18 Alaska Admin. Code § 75.345

Current through October 17, 2024

Section 18 AAC 75.345 - Groundwater and surface water cleanup levels

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, cleanup of a discharge or release of a hazardous substance to groundwater or surface water must meet the requirements of this section.

(b) Contaminated groundwater must meet

(1) the cleanup levels in Table C if the current use or the reasonably expected potential future use of the groundwater, determined under 18 AAC 75.350, i s a drinking water source;

TABLE C. GROUNDWATER CLEANUP LEVELS
Hazardous Substance	CAS Number1	Health effect that drives risk; carcinogen (ca) noncarcinogen (nc); mutagen (m)	Groundwater Human Health Cleanup Level2 (micrograms/liter)
Acenaphthene	83-32-9	nc	530
Acenaphthylene3	208-96-8	nc	260
Acetone	67-64-1	nc	14000
Aldrin	309-00-2	ca	0.0092
Ammonium Perchlorate	7790-98-9	nc	14
Anthracene	120-12-7	nc	434
Antimony (metallic)	7440-36-0	nc	7.8
Arsenic, Inorganic3	7440-38-2	ca	0.52
Barium	7440-39-3	nc	3800
Benz[a]anthracene	56-55-3	m	0.12
Benzaldehyde	100-52-7	nc	1900
Benzene	71-43-2	ca	4.6
Benzo[a]pyrene	50-32-8	m	0.034
Benzo[b]fluoranthene	205-99-2	m	0.34
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene3	191-24-2	nc	0.264
Benzo[k]fluoranthene	207-08-9	m	0.804
Benzoic Acid	65-85-0	nc	75000
Benzyl Alcohol	100-51-6	nc	2000
Beryllium and compounds	7440-41-7	nc	25
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether	111-44-4	ca	0.14
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	117-81-7	ca	56
Bromobenzene	108-86-1	nc	62
Bromodichloromethane	75-27-4	ca	1.3
Bromoform	75-25-2	ca	33
Bromomethane	74-83-9	nc	7.5
Butadiene, 1,3 -	106-99-0	ca	0.18
Butanol, N-	71-36-3	nc	2000
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate	85-68-7	ca	160
Butylbenzene, n-	104-51-8	nc	1000
Butylbenzene, sec-	135-98-8	nc	2000
Butylbenzene, tert-	98-06-6	nc	690
Cadmium (Diet)	7440-43-9	nc	9.2
Carbon Disulfide	75-15-0	nc	810
Carbon Tetrachloride	56-23-5	ca	4.6
Chlordane	12789-03-6	ca	0.20
Chlordecone (Kepone)	143-50-0	ca	0.035
Chloroaniline, p-	106-47-8	ca	3.7
Chlorobenzene	108-90-7	nc	78
Chloroform	67-66-3	ca	2.2
Chloromethane	74-87-3	nc	190
Chloronaphthalene, Beta-	91-58-7	nc	750
Chlorophenol, 2-	95-57-8	nc	91
Chromium(Ill), Insoluble Salts6	16065-83-1	nc	22000
Chromium(VI)6	18540-29-9	m	0.35
Chrysene	218-01-9	m	2.04
Copper	7440-50-8	nc	800
Cresol, m-	108-39-4	nc	930
Cresol, o-	95-48-7	nc	930
Cresol, p-	106-44-5	nc	1900
Cumene	98-82-8	nc	450
Cyanide (CN-)	57-12-5	nc	1.5
Cyclohexane	110-82-7	nc	13000
DDD	72-54-8	ca	0.32
DDE, p,p'-	72-55-9	ca	0.46
DDT	50-29-3	ca	2.3
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene	53-70-3	m	0.034
Dibenzofuran	132-64-9	nc	7.9
Dibromochloromethane	124-48-1	ca	8.7
Dibromoethane, 1,2- (Ethylene Dibromide)	106-93-4	ca	0.075
Dibromomethane (Methylene Bromide)	74-95-3	nc	8.3
Dibutyl Phthalate	84-74-2	nc	900
Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-	95-50-1	nc	300
Dichlorobenzene, 1,3-3	541-73-1	nc	300
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-	106-46-7	ca	4.8
Dichlorobenzidine, 3,3'-	91-94-1	ca	1.3
Dichlorodifluoromethane	75-71-8	nc	200
Dichloroethane, 1,1-	75-34-3	ca	28
Dichloroethane, 1,2-	107-06-2	ca	1.7
Dichloroethylene, 1,1-	75-35-4	nc	280
Dichloroethylene, 1,2-cis-	156-59-2	nc	36
Dichloroethylene, 1,2-trans-	156-60-5	nc	360
Dichlorophenol, 2,4-	120-83-2	nc	46
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid, 2,4-	94-75-7	nc	170
Dichloropropane, 1,2-	78-87-5	ca	4.4
Dichloropropene, 1,3-	542-75-6	ca	4.7
Dieldrin	60-57-1	ca	0.018
Diethyl Phthalate	84-66-2	nc	15000
Dimethylphenol, 2,4-	105-67-9	nc	360
Dimethylphthalate3	131-11-3	nc	16000
Dinitrobenzene, 1,2-	528-29-0	nc	1.9
Dinitrobenzene, 1,3-	99-65-0	nc	2.0
Dinitrobenzene, 1,4-	100-25-4	nc	2.0
Dinitrophenol, 2,4-	51-28-5	nc	39
Dinitrotoluene, 2,4-	121-14-2	ca	2.4
Dinitrotoluene, 2,6-	606-20-2	ca	0.49
Dinitrotoluene, 2-Amino-4,6-	35572-78-2	nc	39
Dinitrotoluene, 4-Amino-2,6-	19406-51-0	nc	39
Dioxane, 1,4-	123-91-1	ca	4.6
Diphenylamine	122-39-4	nc	310
Endosulfan	115-29-7	nc	100
Endrin	72-20-8	nc	2.3
Ethyl Chloride	75-00-3	nc	21000
Ethylbenzene	100-41-4	ca	15
Ethylene Glycol	107-21-1	nc	40000
Fluoranthene	206-44-0	nc	2604
Fluorene	86-73-7	nc	290
Formaldehyde	50-00-0	ca	4.3
Heptachlor	76-44-8	ca	0.014
Heptachlor Epoxide	1024-57-3	ca	0.014
Hexachlorobenzene	118-74-1	ca	0.098
Hexachlorobutadienc	87-68-3	nc	1.4
Hexachlorocyclohexane, Alpha-	319-84-6	ca	0.072
Hexachlorocyclohexane, Beta-	319-85-7	ca	0.25
Hexachlorocyclohexane, Gamma- (Lindane)	58-89-9	ca	0.42
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene	77-47-4	nc	0.41
Hexachloroethane	67-72-1	ca	3.3
Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)	121-82-4	ca	7.0
Hexane, N-	110-54-3	nc	1500
Hexanone, 2-	591-78-6	nc	38
Hydrazine	302-01-2	ca	0.011
lndeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene	193-39-5	m	0.194
Isophorone	78-59-1	ca	780
Isopropanol	67-63-0	nc	410
Lead and Compounds7	7439-92-1	nc	15
Mercuric Chloride3	7487-94-7	nc	5.7
Mercury (elemental)	7439-97-6	nc	0.52
Methanol	67-56-1	nc	20000
Methoxychlor	72-43-5	nc	37
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone)	78-93-3	nc	5600
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (4-methyl-2-pentanone)	108-10-1	nc	6300
Methyl Mercury	22967-92-6	nc	2.0
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)	1634-04-4	ca	140
Methylene Chloride	75-09-2	nc	110
Methylnaphthalene, 1-	90-12-0	ca	11
Methylnaphthalene, 2-	91-57-6	nc	36
Naphthalene	91-20-3	ca	1.7
Nickel Soluble Salts	7440-02-0	nc	390
Nitrobenzene	98-95-3	ca	1.4
Nitroglycerin	55-63-0	nc	2.0
Nitroguanidine	556-88-7	nc	2000
Nitrosodimethylamine, N-	62-75-9	m	0.0011
Nitroso-di-N-propylamine, N-	621 -64-7	ca	0.11
Nitrosodiphenylamine, N-	86-30-6	ca	120
Nitrotoluene, m-	99-08-1	nc	1.7
Nitrotoluene, o-	88-72-2	ca	3.1
Nitrotoluene, p-	99-99-0	nc	43
Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)	2691-41-0	nc	1000
Octyl Phthalate, di-N-	117-84-0	nc	224
Pentachlorophenol	87-86-5	ca	0.41
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN)	78-11-5	nc	39
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) 29	1763-23-1	nc	0.40
Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) 29	335-67-1	nc	0.40
Phenanthrene-3	85-01-8	nc	170
Phenol	108-95-2	nc	5800
Phosphorus, White	7723-14-0	nc	0.40
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)	1336-36-3	ca	0.50
Propyl benzene	103-65-1	nc	660
Pyrene	129-00-0	nc	120
Selenium	7782-49-2	nc	100
Silver	7440-22-4	nc	94
Styrene	100-42-5	nc	1200
TCDD, 2,3,7,8-8	1746-01-6	ca	1.2 x 10-6
Tetrachloroethane, 1, 1, 1,2-	630-20-6	ca	5.7
Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2.2-	79-34-5	ca	0.76
Tetrachloroethylene	127-18-4	nc	41
Tetryl (Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine)	479-45-8	nc	39
Thallium (Soluble Salts)	7440-28-0	nc	0.20
Toluene	108-88-3	nc	1100
Toxaphene	8001-35-2	ca	0.71
Trichloro- 1,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1, 1,2-	76-13-1	nc	55000
Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-	87-61-6	nc	7.0
Trichlorohenzenc, 1,2,4-	120-82-1	nc	4.0
Trichloroethane, 1,1,1-	71-55-6	nc	8000
Trichloroethane, 1,1,2-	79-00-5	nc	0.41
Trichloroethylene	79-01-6	nc	2.8
Trichlorofluoromethane	75-69-4	nc	5200
Trichlorophenol, 2,4,5-	95-95-4	nc	1200
Trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-	88-06-2	nc	12
Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, 2,4,5-	93-76-5	nc	160
Trichlorophenoxypropionic acid, -2,4,5	93-72-1	nc	110
Trichloropropane, 1,2,3-	96-18-4	m	0.0075
Trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-	95-63-6	nc	15
Trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-	108-67-8	nc	120
Tri-n-butyltin	688-73-3	nc	3.7
Trinitrobenzene, 1,3,5-	99-35-4	nc	590
Trinitrololueue, 2,4,6-	1 18-96-7	nc	9.8
Vanadium and Compounds	7440-62-2	nc	86
Vinyl Acetate	108-05-4	nc	410
Vinyl Chloride	75-01-4	ca	0.19
Xylenes	1330-20-7	nc	190
Zinc and Compounds	7440-66-6	nc	6000
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS
C6-C10 GRO		nc	2200
C10-C25 DRO		nc	1500
C25-C36 RRO		nc	1100

Notes to Table C:

1. "CAS Number" means the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) registry number uniquely assigned to chemicals by the American Chemical Society and recorded in the CAS Registry System.

2. The "Human Health" exposure pathway is the cumulative exposure pathway through dermal contact, ingestion, and inhalation of volatile compounds from hazardous substances in the water.

3. Where one or more toxicological values were unavailable, toxicity values from surrogate compounds or other sources were used as follows:

(A) pyrene is a toxicity surrogate for acenaphthylene, benzo(g,h,i) perylene, and phenanthrene;

(B) 1,2-dichlorobenzene is a toxicity surrogate for 1,3-dichlorobenzene;

(C) diethylphthalate is a toxicity surrogate for dimethylphthalate;

(D) elemental mercury is a toxicity surrogate for mercuric chloride.

4. These levels are based on water solubility using the data set out in Procedures/or Calculating Cleanup Levels, adopted by reference in 18 AAC 75.340.

5. Due to the prevalence of naturally occurring arsenic throughout the state, arsenic at a site will be considered background arsenic unless anthropogenic contribution from a source, activity, or mobilization by means of another introduced contaminant is known or suspected.

6. Due to the prevalence of naturally occurring chromium III throughout the state, sample results reported for total chromium detected at a site will be considered background chromium III unless anthropogenic contribution of chromium III or VI from a source, activity, or mobilization by means of another introduced contaminant is Known or suspected.

7. The lead cleanup level is taken from EPA's action level for lead in water.

8. This cleanup level is for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorordibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) only; all cleanup levels for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners must be determined on a site-specific basis.

9. Toxicity values for PFOS and PFOA were sourced from EPA's Health Effects Support Document for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) (EPA 822-R-16-002), dated May 2016, and Health Effects Supports Document for Perfluorooctanatic Acid (PFOA) (EPA 822-R-16-003), dated May 2016.

(2) an approved cleanup level based on an approved site-specific risk assessment conducted under the Risk Assessment Procedures Manual, adopted by reference in 18 AAC 75.340;

(3) an alternative cleanup level for a hazardous substance not listed under (1) of this subsection proposed by the responsible party and approved by the department, using the procedures set out in the department's Risk Assessment Procedures Manual, adopted by reference in 18 AAC 75.340, unless the responsible person demonstrates that alternative cleanup level is not necessary to ensure protection of human health, safety, and welfare, and of the environment; or

(4) an alternative cleanup level for a hazardous substance not listed under (1) of this subsection set by the department using the procedures set out in the department's Risk Assessment Procedures Manual, adopted by reference in 18 AAC 75.340.

(c) The department will set a more stringent cleanup level than the applicable level under (b) of this section, if the department determines that a more stringent cleanup level is necessary to ensure protection of human health, safety, or welfare, or of the environment, and based on actual onsite and actual or likely offsite uses of the groundwater that are likely to be affected by the hazardous substance. In making a determination under this subsection, the department may consider.

(1) the risks to current or potential future users of the groundwater as a drinking water source, as determined under 18 AAC 75.350;

(2) the presence of sensitive subpopulations who respond biologically to lower levels of exposure to a hazardous substance;

(3) the groundwater use classifications other than for drinking water, as set out under 18 AAC 70.020(a)(1)(A) and 18 AAC 70.050(2);

(4) the primary or secondary maximum contaminant levels in 18 AAC 80.300 for actual or likely drinking water supplies;

(5) a health advisory value developed by EPA's Office of Water; and

(6) the cleanup levels in this section for groundwater contaminated with petroleum; the contamination may not exceed, for each petroleum hydrocarbon range applicable, including the gasoline range, the diesel range, and the residual range,

(A) a threshold odor number (TON) of 1 for odor, as measured by Method 2150B, Standard Methods for the Examination of water and Wastewater, 22nd edition, American Public Health Association (2012), adopted by reference; or

(B) a flavor threshold number (FTN) of 1 for flavor, as measured by Method 2160B, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, adopted by reference in (A) of this paragraph.

(d) Where the department determines that toxicity information is insufficient to establish a cleanup level for a hazardous substance or a pollutant that ensures protection of human health, safely, and welfare, and of the environment, the department may require a responsible person to provide an alternative source of drinking water for the affected parties or implement other institutional controls under 18 AAC 75.375 until a cleanup level is established under (b)(2), (3), or (4) of this section.

(e) Toxic substances in sediment may not cause, and may not be reasonably expected to cause, a toxic or other deleterious effect on aquatic life, except as authorized under 18 AAC 70. For purposes of this subsection, "toxic subslances" has the meaning given in 18 AAC 70.990.

(f) The point of compliance where groundwater cleanup levels must be attained is throughout the site from each point extending vertically from the uppermost level of the zone of saturation to the lowest possible depth that could potentially be affected by the discharge or release of a hazardous substance, unless the department approves an alternative point of compliance as part of the cleanup action under 18 AAC 75.360. For the department to approve an alternative point of compliance under this subsection, the

(1) alternative point of compliance must be within the existing groundwater contamination plume; and

(2) cleanup levels established in (b) and (c) of this section must be met at the property boundary in an area where the current use or reasonably expected potential future use of groundwater in the neighboring properly is determined to be a source of drinking water, unless a responsible person

(A) demonstrates that attainment of the applicable groundwater cleanup levels is not practicable; and

(B) provides an alternative source of water for affected persons.

(g) Groundwater that is closely connected hydrologically lo nearby surface water may not cause a violation of the water quality standards in 18 AAC 70 for surface water or sediment. The department will, in consultation with local, state, and federal officials and the public, establish points of compliance with this subsection, taking into account

(1) groundwater travel time and distance from sources of hazardous substances to surface water;

(2) the contribution of the groundwater to the chemical and physical quantity and quality of the surface water;

(3) organisms living in or dependent upon the groundwater to surface water ecosystems;

(4) climatic, tidal, or seasonal variations;

(5) feasibility of attaining applicable water quality standards to support the designated uses of the surface water;

(6) presence of sediment contamination; and

(7) if conducted for the site, the conclusions of a site-specific risk assessment conducted under the Risk Assessment Procedures Manual, adopted by reference in 18 AAC 75.340.

(h) If the groundwater point of compliance is established at or near a property boundary or if groundwater is closely connected hydrologically to a surface waterbody, the department will, if the department determines that sentinel monitoring is necessary to ensure protection of human health, safety, or welfare, or the environment, require a responsible person to develop sentinel monitoring wells that monitor for any hazardous substances likely to migrate to the applicable point of compliance at concentrations that exceed the cleanup levels.

(i) The department will require long-term monitoring if the department determines that monitoring is necessary to ensure protection of human health, safety, or welfare, or of the environment and if groundwater, surface water, soil, or sediment contains residual concentrations of a hazardous substance that exceed the applicable cleanup levels. If long-term monitoring is required under this subsection, a responsible person shall submit a plan and schedule for monitoring as part of the requirements for cleanup operations under 18 AAC 75.360. Unless otherwise approved by the department, a responsible person shall conduct monitoring quarterly for at least one year to establish the concentration trend. The department will evaluate the monitoring program yearly. If the monitoring indicates that the concentration trend

(1) is increasing, the department will require additional follow-up monitoring and assess the need for additional cleanup; or

(2) is stable or decreasing, and that hazardous substance migration is not occurring, the department will decrease or discontinue the monitoring frequency and locations, if the responsible person demonstrates that continued monitoring is not necessary to ensure protection of human health, safety, and welfare, and of the environment.

(j) The department will require groundwater, surface water, soil, or sediment monitoring to estimate contaminant flux rates and to address potential bioaccumulation of each hazardous substance at the site, if the department determines that monitoring is necessary to ensure protection of human health, safety, or welfare, or of the environment. If monitoring is required under this subsection, a responsible person shall submit a plan and schedule for monitoring as part of the cleanup operation requirements under 18 AAC 75.360.

(k) Groundwater monitoring wells must be installed, developed, and decommissioned in accordance with an approved method that is protective of human health, safety, and welfare, and of the environment.

(l) For a cleanup conducted under (b)(1) of this section, a chemical that is detected at one-tenth or more of the Table C value must be included when calculating cumulative risk under 18 AAC 75.325(g).

18 AAC 75.345

Eff. 1/22/99, Register 149; am 8/27/2000, Register 155; am 1/30/2003, Register 165; am 10/9/2008, Register 188; am 6/17/2015, Register 214, July 2015; am 11/6/2016, Register 220, January 2017

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, adopted by reference in 18 AAC 75.345, may be purchased from the American Water Works Association at http://www.awwa.org/store.aspx or by contacting the organization at service@awwa.org or (800) 926-7337. The document also may be viewed at the department's Anchorage, Fairbanks, Juneau, and Soldotna offices.

Authority:AS 46.03.020

AS 46.03.050

AS 46.03.710

AS 46.03.740

AS 46.03.745

AS 46.04.020

AS 46.04.070

AS 46.09.010

AS 46.09.020