Standards and Practices for All Appropriate Inquiries

AGENCY:

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION:

Direct final rule.

SUMMARY:

EPA is taking direct final action to amend the Standards and Practices for All Appropriate Inquiries to reference a standard practice recently made available by ASTM International, a widely recognized standards developing organization. Specifically, this direct final rule amends the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule to reference ASTM International's E1527-21 “Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process” and allow for its use to satisfy the requirements for conducting all appropriate inquiries under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act.

DATES:

This rule is effective on May 13, 2022, without further notice, unless EPA receives adverse comment by April 13, 2022. If EPA receives such comment, we will publish a timely withdrawal in the Federal Register informing the public that this rule will not take effect.

ADDRESSES:

Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. [EPA-HQ-OLEM-2021-0946] at https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the on-line instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot be edited or removed from regulations.gov. The EPA may publish any comment received to its public docket. Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a written comment. The written comment is considered the official comment and should include discussion of all points you wish to make. The EPA will generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of the primary submission ( i.e., on the web, cloud, or other file sharing system). For additional submission methods, the full EPA public comment policy, information about CBI and multimedia submissions, and general guidance on making effective comments, please visit https://www2.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

For more detailed information on specific aspects of this rule, contact Patricia Overmeyer, Office of Brownfields and Land Revitalization (5105T), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460-0002, 202-566-2774, or Overmeyer.patricia@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Throughout this document, “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to the EPA.

Table of Contents

I. Why is the EPA using a direct final rule

II. Does this action apply to me?

III. What should I consider as I prepare my comments for the EPA?

IV. Statutory Authority

V. Background

VI. What action is the EPA taking?

VII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

I. Why is the EPA using a direct final rule?

EPA is publishing this direct final rule without prior proposal because the Agency views this as a noncontroversial action and anticipates no adverse comment given that this action will provide flexibility for grant recipients and other entities that may benefit from the use of the ASTM E1527-21 standard. We believe that this action is reasonable and can be promulgated without consideration of public comment because it allows for the use of a generally accepted business standard developed by a recognized standards developing organization. The standard was reviewed by EPA and determined to be equivalent to the Agency's all appropriate inquiries requirements. This action does not disallow the use of the previously recognized standards (ASTM E1527-13 or ASTM E2247-16), and it does not alter the requirements of the previously promulgated All Appropriate Inquiries Rule. In addition, this action will potentially increase flexibility for some parties who may make use of the new standard, without placing any additional burden on those parties who prefer to use either the ASTM E1527-13 standard, the ASTM E2247-16 standard, or follow the requirements of the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule when conducting all appropriate inquiries.

Although we view this action as noncontroversial, in the “Proposed Rules” section in this issue of the Federal Register, we are publishing a separate proposed rule containing the clarification summarized above. That proposed rule will serve as the proposal to be revised if adverse comments are received. If EPA does not receive adverse comment in response to this direct final rule prior to April 13, 2022, this rule will become effective on May 13, 2022, without further notice. If EPA receives adverse comment, we will publish a timely withdrawal of this direct final rule in the Federal Register, informing the public that the rule will not take effect. We will address all public comments in a subsequent final rule. We will not institute a second comment period on this action. Any parties interested in commenting must do so at this time and before April 13, 2022.

II. Does this action apply to me?

This action offers certain parties the option of using an available industry standard to conduct all appropriate inquiries. Parties purchasing potentially contaminated properties may use the ASTM E1527-21 standard practice to comply with the all appropriate inquiries requirements of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). This rule does not require any entity to use this standard. Any party who wants to claim protection from liability under one of CERCLA's landowner liability protections may follow the regulatory requirements of the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule at 40 CFR part 312, use the ASTM E1527-13 “Standard Practice for Phase I Environmental Site Assessments,” use the ASTM E2247-16 “Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process for Forestland or Rural Property,” or use the standard recognized in this direct final rule, the ASTM E1527-21 standard, to comply with the all appropriate inquiries provision of CERCLA.

Entities potentially affected by this action, or who may choose to use the newly referenced ASTM standard to perform all appropriate inquiries, include public and private parties who, as bona fide prospective purchasers, contiguous property owners, or innocent landowners, are purchasing potentially contaminated properties and wish to establish a limitation on CERCLA liability in conjunction with the property purchase. In addition, any entity conducting a site characterization or assessment on a property with funding from a brownfields grant awarded under CERCLA Section 104(k)(2)(B)(ii) may be affected by this action. This includes state, local, and Tribal governments that receive brownfields site assessment grants. A summary of the potentially affected industry sectors (by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes) is displayed in the table below.

The list of potentially affected entities in the above table may not be exhaustive. Our aim is to provide a guide for readers regarding those entities that EPA is aware potentially could be affected by this action. However, this action may affect other entities not listed in the table. If you have questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular entity, consult the person listed in the preceding section entitled FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.

III. What should I consider as I prepare my comments for the EPA?

Direct your comments to Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OLEM-2021-0946. EPA's policy is that all comments received will be included in the public docket without change and may be made available online at www.regulations.gov , including any personal information provided, unless the comment includes information claimed to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute.

A. Submitting CBI: Do not submit any information through www.regulations.gov or email that you consider to be CBI or otherwise protected. You can only submit CBI to EPA via U.S. mail at: HQ EPA Docket Center, EPA/DC, EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460. Clearly mark all information that you claim to be CBI. For CBI submitted on a disk or CD ROM that you mail to EPA, mark the outside of the disk or CD ROM as CBI and then identify electronically within the disk or CD ROM the specific information that is claimed as CBI. In addition to one complete version of the comment that includes information claimed as CBI, a copy of the comment that does not contain the information claimed as CBI must be submitted along with the comment that includes CBI. The version of the comment that does not include CBI will be included in the public docket. Information marked as CBI will not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2.

B. Tips for Preparing Your Comments: When submitting comments, remember to:

• Identify the rulemaking by docket number and other identifying information (subject heading, Federal Register date and page number).

• Explain why you agree or disagree; suggest alternatives and substitute language for your requested changes.
• Describe any assumptions and provide any technical information and/or data you used.
• If you estimate potential costs or burdens, explain how you arrived at your estimate in sufficient detail to allow for it to be reproduced.
• Provide specific examples to illustrate your concerns and suggest alternatives.
• Explain your views as clearly as possible, avoiding the use of profanity or personal threats.
• Make sure to submit your comments by the comment period deadline identified.

The www.regulations.gov website is an “anonymous access” system, which means EPA will not know your identity or contact information unless you provide it in the body of your comment. If you send an email comment directly to EPA without going through www.regulations.gov, your email address will be automatically captured and included as part of the comment that is placed in the public docket and made available on the Internet. If you submit an electronic comment, EPA recommends that you include your name and other contact information in the body of your comment and with any disk or CD-ROM you submit. If EPA cannot read your comment due to technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, EPA may not be able to consider your comment. Electronic files should avoid the use of special characters or any form of encryption, and be free of any defects or viruses. For additional information about EPA's public docket visit the EPA Docket Center homepage at https://www2.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.

C. The docket: All documents in the docket are listed in the www.regulations.gov index. Certain types of information claimed as CBI, and other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute, will not be available for public viewing in EPA's electronic public docket. EPA's policy is that copyrighted material, such as ASTM International's E1527-21 “Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process” will not be placed in EPA's electronic public docket but will be publicly available only in printed form in the official public docket. Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically in www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at the HQ EPA Docket Center, EPA/DC, EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460. Please note: Due to public health concerns related to COVID-19, the EPA Docket Center and Reading Room are open to the public by appointment only, and walk-ins are not allowed. Visitors to the Reading Room must complete docket material requests in advance and then make an appointment to retrieve the material. Please contact the EPA Reading Room staff at (202) 566-1744 or via the Dockets Customer Service email at docket-customerservice@epa.gov to arrange material requests and appointments.

IV. Statutory Authority

This direct final rule amends the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule setting Federal standards for the conduct of “all appropriate inquiries” at 40 CFR part 312. The All Appropriate Inquiries Rule sets forth standards and practices necessary for fulfilling the requirements of CERCLA section 101(35)(B) to obtain CERCLA liability protection and for conducting site characterizations and assessments with the use of brownfields grants per CERCLA section 104(k)(2)(B)(ii).

V. Background

On January 11, 2002, President Bush signed the Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act (“the Brownfields Amendments”). In general, the Brownfields Amendments to CERCLA provide funds to assess and clean up brownfields sites; clarify existing and establish new CERCLA liability provisions related to certain types of owners of contaminated properties; and provide funding to establish or enhance State and Tribal cleanup programs. The Brownfields Amendments revised some of the provisions of CERCLA Section 101(35) and limited liability under Section 107 for bona fide prospective purchasers and contiguous property owners, in addition to clarifying the requirements necessary to establish the innocent landowner liability protection under CERCLA. The Brownfields Amendments clarified the requirement that parties purchasing potentially contaminated property undertake “all appropriate inquiries” into prior ownership and use of property before purchasing the property to qualify for protection from CERCLA liability.

The Brownfields Amendments of 2002 required EPA to develop regulations establishing standards and practices for how to conduct all appropriate inquiries. EPA promulgated regulations that set standards and practices for all appropriate inquiries on November 1, 2005 (70 FR 66070). In the final regulation, EPA referenced, and recognized as compliant with the rule, the ASTM E1527-05 “Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process.” In December 2008, EPA amended the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule to recognize another ASTM standard as compliant with the rule, ASTM E2247-08 “Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process for Forestland or Rural Property.” Both standards, the ASTM E1527-05 and the ASTM E2247-08, were subsequently revised by ASTM International. EPA referenced the revised ASTM E1527-13 standard on August 15, 2013 (78 FR 49690) and referenced the revised ASTM E2247-16 Standard on September 15, 2017 (82 FR 43310) as compliant with the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule. Currently, the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule (40 CFR part 312) allows for the use of the ASTM E1527-13 standard or the ASTM E2247-16 standard to conduct all appropriate inquiries, in lieu of following requirements included in the rule. Once this action is final, the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule also will allow for the use of the ASTM E1527-21 standard.

Recently, ASTM International published a revised standard for conducting Phase I environmental site assessments. This standard, ASTM E1527-21, “Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process,” was reviewed by EPA, and determined by EPA to be compliant with the requirements of the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule.

VI. What action is the EPA taking?

This direct final rule amends the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule to allow for the use of the recently revised ASTM International standard, ASTM E1527-21, to satisfy the all appropriate inquiries requirements under CERCLA for establishing the bona fide prospective purchaser, contiguous property owner, and innocent landowner liability protections.

With this action, parties seeking liability relief under CERCLA's landowner liability protections, as well as recipients of brownfields grants for conducting site assessments, will be considered in compliance with the requirements for all appropriate inquiries, if such parties comply with the procedures provided in the ASTM E1527-21, “Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process.” EPA determined that it is reasonable to promulgate this clarification as a direct final rule that is effective immediately, rather than delay promulgation of the clarification until after receipt and consideration of public comments. EPA made this determination based upon the Agency's finding that the ASTM E1527-21 standard is compliant with the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule, and the Agency sees no reason to delay allowing for its use in conducting all appropriate inquiries.

The Agency notes that this action does not require any party to use the ASTM E1527-21 standard. Any party conducting all appropriate inquiries to comply with CERCLA's bona fide prospective purchaser, contiguous property owner, and innocent landowner liability protections may continue to follow the provisions of the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule at 40 CFR part 312, use the ASTM E1527-13 standard or use the ASTM E2247-16 standard. This action merely allows for the option of using ASTM International's E1527-21 “Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process” by those parties purchasing potentially contaminated properties in lieu of following the specific requirements of the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule.

The Agency notes that there are no legally significant differences between the regulatory requirements and the ASTM E1527-21 standard. To facilitate an understanding of the slight differences between the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule and the revised ASTM E1527-21 “Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process,” as well as the applicability of the E1527-21 standard to certain types of properties, EPA developed, and placed in the docket for this action, the document “Comparison of All Appropriate Inquiries Regulation, the ASTM E1527-13 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process, and ASTM E1527-21 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process.” The document provides a comparison of the two ASTM E1527 standards.

This action includes no changes to the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule other than to add an additional reference to the new ASTM E1527-21 standard. EPA is not seeking comments on the standards and practices included in the rule published at 40 CFR part 312. Also, EPA is not seeking comments on the ASTM E1527-21 standard. EPA's only action with this direct final rule is recognition of the ASTM E1527-21 standard as compliant with the all appropriate inquiries requirements and, therefore it is only this action on which the Agency is seeking comment.

VII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993) and Executive Order 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21, 2011), this action is not a “significant regulatory action” and is therefore not subject to OMB review. This action merely amends the All Appropriate Inquiries Rule to reference ASTM International's E1527-21 “Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process” and allow for its use to satisfy the requirements for conducting all appropriate inquiries under CERCLA. This action does not impose any requirements on any entity, including small entities. Therefore, pursuant to the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq. ), after considering the economic impacts of this action on small entities, I certify that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This action does not contain any unfunded mandates or significantly or uniquely affect small governments as described in Sections 202 and 205 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1999 (UMRA) (Pub. L. 104-4). This action does not create new binding legal requirements that substantially and directly affect Tribes under Executive Order 13175 (63 FR 67249, November 9, 2000). This action does not have significant Federalism implications under Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999). Because this action is exempt from review under Executive Order 12866, this rule is not subject to Executive Order 13211, entitled Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001) or Executive Order 13045, entitled Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997). This action does not contain any information collections subject to OMB approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. , nor does it require any special considerations under Executive Order 12898, entitled Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).

This action does involve technical standards. Therefore, the requirements of section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272) (NTTAA) apply. The NTTAA was signed into law on March 7, 1996, and, among other things, directs the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to bring together Federal agencies as well as state and local governments to achieve greater reliance on voluntary consensus standards and decrease dependence on in-house standards. It states that use of such standards, whenever practicable and appropriate, is intended to achieve the following goals: (a) Eliminate the cost to the government of developing its own standards and decrease the cost of goods procured and the burden of complying with agency regulations; (b) provide incentives and opportunities to establish standards that serve national needs; (c) encourage long-term growth for U.S. enterprises and promote efficiency and economic competition through harmonization of standards; and (d) further the policy of reliance upon the private sector to supply government needs for goods and services. The Act requires that Federal agencies adopt private sector standards, particularly those developed by standards developing organizations (SDOs), whenever possible in lieu of creating proprietary, non-consensus standards.

This action is compliant with the spirit and requirements of the NTTAA. This action allows for the use of the ASTM International standard known as Standard E1527-21 and entitled “Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process.” By taking this action, EPA is fulfilling the intent and requirements of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (NTTAA), Public Law 104-113.

The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq. , generally provides that before certain actions may take effect, the agency promulgating the action must submit a report, which includes a copy of the action, to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the United States. EPA submitted a report containing this rule and other required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior to publication of the rule in the Federal Register . This action is not a “major rule” as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). This rule is effective on May 13, 2022 unless EPA receives adverse comment by May 13, 2022.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 312

• Administrative practice and procedure
• Hazardous substances

For the reasons set out in the preamble, 40 CFR part 312 is amended as follows:

PART 312—[AMENDED]

1. The authority citation for part 312 continues to read as follows:

Authority: Section 101(35)(B) of CERCLA, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 9601(3)(B).

Subpart B—Definitions and References

2. Section 312.11 is amended by adding paragraph (c) to read as follows: