California each model year by a large volume manufacturer shall not exceed:

FLEET AVERAGE GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST MASS EMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR PASSENGER CAR, LIGHT-DUTY TRUCK, AND MEDIUM-DUTY PASSENGER VEHICLE WEIGHT CLASSES¹
(4,000 mile Durability Vehicle Basis)

	Fleet Average Greenhouse Gas Emissions (grams per mile CO₂-equivalent)

*Model Year*	*All PCs; LDTs 0-3750 lbs. LVW*	*LDTs 3751 lbs. LVW -- 8500 lbs. GVW; MDPVs*
2009	323	439
2010	301	420
2011	267	390
2012	233	361
2013	227	355
2014	222	350
2015	213	341
2016	205	332

1 Each manufacturer shall demonstrate compliance with these values in accordance with section 1961.l(a)(1)(B).

1. For each model year, a manufacturer must demonstrate compliance with the fleet average requirements in this section 1961.1(a)(1)(A) based on one of two options applicable throughout the model year, either:

Option 1: the total number of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty passenger vehicles that are certified to the California exhaust emission standards in this section 1961.1, and are produced and delivered for sale in California; or

Option 2: the total number of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty passenger vehicles that are certified to the California exhaust emission standards in this section 1961.1, and are produced and delivered for sale in California, the District of Columbia, and all states that have adopted California's greenhouse gas emission standards for that model year pursuant to Section 177 of the federal Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. § 7507).

a. For the 2009 and 2010 model years, a manufacturer that selects compliance Option 2 must notify the Executive Officer of that selection, in writing, within 30 days of the effective date of the amendments to this section (a)(1)(A)1 or must comply with Option 1.

b. For the 2011 through 2016 model years, a manufacturer that selects compliance Option 2 must notify the Executive Officer of that selection, in writing, prior to the start of the applicable model year or must comply with Option 1.

c. When a manufacturer is demonstrating compliance using Option 2 for a given model year, the term "in California" as used in subsections 1961.1(a)(1)(B)3. and 1961.1(b) means California, the District of Columbia, and all states that have adopted California's greenhouse gas emission standards for that model year pursuant to Section 177 of the federal Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. § 7507).

d. A manufacturer that selects compliance Option 2 must provide to the Executive Officer separate values for the number of vehicles produced and delivered for sale in the District of Columbia and for each individual state within the average.

(ii) For the 2012 through 2016 model years, a manufacturer may elect to demonstrate compliance with this section 1961.1 by demonstrating compliance with the 2012 through 2016 MY National greenhouse gas program as follows:

1. A manufacturer that selects compliance with this option 1961.1(a)(1)(A)(ii) must notify the Executive Officer of that selection, in writing, prior to the start of the applicable model year or must comply with 1961.1(a)(1)(A)(i);

2. The manufacturer must submit to ARB a copy of the Model Year CAFE report that it submitted to EPA as required under 40 CFR § 86.1865-12 (May 7, 2010), for demonstrating compliance with the 2012 through 2016 MY National greenhouse gas program and the EPA determination of compliance. These must be submitted within 30 days of receipt of the EPA determination of compliance, for each model year that a manufacturer selects compliance with this option 1961.1(a)(1)(A)(ii);

3. The manufacturer must provide to the Executive Officer separate values for the number of vehicles produced and delivered for sale in California, the District of Columbia, and each individual state that has adopted California's greenhouse gas emission standards for that model year pursuant to Section 177 of the federal Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. § 7507); and

4. If a manufacturer has outstanding greenhouse gas debits at the end of the 2011 model year, as calculated in accordance with 1961.1(b), the manufacturer must submit to the Executive Officer a plan for offsetting all outstanding greenhouse gas debits by using greenhouse gas credits earned under the 2012 through 2016 MY National greenhouse gas program before applying those credits to offset any 2012 through 2016 MY National greenhouse as program debits. Upon approval of the plan by the Executive Officer, the manufacturer may demonstrate compliance with this section 1961.1 by demonstrating compliance with the 2012 through 2016 MY National greenhouse gas program. Any California debits not offset by the end of the 2016 model year National greenhouse gas program reporting period are subject to penalties as provided in this Section 1961.1.

(B)Calculation of Fleet Average Greenhouse Gas Value.

1.Basic Calculation.

a. Option A: Each manufacturer shall calculate both a "city" grams per mile average CO₂-equivalent value for each GHG vehicle test group and a "highway" grams per mile average CO₂-equivalent value for each GHG vehicle test group, including vehicles certified in accordance with section 1960.5 and vehicles certified in accordance with section 1961(a)(14), using the following formula. Option B: For a manufacturer that elects to demonstrate compliance with the greenhouse gas requirements using CAFE data, "GHG vehicle test group" shall mean "subconfiguration" in this subsection 1961.1(a)(1)(B)1.a. Greenhouse Gas emissions used for the "city" CO₂-equivalent value calculation shall be measured using the "FTP" test cycle ( 40 CFR, Part 86, Subpart B). Greenhouse Gas emissions used for the "highway" CO₂-equivalent value calculation shall be based on emissions measured using the Highway Test Procedures.

CO₂-Equivalent Value = CO₂ + 296 x N₂0 + 23 x CH₄ - A/C Direct Emissions Allowance - A/C Indirect Emissions Allowance

A manufacturer may use N₂O = 0.006 grams per mile in lieu of measuring N₂O exhaust emissions. A manufacturer that elects to use CAFE data to demonstrate compliance with the greenhouse requirements may substitute the term 1.9 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile for the terms "296 x N₂0 + 23 x CH₄" in this equation.

b.A/C Direct Emissions Allowance. A manufacturer may use the following A/C Direct Emission Allowances, upon approval of the Executive Officer, if that manufacturer demonstrates that the following requirements are met. Such demonstration shall include specifications of the components used and an engineering evaluation that verifies the estimated lifetime emissions from the components and the system. A manufacturer shall also provide confirmation that the number of fittings and joints has been minimized and components have been optimized to minimize leakage. No A/C Direct Emissions Allowance is permitted if the following requirements are not met.

i. A "low-leak air conditioning system" shall be defined as one that meets all of the following criteria:

A. All pipe and hose connections are equipped with multiple o-rings, seal washers, or metal gaskets only (e.g., no single o-rings);

B. All hoses in contact with the refrigerant must be ultra-low permeability barrier or veneer hose on both the high-pressure and the low-pressure sides of the system (e.g., no rubber hoses); and

C. Only multiple-lip compressor shaft seals shall be used (with either compressor body o-rings or gaskets).

ii. For an air conditioning system that uses HFC-134a as the refrigerant:

A. An A/C Direct Emissions Allowance of 3.0 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile shall apply if the system meets the criteria for a "low-leak air conditioning system."

B. An A/C Direct Emissions Allowance of 3.0 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile shall apply if the manufacturer demonstrates alternative technology that achieves equal or lower direct emissions than a "low-leak air conditioning system."

C. An A/C Direct Emissions Allowance greater than 3.0 CO₂- equivalent grams per mile may apply for an air conditioning system that reduces refrigerant leakage further than would be obtained from a "low-leak air conditioning system." A maximum A/C Direct Emissions Allowance of 6.0 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile may be earned for an air conditioning system that has 100 percent containment of refrigerant during "normal operation." To obtain an A/C Direct Emissions Allowance greater than 3.0 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile, the manufacturer must provide an engineering evaluation that supports the allowance requested.

iii. For an air conditioning system that uses HFC-152a, CO₂ refrigerant, or any refrigerant with a GWP of 150 or less: An A/C Direct Emissions Allowance shall be calculated using the following formula:

A/C Direct Emissions Allowance = A - (B x C)

where: A = 9 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile (the lifetime vehicle emissions expected from an air conditioning system that uses refrigerant HFC-134a);

B=9 CO₂ - equivalent g/mi x	GWP
	1300

where: B is the lifetime vehicle emissions expected from an air conditioning system that uses a refrigerant with a GWP of 150 or less, and

"GWP" means the GWP of this refrigerant; and

C = 1, except for an air conditioning system that meets the criteria of a "low-leak air conditioning system."

For an air conditioning system that meets or exceeds the criteria of a "low-leak air conditioning system," the following formula shall apply:

C =1 - (0.12 x credit)

where: "credit" equals 3.0 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile for a "low-leak air conditioning system" that meets the criteria of section 1961.1(a)(1)(B)1.b.i., or

"credit" equals a value greater than 3.0 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile for an air conditioning system that reduces refrigerant leakage further than would be obtained from a "low-leak air conditioning system." A maximum credit of 6.0 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile may be earned for an air conditioning system that has 100 percent containment of refrigerant during normal operation. To obtain a credit greater than 3.0 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile, the manufacturer must provide an engineering evaluation that supports the credit requested.

iv. A manufacturer that elects to use CAFE Program emissions data to demonstrate compliance with the greenhouse requirements shall calculate the A/C Indirect Emissions Allowance for each Vehicle Configuration by calculating the A/C Indirect Emissions Allowance for each air conditioning system used in that Vehicle Configuration and calculating a sales-weighted average for that Vehicle Configuration.

c.A/C Indirect Emissions Allowance. A manufacturer may use the following A/C Indirect Emissions Allowances, upon approval of the Executive Officer, if the manufacturer demonstrates using data or an engineering evaluation that the air conditioning system meets the following requirements. A manufacturer may use the following A/C Indirect Emissions Allowances for other technologies, upon approval of the Executive Officer, if that manufacturer demonstrates that the air conditioning system achieves equal or greater CO₂-equivalent grams per mile emissions reductions.

i. An "A/C system with reduced indirect emissions" shall be defined as one that meets all of the following criteria:

A. Has managed outside and recirculated air balance to achieve comfort, demisting, and safety requirements, based on such factors as temperature, humidity, pressure, and level of fresh air in the passenger compartment to minimize compressor usage;

B. Is optimized for energy efficiency by utilizing state-of-the-art high efficiency evaporators, condensors, and other components; and

C. Has an externally controlled compressor (such as an externally controlled variable displacement or variable speed compressor or an externally controlled fully cycling fixed displacement compressor) that adjusts evaporative temperature to minimize the necessity of reheating cold air to satisfy occupant comfort.

ii. For an A/C system that meets all of the criteria for an "A/C system with reduced indirect emissions," the allowance shall be calculated using the following emission factors, up to a maximum allowance of 9.0 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile if the system has one evaporator and up to a maximum allowance of 11.0 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile if the system has two evaporators:

A. 5.0 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile per 100 cc of maximum compressor displacement for a system that does not use CO₂ as the refrigerant

B. 27.5 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile per 100 cc of maximum compressor displacement for a system that uses CO₂ as the refrigerant

iii. For an air conditioning system equipped with a refrigerant having a GWP of 150 or less, the allowance shall be calculated using the following emission factors, up to a maximum allowance of 0.5 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile:

A. 0.2 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile per 100cc of maximum compressor displacement for a system that does not use CO₂ as the refrigerant and

B. 1.1 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile per 100cc of maximum compressor displacement for a system that uses CO₂ as the refrigerant.

d.Upstream Greenhouse Gas Emission Adjustment Factors for Alternative Fuel Vehicles. A grams per mile average CO₂-equivalent value for each GHG vehicle test group certifying on a fuel other than conventional gasoline, including vehicles certified in accordance with section 1960.5 and vehicles certified in accordance with section 1961(a)(14), shall be calculated as follows:

(CO₂ + A/C Indirect Emissions) x (Fuel Adjustment Factor) + 296 x N₂O + 23 x CH₄ + A/C Direct Emissions

where:

A/C Indirect Emissions = A - B

where: "A" represents the indirect emissions associated with an A/C system that does not incorporate any of the A/C improvements described in section 1961.1(a)(1)(B)1.c. A is determined by the following emission factors, with a maximum value of 17.0 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile for a system that has one evaporator and a maximum value of 21.0 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile for a system that has two evaporators.

A = 9.6 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile per 100cc of maximum compressor displacement for an A/C system that does not use CO₂ as the refrigerant or

A = 52.8 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile per 100cc of maximum compressor displacement for an A/C system that uses CO₂ as the refrigerant.

B = A/C Indirect Emissions Allowance as calculated per section 1961.1(a)(1)(B)1.c.

A/C Direct Emissions = 9 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile -- A/C Direct Emissions Allowance as calculated per section 1961. 1(a)(1)(B)1.b.

The Fuel Adjustment Factors are:

	Fuel	Fuel Adjustment Factor
	Natural Gas	1.03
	LPG	0.89
	E85	0.74

e.Calculation of CO₂-Equivalent Emissions for Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles and for Electric and Hydrogen ZEVs. The grams per mile average CO₂-equivalent value for each GHG vehicle test group certifying to ZEV standards, including vehicles certified in accordance with section 1960.5 and vehicles certified in accordance with section 1961(a)(14), shall be:

A/C Direct Emissions + Upstream Emissions Factor

where: A/C Direct Emissions = 9 CO₂-equivalent grams per mile -- A/C Direct Emissions Allowance as calculated per section 1961.1(a)(1)(B)1.b.

The Upstream Emissions Factors are:

	*Vehicle Type*	**Upstream Emissions Factor¹(CO₂-equivalent g/mi)**
	Electric ZEV	130
	Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine	290
	Vehicle
	Hydrogen ZEV	210

1 The Executive Officer may approve use of a lower upstream emissions factor if a manufacturer demonstrates the appropriateness of the lower value by providing information that includes, but is not limited to, the percentage of hydrogen fuel or the percentage of electricity produced for sale in California using a "renewable energy resource."

2.Calculation of Greenhouse Gas Values for Bi-Fuel Vehicles, Fuel-Flexible Vehicles, Dual-Fuel Vehicles, and Grid-connected Hybrid Electric Vehicles. For bi-fuel, fuel-flexible, dual-fuel, and grid-connected hybrid, electric vehicles, a manufacturer shall calculate a grams per mile average CO₂-equivalent value for each GHG vehicle test group, in accordance with section 1961.1(a)(1)(B)1., based on exhaust mass emission tests when the vehicle is operating on gasoline.

a.Optional Alternative Compliance Mechanisms. Beginning with the 2010 model year, a manufacturer that demonstrates that a bi-fuel, fuel-flexible, dual-fuel, or grid-connected hybrid electric GHG vehicle test group will be operated in use in California on the alternative fuel shall be eligible to certify those vehicles using this optional alternative compliance procedure, upon approval of the Executive Officer.

i. To demonstrate that bi-fuel, fuel-flexible, dual-fuel, or grid-connected hybrid electric vehicles within a GHG vehicle test group will be operated in use in California on the alternative fuel, the manufacturer shall provide data that shows the previous model year sales of such vehicles to fleets that provide the alternative fuel on-site or, for grid-connected hybrid electric vehicles, to end users with the capability to recharge the vehicle on-site. This data shall include both the total number of vehicles sales that were made to such fleets or end users with the capability to recharge the vehicle on-site and as the percentage of total GHG vehicle test group sales. The manufacturer shall also provide data demonstrating the percentage of total vehicle miles traveled by the bi-fuel, fuel-flexible, dual-fuel, or grid-connected hybrid electric vehicles sold to each fleet or to end users with the capability to recharge the vehicle on-site in the previous model year using the alternative fuel and using gasoline.

ii. For each GHG vehicle test group that receives approval by the Executive Officer under section 1961.1(a)(1)(B)2.a.i., a grams per mile CO₂-equivalent value shall be calculated as follows:

CO₂-equivalent value = [A x E x B x C] + [(1 - (A x E x B)) x D]

where: A = the percentage of previous model year vehicles within a GHG vehicle test group that were operated in use in California on the alternative fuel during the previous calendar year;

B = the percentage of miles traveled by "A" during the previous calendar year;

C = the CO₂-equivalent value for the GHG vehicle test group, as calculated in section 1961.1(a)(1)(B)1, when tested using the alternative fuel;

D = the CO₂-equivalent value for the GHG vehicle test group, as calculated in section 1961.1(a)(1)(B)1, when tested using gasoline; and

E = 0.9 for grid-connected hybrid electric vehicles or

E = 1 for bi-fuel, fuel-flexible, and dual-fuel vehicles.

The Executive Officer may approve use of a higher value for "E" for a grid-connected hybrid electric vehicle GHG vehicle test group if a manufacturer demonstrates that the vehicles can reasonably be expected to maintain more than 90 percent of their original battery capacity over a 200,000 mile vehicle lifetime. The manufacturer may demonstrate the appropriateness of a higher value either by providing data from real world vehicle operation; or by showing that these vehicles are equipped with batteries that do not lose energy storage capacity until after 100,000 miles; or by offering 10 year/150,000 mile warranties on the batteries.

iii. For the first model year in which a grid-connected hybrid electric vehicle model is certified for sale in California, the manufacturer may estimate the sales and percentage of total vehicle miles traveled information requested in section 1961.1(a)(1)(B)2.a.i. in lieu of providing actual data, and provide final sales data and data demonstrating the percentage of total vehicle miles traveled using electricity by no later than March 1 of the calendar year following the close of the model year.

3.Calculation of Fleet Average Greenhouse Gas Values.

a. Each manufacturer's PC and LDT1 fleet average Greenhouse Gas value for the total number of PCs and LDT1s produced and delivered for sale in California, including vehicles certified in accordance with section 1960.5 and vehicles certified in accordance with section 1961(a)(14), shall be calculated as follows:

[0. 55 x ([SUMMATION] City Test Group Greenhouse Gas Values) + 0.45 x ([SUMMATION] Highway Test Group Greenhouse Gas Values)] / Total Number of PCs and LDT1s Produced, Including ZEVs and HEVs

where: City Test Group Greenhouse Gas Value = [(Total Number of Vehicles in a Test Group -- [SUMMATION] Number of Vehicles in Optional GHG Test Vehicle Configurations) x "worst-case" calculated CO₂-equivalent value + [SUMMATION] (Number of vehicles in Optional GHG Test Vehicle Configurations x applicable calculated CO₂-equivalent value)] measured using the FTP test cycle; and

Highway Test Group Greenhouse Gas Value = [(Total Number of Vehicles in a Test Group -- [SUMMATION] (Number of Vehicles in Optional GHG Test Vehicle Configurations) x "worst-case" calculated CO₂-equivalent value + [SUMMATION] (Number of vehicles in Optional GHG Test Vehicle Configurations x applicable calculated CO₂-equivalent value)] measured using the Highway Test Procedures.

b. Each manufacturer's LDT2 and MDPV fleet average Greenhouse Gas value for the total number of LDT2s and MDPVs produced and delivered for sale in California, including vehicles certified in accordance with section 1960.5 and vehicles certified in accordance with section 1961(a)(14), shall be calculated as follows:

[0. 55 x ([SUMMATION] City Test Group Greenhouse Gas Values) + 0.45 x ([SUMMATION] Highway Test Group Greenhouse Gas Values)] / Total Number of LDT2s and MDPVs Produced, Including ZEVs and HEVs

Highway Test Group Greenhouse Gas Value = [(Total Number of Vehicles in a Test Group - [SUMMATION] Number of Vehicles in Optional GHG Test Vehicle Configurations) x "worst-case" calculated CO₂-equivalent value + [SUMMATION] (Number of vehicles in Optional GHG Test Vehicle Configurations x applicable calculated CO₂-equivalent value)] measured using the Highway Test Procedures.

(C)Requirements for Intermediate Volume Manufacturers.

1. Before the 2016 model year, compliance with this section 1961.1 shall be waived for intermediate volume manufacturers.

2. For each intermediate volume manufacturer, the manufacturer's baseline fleet average greenhouse gas value for PCs and LDT1s and baseline fleet average greenhouse gas value for LDT2s and MDPVs shall be calculated, in accordance with section 1961.1(a)(1)(B) using its 2002 model year fleet.

3. In the 2016 model year, an intermediate volume manufacturer shall either:

a. not exceed a fleet average greenhouse gas emissions value of 233 g/mi for PCs and LDT1s and 361 g/mi for LDT2s and MDPVs, or

b. not exceed a fleet average greenhouse gas value of 0.75 times the baseline fleet average greenhouse gas value for PCs and LDT1s and 0.82 times the baseline fleet average greenhouse gas value for LDT2s and MDPVs, as calculated in section 1961.1(a)(1)(C)2.

4. If a manufacturer's average annual California sales exceed 60,000 units of new PCs, LDTs, MDVs and heavy-duty engines based on the average number of vehicles sold for the three previous consecutive model years, the manufacturer shall no longer be treated as a intermediate volume manufacturer and shall comply with the fleet average requirements applicable to large volume manufacturers as specified in section 1961.1(a)(1) beginning with the fourth model year after the last of the three consecutive model years.

5. If a manufacturer's average annual California sales fall below 60,001 units of new PCs, LDTs, MDVs and heavy-duty engines based on the average number of vehicles sold for the three previous consecutive model years, the manufacturer shall be treated as a intermediate volume manufacturer and shall be subject to the requirements for intermediate volume manufacturers beginning with the next model year.

(D)Requirements for Small Volume Manufacturers and Independent Low Volume Manufacturers.

1. Before the 2016 model year, compliance with this section 1961.1 shall be waived for small volume manufacturers and independent low volume manufacturers.

2. At the beginning of the 2013 model year, each small volume manufacturer and independent low volume manufacturer shall identify all 2012 model year vehicle models, certified by a large volume manufacturer that are comparable to that small volume manufacturer or independent low volume manufacturer's 2016 model year vehicle models, based on horsepower and horsepower to weight ratio. The small volume manufacturer and independent low volume manufacturer shall demonstrate to the Executive Officer the appropriateness of each comparable vehicle model selected. Upon approval of the Executive Officer, s/he shall provide to the small volume manufacturer and to the independent low volume manufacturer the CO₂-equivalent value for each 2012 model year vehicle model that is approved. The small volume manufacturer and independent low volume manufacturer shall calculate an average greenhouse gas emissions value for each its greenhouse gas vehicle test groups based on the CO₂-equivalent values provided by the Executive Officer.

3. In the 2016 model year, a small volume manufacturer and an independent low volume manufacturer shall either:

a. not exceed the fleet average greenhouse gas emissions value calculated for each GHG vehicle test group for which a comparable vehicle is sold by a large volume manufacturer, in accordance with section 1961.1(a)(1)(D)2; or

b. not exceed a fleet average greenhouse gas emissions value of 233 g/mi for PCs and LDT1s and 361 g/mi for LDT2s and MDPVs; or

c. upon approval of the Executive Officer, if a small volume manufacturer demonstrates a vehicle model uses an engine, transmission, and emission control system that is identical to a configuration certified for sale in California by a large volume manufacturer, those small volume manufacturer vehicle models are exempt from meeting the requirements in paragraphs 3.a. and b. of this section.

4. If a manufacturer's average annual California sales exceed 4,500 units of new PCs, LDTs, MDVs and heavy-duty engines based on the average number of vehicles sold for the three previous consecutive model years, the manufacturer shall no longer be treated as a small volume manufacturer and shall comply with the fleet average requirements applicable to larger volume manufacturers as specified in section 1961.1(a)(1) beginning with the fourth model year after the last of the three consecutive model years.

5. If a manufacturer's average annual California sales exceed 10,000 units of new PCs, LDTs, MDVs and heavy-duty engines based on the average number of vehicles sold for the three previous consecutive model years, the manufacturer shall no longer be treated as an independent low volume manufacturer and shall comply with the fleet average requirements applicable to larger volume manufacturers as specified in section 1961.1(a)(1) beginning with the fourth model year after the last of the three consecutive model years.

6. If a manufacturer's average annual California sales fall below 4,501 units of new PCs, LDTs, MDVs and heavy-duty engines based on the average number of vehicles sold for the three previous consecutive model years, the manufacturer shall be treated as a small volume manufacturer and shall be subject to the requirements for small volume manufacturers beginning with the next model year.

(b)Calculation of Greenhouse Gas Credits/Debits.

(1)Calculation of Greenhouse Gas Credits for Passenger Cars, Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles.

(A) In the 2000 through 2008 model years, a manufacturer that achieves fleet average Greenhouse Gas values lower than the fleet average Greenhouse Gas requirement applicable to the 2012 model year shall receive credits for each model year in units of g/mi determined as:

[(Fleet Average Greenhouse Gas Requirement for the 2012 model year) -- (Manufacturer's Fleet Average Greenhouse Gas Value)] x (Total No. of Vehicles Produced and Delivered for Sale in California, Including ZEVs and HEVs).

(B) In 2009 through 2016 model years, a manufacturer that achieves fleet average Greenhouse Gas values lower than the fleet average Greenhouse Gas requirement for the corresponding model year shall receive credits in units of g/mi Greenhouse Gas determined as:

[(Fleet Average Greenhouse Gas Requirement) -- (Manufacturer's Fleet Average Greenhouse Gas Value)] x (Total No. of Vehicles Produced and Delivered for Sale in California, Including ZEVs and HEVs).

(2) A manufacturer with 2009 through 2016 model year fleet average Greenhouse Gas values greater than the fleet average requirement for the corresponding model year shall receive debits in units of g/mi Greenhouse Gas equal to the amount of negative credits determined by the aforementioned equation. For the 2009 through 2016 model years, the total g/mi Greenhouse Gas credits or debits earned for PCs and LDT1s and for LDT2s and MDPVs shall be summed together. The resulting amount shall constitute the g/mi Greenhouse Gas credits or debits accrued by the manufacturer for the model year.

(3)Procedure for Offsetting Greenhouse Gas Debits.

(A) A manufacturer shall equalize Greenhouse Gas emission debits by earning g/mi Greenhouse Gas emission credits in an amount equal to the g/mi Greenhouse Gas debits, or by submitting a commensurate amount of g/mi Greenhouse Gas credits to the Executive Officer that were earned previously or acquired from another manufacturer. A manufacturer shall equalize Greenhouse Gas debits for PCs, LDTs, and MDPVs within five model years after they are earned. If emission debits are not equalized within the specified time period, the manufacturer shall be subject to the Health and Safety Code section 43211 civil penalty applicable to a manufacturer which sells a new motor vehicle that does not meet the applicable emission standards adopted by the state board. The cause of action shall be deemed to accrue when the emission debits are not equalized by the end of the specified time period. For a manufacturer demonstrating compliance under Option 2 in subsection 1961.1(a)(1)(A)1., the emission debits that are subject to a civil penalty under Health and Safety Code section 43211 shall be calculated separately for California, the District of Columbia, and each individual state that is included in the fleet average greenhouse gas requirements in subsection 1961.1(a)(1)(A)1. These emission debits shall be calculated for each individual state using the formula in subsections 1961.1(b)(1)(B) and 1961.1(b)(2), except that the "Total No. of Vehicles Produced and Delivered for Sale in California, including ZEVs and HEVs" shall be calculated separately for the District of Columbia and each individual state.

For the purposes of Health and Safety Code section 43211, the number of passenger cars and LDT1s not meeting the state board's emission standards shall be determined by dividing the total amount of g/mi Greenhouse Gas emission debits for the model year calculated for California by the g/mi Greenhouse Gas fleet average requirement for PCs and LDTs 0-3750 lbs. LVW applicable for the model year in which the debits were first incurred. For the purposes of Health and Safety Code section 43211, the number of LDT2s and MDPVs not meeting the state board's emission standards shall be determined by dividing the total amount of g/mi Greenhouse Gas emission debits for the model year calculated for California by the g/mi Greenhouse Gas fleet average requirement for LDTs 3751 lbs. LVW -- 8500 lbs. GVW and MDPVs applicable for the model year in which the debits were first incurred.

(B) Greenhouse Gas emission credits earned in the 2000 through 2008 model years shall be treated as if they were earned in the 2011 model year and shall retain full value through the 2012 model year. Greenhouse Gas emission credits earned in the 2009 through 2016 model years shall retain full value through the fifth model year after they are earned. The value of any credits earned in the 2000 through 2008 model years that are not used to equalize debits accrued in the 2009 through 2012 model years shall be discounted by 50% at the beginning of the 2013 model year, shall be discounted to 25% of its original value if not used by the beginning of the 2014 model year, and will have no value if not used by the beginning of the 2015 model year. Any credits earned in the 2009 through 2016 model years that are not used by the end of the fifth model year after they are accrued shall be discounted by 50% at the beginning of the sixth model year after being earned, shall be discounted to 25% of its original value if not used by the beginning of the seventh model year after being earned, and will have no value if not used by the beginning of the eighth model year after being earned.

(c)Test Procedures. The certification requirements and test procedures for determining compliance with the emission standards in this section are set forth in the "California 2001 through 2014 Model Criteria Pollutant Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures and 2009 through 2016 Model Greenhouse Gas Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for Passenger Cars, Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty Vehicles," incorporated by reference in section 1961(d). In the case of hybrid electric vehicles and on-board fuel-fired heaters, the certification requirements and test procedures for determining compliance with the emission standards in this section are set forth in the "California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 2009 through 2017 Model Zero-Emission Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles, in the Passenger Car, Light-Duty Truck and Medium-Duty Vehicle Classes," incorporated by reference in section 1962.1.

(d)Abbreviations. The following abbreviations are used in this section 1962.1.

"cc" mean cubic centimeters.

"CH₄" means methane.

"CO₂" means carbon dioxide.

"E85" means a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline.

"FTP" means Federal Test Procedure.

"GHG" means greenhouse gas.

"g/mi" means grams per mile.

"GVW" means gross vehicle weight.

"GVWR" means gross vehicle weight rating.

"GWP" means the global warming potential.

"HEV" means hybrid-electric vehicle.

"LDT" means light-duty truck.

"LDT1" means a light-duty truck with a loaded vehicle weight of 0-3750 pounds.

"LDT2" means a "LEV II" light-duty truck with a loaded vehicle weight of 3751 pounds to a gross vehicle weight of 8500 pounds.

"LEV" means low-emission vehicle.

"LPG" means liquefied petroleum gas.

"LVW" means loaded vehicle weight.

"MDPV" means medium-duty passenger vehicle.

"MDV" means medium-duty vehicle.

"mg/mi" means milligrams per mile.

"N₂O" means nitrous oxide.

"PC" means passenger car.

"SULEV" means super-ultra-low-emission vehicle.

"ULEV" means ultra-low-emission vehicle.

"ZEV" means zero-emission vehicle.

(e)Definitions Specific to this Section. The following definitions apply to this section 1961.1:

(1) "A/C Direct Emissions" means any refrigerant released from a motor vehicle's air conditioning system.

(2) "A/C Indirect Emissions" means any increase in motor vehicle exhaust CO₂ emissions that can be attributed to the operation of the air conditioning system.

(3) "GHG Vehicle Test Group" means vehicles that have an identical test group, vehicle make and model, transmission class and driveline, aspiration method (e.g., naturally aspirated, turbocharged), camshaft configuration, valvetrain configuration, and inertia weight class.

(4) "Greenhouse Gas" means the following gases: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and hydrofluorocarbons.

(5) "Grid-Connected Hybrid Electric Vehicle" means a hybrid electric vehicle that has the capacity for the battery to be recharged from an off-board source of electricity and has some all-electric range.

(6) "GWP" means the 100-year global warming potential specified in IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2000: Emissions Scenarios. N. Nakicenovic et. al. editors, Special Report of Working Group III of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 0-521-80493-0.

(7) "2012 through 2016 MY National greenhouse gas program" means the national program that applies to new 2012 through 2016 model year passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty passenger vehicles as adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency at 75 Fed.Reg. 25324 (May 7, 2010), as incorporated in and amended by the "California 2001 through 2014 Model Criteria Pollutant Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures and 2009 through 2016 Model Greenhouse Gas Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for Passenger Cars, Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty Vehicles."

(8) "Normal Operation" of an air conditioning system means typical everyday use of the A/C system to cool a vehicle. "Normal Operation" does not include car accidents, dismantling of an air conditioning system, or any other non-typical events.

(9) "Optional GHG Test Vehicle Configuration" means any GHG vehicle configuration that is selected for testing by the manufacturer as allowed by section G.2.3 of the "California 2001 through 2014 Model Criteria Pollutant Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures and 2009 through 2016 Model Greenhouse Gas Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for Passenger Cars, Light-Duty Trucks, and Medium-Duty Vehicles," other than the worst-case configuration.

(10) "Renewable Energy Resource" means a facility that meets all of the criteria set forth in Public Resources Code section 25741(a), except that the facility is not required to be located in California or near the border of California.

(11) "Variable Displacement Compressor" means a compressor in which the mass flow rate of refrigerant is adjusted independently of compressor speed by the control system in response to cooling load demand.

(12) "Variable Speed Compressor" means a compressor in which the mass flow rate of refrigerant can be adjusted by control of the compressor input shaft speed, independent of vehicle engine speed. For example, a variable speed compressor can have electric drive, hydraulic drive, or mechanical drive through a variable speed transmission.

(13) "Worst-Case" means the vehicle configuration within each test group that is expected to have the highest CO₂-equivalent value, as calculated in section 1961.1(a)(1)(B)1.

(f)Severability. Each provision of this section is severable, and in the event that any provision of this section is held to be invalid, the remainder of this article remains in full force and effect.

(g)Effective Date of this Section. The requirements of this section 1961.1 shall become effective on January 1, 2006.

Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 13, § 1961.1

1. New section filed 9-15-2005; operative 1-1-2006 (Register 2005, No. 37).
2. New subsections (a)(1)(A)1.-(a)(1)(A)1.d., amendment of subsection (a)(1)(B)1.a., new subsections (a)(1)(B)1.b.iv. and (a)(1)(B)1.c.iv. and amendment of subsection (b)(3)(A) filed 4-1-2010; operative 4-1-2010 pursuant to Government Code section 11343.4 (Register 2010, No. 14).
3. Amendment designating former subsection (a)(1)(A) as subsection (a)(1)(A)(i), new subsections (a)(1)(A)(ii)-(a)(1)(A)(ii)3., new subsection (e)(7) and subsection renumbering filed 4-1-2010; operative 4-1-2010 pursuant to Government Code section 11343.4 (Register 2010, No. 14).
4. Amendment of section heading and section filed 8-7-2012; operative 8-7-2012 pursuant to Government Code section 11343.4 (Register 2012, No. 32).

Note: Authority cited: Sections 39500, 39600, 39601, 43013, 43018, 43018.5, 43101, 43104 and 43105, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Sections 39002, 39003, 39667, 43000, 43009.5, 43013, 43018, 43018.5, 43100, 43101, 43101.5, 43102, 43104, 43105, 43106, 43204, 43205 and 43211, Health and Safety Code.