National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead and Copper: Improvements (LCRI)

Federal RegisterOct 30, 2024

89 Fed. Reg. 86418 (Oct. 30, 2024)

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Environmental Protection Agency

40 CFR Parts 141 and 142

[EPA-HQ-OW-2022-0801; FRL-5423.2-02-OW]

RIN 2040-AG16

AGENCY:

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION:

Final rule.

SUMMARY:

In December 2023, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requested comment on the proposed the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI), which informed the revisions to the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) for lead and copper. After consideration of public comment on the LCRI, and consistent with the provisions set forth under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the EPA is finalizing revisions to the NPDWR for lead and copper. In this rule, the agency is finalizing requirements for drinking water systems to replace lead and certain galvanized service lines. The final rule also removes the lead trigger level, reduces the lead action level to 0.010 mg/L, and strengthens tap sampling procedures to improve public health protection and simplify implementation relative to the 2021 Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR). Further, this final rule strengthens corrosion control treatment, public education and consumer awareness, requirements for small systems, and sampling in schools and child care facilities. The final rule will significantly reduce the adverse human health impacts of exposure to toxic lead in drinking water.

DATES:

Effective date: This final rule is effective on December 30, 2024.

Judicial review: For judicial review purposes, this final rule is promulgated as of October 30, 2024.

Compliance dates: The compliance date for the revisions to 40 CFR part 141, subpart I, is set forth in § 141.80(a). The compliance date for the revisions to 40 CFR 141.2 and 141.31 is November 1, 2027. The compliance date for the changes made to 40 CFR part 141, subpart O, is set forth in § 141.152(a). The compliance date for the changes to 40 CFR part 141, subpart Q (§ 141.202 and appendices A and B) is November 1, 2027.

ADDRESSES:

The EPA has established a docket for this action under Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OW-2022-0801. All documents in the docket are listed on the https://www.regulations.gov website. Although listed in the index, some information is not publicly available, e.g., Confidential Business Information or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, is not placed on the internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy form. Publicly available docket materials are available electronically through https://www.regulations.gov.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Michael Goldberg, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Standards and Risk Management Division (Mail Code 4607M), Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: 202-564-1379; email address: LCRI@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Executive Summary

II. General Information

A. What does the final LCRI require?

B. Does this action apply to me?

C. Dates for Compliance

III. Background

A. Overview of Lead and Lead Exposures Through Drinking Water

B. Human Health Effects of Lead and Copper

C. Regulatory History

D. Statutory Authority

E. Anti-backsliding Analysis of LCRI Relative to LCR and LCRR

F. White House Lead Pipe and Paint Action Plan and EPA's Strategy To Reduce Lead Exposures and Disparities in U.S. Communities

G. Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Other Financial Resources

H. Lead Exposure and Environmental Justice, Equity, and Federal Civil Rights

IV. Final Revisions to 40 CFR Part 141, Subpart I, Control of Lead and Copper

A. Regulatory Approach

B. Service Line Replacement

C. Service Line Replacement Plan

D. Service Line Inventory

E. Tap Sampling for Lead and Copper

F. Corrosion Control Treatment

G. Water Quality Parameter Monitoring

H. Distribution System and Site Assessment

I. Compliance Alternatives for a Lead Action Level Exceedance for Small Community Water Systems and Non-Transient Non-Community Water Systems

J. Public Education

K. Additional Requirements for Systems With Multiple Lead Action Level Exceedances

L. Lead Sampling at Schools and Child Care Facilities

M. Copper

N. System Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements

O. Other Proposed Revisions to 40 CFR Part 141

V. Rule Implementation and Enforcement

A. General

B. What are the rule compliance dates?

C. State Primacy and Special Primacy Requirements

D. State Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements

VI. Economic Analysis

A. Summary of Public Comments and the EPA's Response

B. Affected Entities and Major Data Sources Used To Develop the Baseline

C. Overview of the Cost-Benefit Model

D. Cost Analysis

E. Benefits Analysis

F. Cost-Benefit Comparison

G. Alternative Regulatory Options Considered

VII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

A. Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review) and Executive Order 14094 (Modernizing Regulatory Review)

B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)

D. The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)

E. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism)

F. Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments)

G. Executive Order 13045 (Protection of Children From Environmental Health and Safety Risks)

H. Executive Order 13211 (Actions That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use)

I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995

J. Executive Order 12898 (Federal Actions To Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations) and Executive Order 14096 (Revitalizing Our Nation's Commitment to Environmental Justice for All)

K. Consultations With the Science Advisory Board (SAB) and the National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC)

L. Consultation With the Department of Health and Human Services Under SDWA Section 1412(d)

M. Congressional Review Act (CRA)

VIII. Severability

IX. References

I. Executive Summary

The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) mission is to protect human health and the environment. The EPA is finalizing the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI) to significantly reduce the risk of exposure to lead through drinking water. There is no known safe level of lead in drinking water. Exposure to drinking water contaminated with lead can cause serious human health impacts including neurodevelopmental problems in children and heart disease in adults. Young children and pregnant people are especially susceptible to the impacts of lead exposure. Reducing lead in drinking water will reduce the risk of negative neurodevelopmental outcomes for children as well as reduce a range of health risks to adults. This final rule builds on the 2021 Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR) and the pre-2021 Lead and Copper Rule (LCR), originally promulgated in 1991.

The EPA conducted a review of the 2021 LCRR in accordance with Executive Order 13990 and announced its intention to strengthen the 2021 LCRR with this new rulemaking, the LCRI, to address key issues and opportunities identified in the review. This final LCRI addresses the priorities the EPA identified in the 2021 LCRR review, including the equitable replacement of lead service lines (LSLs) in the nation, improving identification of where LSLs are located, and triggering action in communities most at risk of lead exposure, and streamlined and improved implementation of the rule relative to the 2021 LCRR. This final LCRI is the culmination of numerous meaningful consultations with stakeholders and the public during the 2021 LCRR review, engagements and consultations held to support the development of the LCRI, and public comments received on the proposed LCRI.

Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis (86 FR 7037, January 20, 2021).

The LCRI makes important advancements in protecting children and adults from the significant and irreversible health effects of exposure to lead in drinking water. These advancements are scientifically based and incorporate drinking water system best practices. The final rule strengthens the lead and copper rule in five focus areas: (1) achieving lead pipe replacement within 10 years, (2) locating legacy lead pipes, (3) improving tap sampling, (4) lowering the lead action level, and (5) strengthening protections to reduce exposure. The final rule also includes compliance dates and an updated benefits and costs analysis. Each of these topics is summarized below, in sequential order.

Achieving Lead Pipe Replacement Within 10 Years

This final rule provides a fundamental shift to a more preventive approach to lead in drinking water. This is based on the EPA's experience in implementing the lead rule for many years. Specifically, based on over 30 years of implementing the 1991 LCR, the EPA has determined that requiring lead service line replacement (LSLR) based on tap sampling and 90th percentile lead levels alone is insufficient to protect public health. LSLs are a source of lead exposure in drinking water, even when systems are optimized at or below the lead action level.

The science is clear that there is no known safe level of lead in drinking water, especially for children. Among other effects, lead exposure can cause damage to the brain and kidneys and can interfere with the production of red blood cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. In children, even low levels of lead exposure can cause cognitive health effects like lower intelligence quotient (IQ) as well as learning and behavioral problems. In adults, health effects include elevated risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, kidney or nervous system problems, and cancer.

In the LCRI, the EPA is requiring water systems to replace all lead and certain galvanized service lines (specifically, galvanized requiring replacement (GRR) service lines) under their control no later than 10 years after the compliance date. The LCRI provides, in limited circumstances, additional time for some systems to complete systemwide full service line replacement. Water systems must replace lead and GRR service lines under their control regardless of the lead levels occurring in tap or other drinking water samples. Replacing lead and GRR service lines will significantly reduce lead releases into drinking water. In addition, while consistently well-operated and optimized corrosion control treatment (CCT) is generally effective at reducing lead to low levels, elimination of lead and GRR service lines will result in even greater public health protection by eliminating a significant lead exposure source and will minimize the impacts of CCT implementation errors that have been documented over the years.

Historically, lead service lines, as well as lead-bearing fixtures and solder, were commonly used in water distribution systems as well as in home plumbing. While replacing LSLs does not eliminate all lead exposures from tap water because plumbing systems inside homes and buildings ( i.e., premise plumbing) can also contain lead components, replacing LSLs removes a key source of lead in drinking water. Where present, LSLs represent the greatest lead exposure source through drinking water (Sandvig et al., 2008). Buildings and homes built before 1986 often have LSLs connecting their plumbing system to the main water supply line under the street. These LSLs can deteriorate or corrode, releasing lead particles into the drinking water (Sandvig et al., 2008). Modeling done as part of the LCRI economic analysis confirms that LSL presence significantly contributes to drinking water lead levels (USEPA, 2024a).

The EPA does not believe that there are lead water mains in the United States and, if they do occur, it is extremely rare. The poor structural integrity of lead pipes that are more than two inches in diameter means that lead was primarily used in pipes of smaller diameter such as service lines. Conversely, the water mains that distribute water throughout a city or town tend to be six inches or larger in diameter. The common water main materials include ductile iron, PVC, asbestos cement, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and concrete steel. The oldest water mains are cast iron and asbestos cement (Folkman, 2018).

Sandvig et al. (2008) found that LSLs contributed an average of approximately 50 to 75 percent of the total lead mass measured at the tap, while premise piping and the faucet contributed approximately 20 to 35 percent and 1 to 3 percent, respectively. At sites with no LSL, premise piping and the faucet contributed a greater percentage of lead mass to the total lead mass measured at the tap (approximately 55 percent and 12 percent, respectively), while main samples ranged from approximately 3 to 15 percent.

Locating Legacy Lead Pipes

Knowing where lead pipes are located is critical to replacing them efficiently and equitably, as well as for informing consumers ( i.e., persons served) so they can take actions to reduce their exposure to lead. The LCRI builds upon the 2021 LCRR's requirement for water systems to create an initial inventory, to regularly update their inventory, and to identify the material of all service lines by the mandatory service line replacement deadline. Under the final LCRI, all water systems are required to make their service line inventories publicly available. Water systems must use a validation process to ensure the service line inventory is accurate. Water systems are also required to track lead connectors in their inventories and replace them as they are encountered.

Improving Tap Sampling

The final LCRI makes key changes to the required protocol for tap sampling informed by best practices already being deployed at the local and State level. Under the LCRI, water systems are required to collect first- and fifth-liter tap samples at sites with LSLs and use the higher of the two values when determining compliance. This method will better represent water that has been stagnant both within the LSL and the premise plumbing. This will help water systems better understand the effectiveness of their CCT.

Lowering the Lead Action Level

The final LCRI lowers the lead action level from 0.015 mg/L to 0.010 mg/L. When a water system exceeds the lead action level, it is required to inform the public, take actions associated with CCT, and employ public education measures to reduce lead exposure. For example, a system may be required to install or adjust CCT to reduce lead that leaches into drinking water. Actions resulting from a lowered lead action level will improve public health benefits because they will require systems to take actions to reduce lead exposure sooner. The EPA also emphasizes the many final rule requirements that will result in additional public health benefits irrespective of systemwide lead levels, recognizing there is no safe level of lead in drinking water. For example, the final rule requires full service line replacement and public education provisions independent of a system's 90th percentile lead level.

Strengthening Protections To Reduce Exposure

The final LCRI requires water systems with continually high lead levels to conduct additional outreach to consumers and make filters certified to reduce lead in drinking water available to all consumers. These additional actions can reduce consumer exposure to higher levels of lead in drinking water while the water system works to reduce systemwide lead levels ( e.g., achieving 100 percent replacement of lead and GRR service lines, installing or re-optimizing optimal corrosion control treatment (OCCT)), which may take years to fully implement.

Benefits and Costs Analysis

As part of its Health Risk Reduction and Cost Analysis (HRRCA), the EPA evaluated quantifiable and nonquantifiable health risk reduction benefits and costs associated with the final LCRI. At a two percent discount rate, the EPA estimates the quantifiable annual benefits of the final rule will be $13.49 to $25.14 billion and the quantifiable annual costs of the rule will be $1.47 to $1.95 billion in 2022 dollars. The EPA Administrator confirms the determination made at proposal that the quantified and nonquantifiable benefits of the final LCRI justify the quantified and nonquantifiable costs.

To evaluate these benefits and costs, the EPA determined which entities would be affected by the LCRI, quantified costs using available data, and described nonquantifiable costs. The EPA quantified benefits by estimating and monetizing avoided reductions in IQ, cases of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, lower birth weights in children, and cases of cardiovascular disease premature mortality in adults associated with lead and GRR service line replacement, CCT installation and re-optimization, the use of point-of-use devices as a small system compliance option, and the temporary use of point-of-use devices and water filters in systems with multiple lead action level exceedances. Prior efforts to quantify benefits associated with reducing lead in drinking water have focused on neurodevelopmental outcomes in children because of the lifelong impact on their ability to thrive. The current benefits assessment also incorporates recent scientific analyses that allow better quantification of benefits to adults associated with reductions in lead exposure.

There are many additional benefits of the LCRI that the EPA assessed qualitatively. For example, the requirements for water systems to issue public education (including using languages of the communities where systems serve a large proportion of consumers with limited English proficiency), to make the inventory of service line and connector materials publicly available, and to make the service line replacement plan publicly available will promote the public's behaviors to reduce their exposure to lead in drinking water. Health benefits qualitatively evaluated include reduced incidence of renal effects, reproductive and developmental effects (apart from ADHD), immunological effects, neurological effects (apart from children's IQ), and cancer.

In addition, persons served by systems required to install or re-optimize OCCT under the final LCRI and living in homes with premise plumbing containing lead will receive health benefits from reduced lead exposure that were not quantified in the analysis of the final rule. Increased use of CCT resulting from the final LCRI's lower lead action level and improved tap sampling may have a beneficial secondary effect of reducing copper levels and avoiding certain negative health impacts of copper, such as acute gastrointestinal conditions and health effects associated with Wilson's Disease. Other nonquantifiable co-benefits associated with the increased use of corrosion inhibitors resulting from the LCRI's lower lead action level and improved tap sampling include extending the useful life of plumbing components and appliances ( e.g., water heaters), reduced plumbing maintenance costs, reduced treated water loss from the distribution system due to leaks, and reduced potential liability and damages from broken pipes in buildings.

To support eliminating LSLs, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Pub. L. 117-58), also referred to as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), included $15 billion specifically appropriated for LSLR projects and associated activities directly connected to the identification and replacement of LSLs. The BIL also included over $11.7 billion for the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund General Supplemental, which can also be used for lead service line replacement as well as other drinking water projects. The agency notes the costs cited above do not take into account this available funding source. The EPA is also providing significant technical assistance to communities through efforts such as the “Get the Lead Out Initiative” and “Lead Service Line Replacement Accelerators,” which assist efforts to conduct service line replacement.

Compliance and Public Process

Water systems must comply with the requirements of the LCRI starting three years after promulgation of this final rule. The EPA is requiring water systems to comply with select requirements introduced in the 2021 LCRR that the agency did not propose to change in the LCRI, starting on October 16, 2024. This includes the 2021 LCRR initial LSL inventory, notification of service line material, and associated reporting requirements. Water systems must also comply with the Tier 1 public notification (PN) requirement for a lead action level exceedance that was introduced under the 2021 LCRR starting October 16, 2024. Please see section V.B.3 of this preamble for a full discussion of the provisions with a compliance date of October 16, 2024. The final LCRI otherwise requires water systems to comply with the pre-2021 LCR (and not the 2021 LCRR) between October 16, 2024, and the LCRI compliance date so that water systems can directly transition from the regulatory scheme of the LCR to the LCRI.

II. General Information

The final Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI) builds upon the previous lead and copper rules. The LCRI revises the most recent lead and copper rule, the 2021 Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR), which was promulgated on January 15, 2021 (86 FR 4198, USEPA, 2021a). Key revisions in the LCRI address the opportunities for improvement identified in the “Review of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation: Lead and Copper Rule Revisions” (or LCRR review) including proactively and equitably replacing all lead service lines (LSLs), strengthening compliance with tap sampling to better identify communities most at risk of elevated lead in drinking water to better compel actions to reduce health risks, reducing the complexity of the regulation, and ensuring that the rule is more understandable (86 FR 71574, USEPA, 2021b). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed the LCRI considering the input received in numerous meaningful consultations and engagements over several years, including during the LCRR review and in stakeholder outreach conducted to inform the development of the proposed and final LCRI, along with almost 200,000 public comments submitted to the docket as well as oral comments provided to the EPA during the public hearing held January 16, 2024, for the proposed LCRI.

A. What does the final LCRI require?

The LCRI requires full service line replacement of lead and galvanized requiring replacement (GRR) service lines under the control of the water system, regardless of the system's 90th percentile lead level. Water systems are required to complete replacements within 10 years of the LCRI compliance date. There is a limited exception for systems with a high proportion of service lines requiring replacement: they are eligible for a deferred deadline if they meet a specified threshold and receive State approval. Systems with deferred deadlines and States must regularly assess whether they can complete the replacement at a faster rate. Water systems must identify all service lines of unknown composition (“unknown service lines”) to replace all lead and GRR service lines by the replacement deadline. Systems must also track lead connectors in their inventories and replace them whenever encountered during normal operations. All water systems with non-lead service lines in their inventories must validate the methods used to categorize those service lines as non-lead with some exceptions. All water systems with known or potential lead or GRR service lines must prepare and make publicly accessible a service line replacement plan which can facilitate the equitable replacement of all lead or GRR service lines by the replacement deadline.

The final LCRI reduces the lead action level from 0.015 mg/L to 0.010 mg/L, which will result in more water systems installing and re-optimizing optimal corrosion control treatment (OCCT) and providing public education to reduce drinking water lead exposure. Systems that exceed the lead action level three or more times in a five-year period must take additional actions to provide public education and make filters available.

The rule updates the tap sampling protocol by requiring systems to collect a first-liter sample (in addition to the fifth-liter sample required by the 2021 LCRR) at structures with LSLs and then use the higher of the first- or fifth-liter sample values at the LSL sites when calculating the 90th percentile. The first- and fifth-liter sample values represent water that has been stagnant in premise plumbing (plumbing within buildings) and within the service line, respectively, and therefore, more accurately identify where higher lead levels might be present compared to sampling the first liter or the fifth liter alone. Systems must prioritize sampling at sites most likely to contain lead and use this data to calculate the 90th percentile. The LCRI requires most systems with lead and GRR service lines to start (or continue) standard monitoring. Additionally, any system with a 90th percentile lead level above the LCRI lead action level, based on the system's results from the most recent tap monitoring period prior to the compliance date, will need to start (or continue) standard monitoring. The EPA updated the requirements for systems with insufficient Tier 1 and Tier 2 sites to meet their minimum required number of samples to use the highest sample results from Tiers 1, 2, and the next highest available tiers (equal to the minimum required number of samples) to calculate the 90th percentile. Sample site tiers are used to prioritize sampling locations and were first introduced in the 1991 LCR.

The LCRI requires States to set optimal water quality parameters (OWQPs) for medium systems (serving greater than 10,000 persons and fewer than or equal to 50,000 persons) that are required to optimize or re-optimize corrosion control treatment (CCT). These systems must meet those parameters to demonstrate that OCCT is being maintained. The rule allows all systems to defer OCCT or re-optimized OCCT (but maintain any existing CCT) if they can replace all lead and GRR service lines at a minimum percent annual rate within five years or less. Water systems with lead and GRR services lines and OCCT that are meeting their OWQPs are not required to re-optimize their OCCT more than once following a lead action level exceedance after the compliance date. After systems remove all of their lead and GRR service lines, they must re-optimize again if they exceed the lead action level. In addition, water systems may be required to re-optimize by the State at any time. Systems not required to re-optimize under the final rule still have to meet other requirements, including for public education if there are multiple action level exceedances (see sections IV.J and IV.K of this preamble).

The LCRI updates public education requirements, instituting changes to content and delivery frequency for more proactive messaging about lead in drinking water and actions individuals can take to reduce their exposure. It includes requirements to make information about lead in drinking water more accessible to consumers including individuals with limited English proficiency. The LCRI also introduces new public education requirements for lead and copper.

The LCRI revises the small system compliance flexibility provision to eliminate LSLR as a compliance option, as all systems must conduct mandatory service line replacement regardless of their 90th percentile lead level. The eligibility threshold for the flexibility for community water systems (CWSs) is lowered to those serving 3,300 or fewer persons.

The LCRI retains the requirements from the 2021 LCRR for CWSs to conduct sampling and public education in schools and child care facilities but expands the available waivers to include sampling efforts conducted prior to the rule compliance date, including sampling conducted through the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation (WIIN) Act grant program. The LCRI also restructures and clarifies areas of the rule that did not change to make the rule more implementable.

Exhibit 1 compares the major differences among the pre-2021 Lead and Copper Rule (LCR), 2021 LCRR, and the final LCRI. Asterisks (*) in the pre-2021 LCR and 2021 LCRR column denote requirements that are retained in the final LCRI, and these requirements are, therefore, not repeated in the final LCRI column.

Exhibit 1—Comparison of the 2021 LCRR, Proposed LCRI, and Final LCRI Requirements

Pre-2021 LCR	2021 LCRR	Final LCRI
Service Line Inventory
• Systems were required to complete a materials evaluation by the time of initial sampling. • No requirement to regularly update materials evaluation.	• All systems must develop an initial lead service line (LSL) inventory by October 16, 2024, that includes all service lines, regardless of ownership, categorized as lead, non-lead, galvanized requiring replacement (GRR), and unknown.* • The inventory must be made publicly accessible and available online for systems serving >50,000 persons.* • The publicly available inventory must include a locational identifier for each lead and GRR service line. • The LSL inventory must be updated based on the system's tap sampling frequency but no more than annually.	• All systems must review specified information that describes connector materials and locations. • Systems must include each identified connector in their baseline inventory by the LCRI compliance date. • Connector material categories include lead, non-lead, unknown, and no connector present. • The inventory must include a street address with each service line and connector, if available. • The inventory must be updated annually. • Systems must include in their inventories the total number of each type of service line, the number of lead and unknown connectors, the number of full lead and GRR service line replacements, and the number of partial lead and GRR service line repla cements. • Systems must respond to customer inquiries on incorrect material categorizations within 60 days.
		• Systems must validate the accuracy of their methods to categorize non-lead service lines in their inventory no later than 7 years after the compliance date by the end of the calendar year unless on a shortened or deferred deadline. ○ The validation pool includes all non-lead service lines except for those installed after the applicable Federal, State, or local lead ban; visually inspected at a minimum of two points on the pipe exterior; or previously replaced. ○ Systems may submit previous validation efforts in lieu of the LCRI requirements if they are at least as stringent as the requirements, and States must review and approve of these previous efforts. • Systems must identify all unknown service lines by their mandatory service line replacement deadline.
Service Line Replacement
Replacement Plan • No requirement.	Replacement Plan • All systems with at least one lead, GRR, or unknown service line must develop an LSLR plan by the compliance date. • The plan must include a strategy to prioritize service line replacement.*	Replacement Plan • All systems with at least one lead, GRR, or unknown service line must develop the service line replacement plan by the compliance date. The plan includes the elements from the LCRR as well as two new elements: (1) a strategy to inform customers and consumers (persons served) about the plan and replacement program and (2) an identification of any legal requirements or water tariff agreement provisions that affect a system's ability to gain access to conduct full service line replacement.
		• The service line replacement plan must include additional plan elements if the system has at least one lead-lined galvanized service line or if the system is eligible for a deferred deadline. • Service line replacement plan must be publicly accessible; and available online for systems serving >50,000 persons. • The plan must be updated annually to include any new or updated information and submitted to the State on an annual basis.
		• By the compliance date, systems eligible for and planning to use deferred deadlines must include in the plan information on what the system identifies as the earliest deadline and fastest feasible rate to replace lead and GRR service lines that is no slower than 39 annual replacements per 1,000 service connections.

		• By the end of the second program year, the State is required to determine in writing whether a system with a deferred deadline is replacing lead and GRR service lines at the fastest feasible rate, either by approving the continued use of that deferred deadline or by setting the fastest feasible rate for the system. In addition to annual updates, systems with deferred deadlines must submit their plan every three years with updated information about why the replacement rate is still the fastest feasible. The State must review this information and determine in writing if the system with a deferred deadline is still replacing lead and GRR service lines at the fastest feasible rate, either by approving the continued use of that deferred deadline or by setting the fastest feasible rate.
LSLR • Replacement program requirements are based on the lead 90th percentile (P90) lead level, CCT installation, and/or source water treatment. • Systems conducting LSLR must annually replace at least 7 percent of LSLs in their distribution system. • Systems must replace the LSL portion they own and offer to replace the private portion. Systems are not required to bear the cost of replacing the private portion. • Full LSLR, partial LSLR, and LSLs with lead sample results ≤ 0.015 mg/L (“test-outs”) count toward the 7 percent replacement rate. • Systems can discontinue LSLR after 2 consecutive 6-month monitoring periods at or below the lead action level. • Requires replacement of LSLs only (i.e., no GRR service lines).	LSLR • Replacement program requirements are dependent on P90 lead level for CWSs serving >10,000 persons: ○ If P90 > 0.015 mg/L: Must fully replace 3 percent of lead and GRR service lines per year based upon a 2-year rolling average (mandatory replacement) for at least 4 consecutive 6-month monitoring periods. ○ If P90 > 0.010 mg/L but ≤ 0.015 mg/L: Implement a goal-based LSLR program and consult the primacy agency (or State) on replacement goals for 2 consecutive 1-year monitoring periods. • CWSs serving ≤10,000 persons and all non-transient, non-community water systems (NTNCWSs) that select LSLR as their compliance option must complete LSLR within 15 years if P90 > 0.015 mg/L. See the Small System Flexibility section of this exhibit. • Annual LSLR rate is applied to the number of lead and GRR service lines when the system first exceeds the trigger or action level plus the number of unknown service lines at the beginning of the year. • Only full LSLR (replacement of the entire length of the service line) counts toward mandatory rate* and goal-based rate. • All systems must replace their portion of an LSL if notified by consumer of private side replacement within 45 days of notification of the private replacement. If the system cannot replace the system's portion within 45 days, it must notify the State and replace the system's portion within 180 days.* • Following each service line replacement, systems must: ○ Provide pitcher filters or point-of-use devices and 6 months of replacement cartridges to each customer after replacement.* Provide pitcher filters and cartridges before the affected portion of the line or the fully replaced service line is returned to service.* ○ Offer to collect a lead tap sample at locations served by the replaced line within 3 to 6 months after replacement.*	Service Line Replacement • Replacement program requirements are independent of systems' P90 lead levels. • All CWSs and NTNCWSs with one or more lead, GRR, or unknown service line in their inventory must replace lead and GRR service lines under their control within 10 years, unless subject to a shortened or deferred deadline. • Systems must replace service lines at a cumulative average annual rate of 10 percent, unless subject to a shortened or deferred deadline. • Cumulative average replacement rate is applied to the total number of unknown, lead, and GRR service lines in the baseline inventory minus the number of unknown service lines that have been determined to be non-lead since the baseline inventory. • Systems that would have to annually replace more than 39 service lines per 1,000 service connections are eligible for deferred deadlines longer than 10 years. • States are required to set a shorter deadline for a system where it determines that a shorter deadline is feasible. • Where property owner consent is required for a system to access the service line, systems must make a reasonable effort (at least 4 attempts) to engage property owners about full service line replacement. • Systems conducting partial service line replacement, if not prohibited by the rule, must make a reasonable effort (at least 4 attempts) to engage property owners about full service line replacements for infrastructure projects that impact service lines and offer to replace the remaining portion of the service line not under their control within 45 days if replaced in coordination with an emergency repair.
	• Requires replacement of lead connectors when encountered.* • Systems must make 2 good faith efforts to engage customers about LSLR. • Systems conducting partial LSLR must offer to replace the remaining portion of the service line. • Systems must replace service lines by a shorter deadline if determined feasible by the State.*

LSL-Related Outreach • If a system replaces its portion only: ○ Provide notification to affected residences within 45 days prior to replacement on possible elevated short-term lead levels and measures to minimize exposure.* ○ Include offer to collect lead tap sample within 72 hours of replacement. ○ Provide test results within 3 business days after receiving results.	LSL-Related Outreach • Notify consumers annually if they are served by a lead, GRR, or unknown service line.* • Provide notice and educational materials to consumers during water-related work that could disturb LSLs. • Provide filters to consumers for disturbances to a lead, GRR, or unknown service line caused by replacement of an inline water meter, water meter setter, or connector. • Systems subject to goal-based program must: ○ Conduct targeted outreach that encourages consumers with LSLs to participate in the LSLR program. ○ Conduct an additional outreach activity if they fail to meet their goal. • Systems required to conduct LSLR must include information about the LSLR program in public education (PE) materials that are provided in response to P90 > action level.*	Service Line-Related Outreach • Provide notice and educational materials during water-related work that could disturb lead, GRR, or unknown service lines, including disturbances due to inventorying efforts, to consumers within 24 hours or before the service line is returned to service, and to customers within 30 days. • Provide filters to consumers for disturbances to a lead, GRR, or unknown service line caused by replacement of an inline water meter, water meter setter, connector, or water main. • If a CWS does not meet the mandatory service line replacement rate, the CWS must conduct additional public outreach activities to encourage customers with lead, GRR, and unknown service lines to participate in the service line replacement program. • Removes goal-based program outreach activities.
Action Level and Trigger Level
• P90 level above lead action level of 0.015 mg/L or copper action level of 1.3 mg/L requires additional actions. • Lead action level exceedance requires 7 percent LSLR (includes partial replacements), CCT recommendation and possible study and installation, and PE within 60 days after the end of the monitoring period.	• P90 level above lead action level of 0.015 mg/L or copper action level of 1.3 mg/L requires more actions than the previous rule. • Defines lead trigger level as P90 > 0.010 mg/L and triggers additional planning, monitoring, and treatment requirements. • Lead action level exceedance requires 3 percent full LSLR, OCCT installation or re-optimization, PE, and public notification (PN) within 24 hours. • Trigger level exceedance requires goal-based LSLR and steps taken towards CCT installation or re-optimization.	• Removes the lead trigger level. • P90 level above lead action level of 0.010 mg/L or copper action level of 1.3 mg/L requires actions including installing or re-optimizing CCT, and PE as well as Tier 1 PN (for lead action level exceedances). • Mandatory full service line replacement of lead and GRR service lines is independent of P90 lead levels.
Lead and Copper Tap Sampling
Sample Site Selection • Prioritizes collection of samples from sites with sources of lead in contact with drinking water. • Highest priority given to sites served by copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982 or containing lead pipes and sites served by LSLs. • Systems must collect 50 percent of samples from LSLs, if available.	Sample Site Selection • Prioritizes collecting samples from sites served by LSLs. All samples must be collected from sites served by LSLs, if available.* • Equal priority to copper pipes with lead solder, irrespective of installation date.* • Adds 2 tiers to prioritize sampling at lead and GRR service line sites above sites with copper with lead solder.*	Sample Site Selection • Combines the tap sample site selection tiering criteria for CWSs and NTNCWSs. • Removes galvanized service line or premise plumbing formerly downstream of a lead connector from Tier 3 sites. • Removes requirement for replacement sampling sites to be selected within reasonable proximity. • Clarifies that sites are considered no longer available for sampling after customer refusal or non-response after two outreach attempts.
Sample Collection and Inclusion in 90th Percentile Calculation • Requires collection of the first-liter sample after water has sat stagnant for a minimum of 6 hours.	Sample Collection and Inclusion in 90th Percentile Calculation • Requires collection of the fifth-liter sample in homes with LSLs after water has sat stagnant for a minimum of 6 hours. • Requires first-liter sample collection in homes without LSLs.* • Requires systems with insufficient Tier 1 and 2 sites to meet the minimum number of samples required by calculating the P90 from all Tier 1 and 2 sites and the highest samples from the next highest tier to equal the minimum number required. • Prohibits inclusion of samples collected under find-and-fix in the P90 calculation.* • Adds requirement that samples must be collected in wide-mouth bottles.* • Prohibits sampling instructions that include recommendations for aerator cleaning/removal and pre-stagnation flushing prior to sample collection.*	Sample Collection and Inclusion in 90th Percentile Calculation • Requires collection of the first- and fifth-liter samples in structures with LSLs after water has sat stagnant for a minimum of 6 hours. • Requires systems with insufficient Tier 1 and 2 sites to meet the minimum number of samples required by calculating the P90 from the highest sample values from the highest tiers sampled equal to the minimum number required. • Requires the higher value of the first- and fifth-liter lead concentration in structures with LSLs to be used to calculate the P90 value for lead. • Prohibits inclusion of samples following service line replacement in the P90 calculation. Prohibits the inclusion of more than one sample per site in each P90 calculation. • Revises the definition of a wide-mouth bottle.

Monitoring Frequency • Samples are analyzed for both lead and copper. • Systems must collect standard number of samples based on population; semi-annually unless they qualify for reduced monitoring. • Systems can qualify for annual or triennial monitoring at reduced number of sites. Monitoring schedule based on the number of consecutive years meeting the following criteria: ○ Serves ≤50,000 persons and P90 is at or below the lead and copper action levels. ○ Serves any population size, meets State-specified optimal water quality parameters (OWQPs), and P90 ≤ lead action level. • Triennial monitoring also applies to any system with lead P90 ≤ 0.005 mg/L and copper P90 ≤ 0.65 mg/L for 2 consecutive 6-month monitoring periods. • Based on rule criteria, systems serving ≤ 3,300 persons can apply for a 9-year monitoring waiver.*	Monitoring Frequency • Samples are analyzed for lead and copper, only copper, or only lead. This occurs when lead monitoring is conducted more frequently or at more sites than copper, and at LSL sites where a fifth-liter sample is only analyzed for lead.* • Lead monitoring schedule is based on the P90 level for all systems as follows: ○ P90 > 0.015 mg/L: Semi-annually at the standard number of sites. ○ P90 > 0.010 mg/L but ≤ 0.015 mg/L: Annually at the standard number of sites. ○ P90 ≤ 0.010 mg/L: Annually at the standard number of sites and triennially at reduced number of sites using same criteria as the LCR except copper P90 level is not considered. • Initial standard monitoring required for systems with lead and GRR service lines, and any system that does not sample under the requirements of the LCRR by the compliance date. • Systems must conduct standard monitoring if they exceed the action level, have a water quality parameter (WQP) excursion, and other criteria.	Monitoring Frequency • Monitoring schedule is based on both the P90 for lead and copper for all systems. Systems may retain or qualify for reduced monitoring based on the number of consecutive tap monitoring periods: ○ P90 ≤ action level for 2 consecutive 6-month periods: Annual monitoring at standard number of sites for lead and reduced number of sites for copper. ○ P90 < practical quantitation limit (PQL) for 2 consecutive periods: Triennial monitoring at the reduced number of sites for both lead and copper. • Initial standard monitoring schedule required for most systems with lead and/or GRR service lines in their inventory on the compliance date. • Additional criterion for when systems must start standard monitoring: Systems with no lead or GRR service lines in their inventory on the compliance date must start standard monitoring if they identify a lead or GRR service line in the future.
Corrosion Control Treatment (CCT) and Water Quality Parameters (WQPs)
CCT • Systems serving > 50,000 persons were required to install treatment by January 1, 1997, with limited exception. • Systems serving ≤ 50,000 that exceed lead and/or copper action level(s) are subject to CCT requirements (e.g., CCT recommendation, study if required by the State, CCT installation). They can discontinue CCT steps if no longer exceed both action levels for 2 consecutive 6-month monitoring periods. • Systems must operate CCT to meet any OWQPs designated by the State that define optimal CCT. • There is no requirement for systems to re-optimize.	CCT • Specifies CCT requirements for systems with P90 lead level >0.010 mg/L but ≤ 0.015 mg/L: ○ No CCT: Must conduct a CCT study if required by the State. ○ With CCT: Must follow the steps for re-optimizing CCT, as specified in the rule. • Systems with P90 lead level >0.015 mg/L: ○ No CCT: Must complete CCT installation regardless of subsequent P90 levels if system has started to install CCT. ○ With CCT: Must re-optimize CCT. • CWSs serving ≤ 10,000 persons and all NTNCWSs can select an option other than CCT to address lead. See the Small System Flexibility section of this exhibit.	CCT • Systems with P90 lead level >0.010 mg/L: ○ No CCT: Must install CCT regardless of their subsequent P90 levels if they have started to install CCT. ○ With CCT: Must re-optimize OCCT. ○ Systems with OCCT and lead and GRR service lines meeting OWQPs need only re-optimize OCCT once after the compliance date, unless required to do so by the State. ○ Systems with OCCT that exceed the lead action level after removing all lead and GRR service lines will need to re-optimize again. • CWSs serving ≤ 3,300 persons and all NTNCWSs can select an option other than CCT to address lead. See the Small System Flexibility section of this exhibit. • Deferred OCCT or re-optimized OCCT for systems that can complete removal of 100 percent of lead and GRR service lines within 5 years or less of the date they are triggered into CCT steps. Systems with CCT must maintain CCT during the 5-year-or-less service line replacement program.
CCT Options Includes alkalinity and pH adjustment, calcium hardness adjustment, and phosphate or silicate-based corrosion inhibitor.	CCT Options Removes calcium hardness as an option and specifies any phosphate inhibitor must be orthophosphate.*	CCT Options No changes from the LCRR.
WQPs • No CCT: pH, alkalinity, calcium, conductivity, temperature, orthophosphate (if phosphate-based inhibitor is used), silica (if silica-based inhibitor is used). • With CCT: pH, alkalinity, and based on type of CCT either orthophosphate, silica, or calcium.	WQPs • Eliminates WQPs related to calcium hardness (i.e., calcium, conductivity, and temperature).* • All other parameters are the same as in the LCR.*	WQPs No changes from the LCRR.
WQP Monitoring • Systems serving >50,000 persons must conduct regular WQP monitoring at entry points and within the distribution system. • Systems serving ≤ 50,000 persons conduct monitoring only in those periods that exceed the lead or copper action level. • Contains provisions to sample at reduced number of sites in distribution system less frequency for all systems meeting their OWQPs.	WQP Monitoring • Systems serving >50,000 persons must conduct regular WQP monitoring at entry points and within the distribution system. • Systems serving ≤50,000 persons must continue WQP monitoring until they no longer exceed the lead and/or copper action level(s) for 2 consecutive 6-month monitoring periods. • To qualify for reduced WQP distribution monitoring, P90 lead level must be ≤ 0.010 mg/L and the system must meet its OWQPs.*	WQP Monitoring • Systems with CCT (unless deemed optimized) serving >10,000 persons must conduct regular WQP monitoring at entry points and within the distribution system. • Systems serving ≤10,000 persons and systems without CCT serving >10,000 persons but ≤50,000 persons that exceed the lead and/or copper action level(s) must conduct WQP monitoring until they no longer exceed lead and/or copper action level(s) for 2 consecutive 6-month monitoring periods. • Systems without CCT serving >10,000 persons but ≤50,000 persons that exceed the lead action level that are required to install CCT, must continue to conduct WQP monitoring.
Sanitary Survey Review Treatment must be reviewed during sanitary surveys; no specific requirement to assess CCT or WQPs.	Sanitary Survey Review CCT and WQP data must be reviewed during sanitary surveys against most recent CCT guidance issued by the EPA.*	Sanitary Survey Review No changes from the LCRR.

Find-and-Fix No required follow-up samples or additional actions if an individual sample exceeds the lead action level.	Find-and-Fix If individual tap samples >0.015 mg/L lead, find-and-fix steps include: • Conduct WQP monitoring at or near the site >0.015 mg/L. • Collect tap sample at the same tap sample site within 30 days.* ○ For LSL, collect any liter or sample volume.* • Perform needed corrective action.* • Document customer refusal or non-response after 2 attempts.* • Provide information to local and State health officials.*	Distribution System and Site Assessment (DSSA) • Changes the name from “Find-and-Fix” to “Distribution System and Site Assessment” to describe this requirement more precisely. • Requirements from the LCRR affect systems with individual tap samples >0.010 mg/L lead. • Clarifies that the distribution system sample location must be within a half mile radius of each site with a result >0.010 mg/L. • Water systems without CCT are not required to collect WQP samples for the DSSA CCT assessment.
Small System Flexibility
No provisions for systems to elect an alternative treatment approach but sets specific requirements for CCT and LSLR.	Allows CWSs serving ≤10,000 persons and all NTNCWSs to implement an alternate compliance option to address lead with State approval: • Systems with lead P90 > 0.010 mg/L recommend CCT, LSLR, provision and maintenance of point-of-use (POU) devices, or replacement of all lead-bearing plumbing materials. • If the system's P90 lead level > 0.015 mg/L, the system must implement the compliance option.	Allows CWSs serving ≤ 3,300 persons and all NTNCWSs with P90 levels > lead action level and ≤ copper action level to conduct the following actions in lieu of CCT requirements to address lead with State approval: • Choose a compliance option: (1) provision and maintenance of POU devices or (2) replacement of all lead-bearing plumbing materials. • Removes the compliance option to conduct LSLR in 15 years. Maintains option for systems following CCT requirements: • With CCT: Collect WQPs and evaluate compliance options and OCCT. • No CCT: Evaluate compliance options and CCT.
Public Education and Outreach
• Systems with P90 > lead action level must provide PE to customers about lead sources, health effects, measures to reduce lead exposure, and additional information sources. • Systems with P90 > lead action level must offer lead tap sampling to customers who request it. • Systems must provide lead consumer notice to individuals served at tested taps within 30 days of learning results. • For water systems serving a large proportion of consumers with limited English proficiency, PE materials must contain information in the appropriate language(s) regarding the importance of the materials or information on where consumers can get a translated copy or assistance in other languages.	• Water systems must provide updated lead health effects language in PN and PE materials. CWSs must provide updated health effects language in the Consumer Confidence Reports (CCR). • For water systems serving a large proportion of consumers with limited English proficiency, PE materials must contain information in the appropriate language(s) regarding the importance of the materials or information on where consumers can get a translated copy or assistance in other languages. • If P90 > lead action level: ○ LCRR PN and LCR PE requirements apply. ○ Water systems must offer to sample the tap for lead for any customer who requests it. • Water systems must provide the lead consumer notice to consumers whose individual tap sample is >0.015 mg/L lead as soon as practicable but no later than 3 calendar days. • CWSs must provide information to local and State health agencies.* Also see the Public Notification, Consumer Confidence Report, and LSL-Related Outreach sections of this exhibit.	• Revises the mandatory lead health effects language to improve completeness and clarity. • Water systems must provide the updated health effects language in PN and all PE materials. CWSs must provide updated health effects language in the CCR. • For water systems serving a large proportion of consumers with limited English proficiency, all PE materials must contain information in the appropriate language(s) regarding the importance of the materials and information on where consumers can get a translated copy or assistance in other languages. • Water systems must deliver consumer notice of lead and copper tap sampling results to consumers whenever their tap is sampled as soon as practicable but no later than 3 business days after receiving the results, regardless of the level. • If P90 > lead action level: ○ LCRR PN requirements apply. ○ Water systems must conduct PE no later than 60 days after the end of each tap sampling period until the system no longer exceeds the action level unless the State approves an extension. ○ Water systems must deliver PE materials to bill paying customers and every service connection address served.
		• Water systems with multiple lead action level exceedances (at least 3 action level exceedances in a 5-year period) must conduct additional public outreach activities and make filters available. Water systems must submit a filter distribution plan to the State within 60 days of the second action level exceedance, and the State will have 60 days to review. The State has discretion to allow the system to discontinue outreach activities and filter provision earlier if it completes actions to reduce lead levels. • Water systems must offer to sample the tap for lead for any consumer with a lead, GRR, or unknown service line who requests it. Also see the Public Notification, Consumer Confidence Report, and Service Line Related Outreach sections of this exhibit.

Public Notification
• If P90 > action level: ○ No PN required for P90 > action level. • Tier 2 PN required for violations to §§ 141.80 through 141.85. • Tier 3 PN required for violations to §§ 141.86 through 141.89. Also see the Public Education and Outreach section of this exhibit.	• If P90 > lead action level: ○ Systems must notify consumers of P90 > action level within 24 hours (Tier 1 PN). Systems must comply by October 16, 2024. • Tier 2 PN required for violations to §§ 141.80 (except paragraph (c)) through 141.84, 141.85(a) through (c) and (h), and 141.93. • Tier 3 PN required for violations to §§ 141.86 through 141.90. Also see the Public Education and Outreach section of this exhibit.	• If P90 > lead action level of 0.010 mg/L: ○ LCRR Tier 1 PN requirements apply, but for the LCRI action level of 0.010 mg/L. • Tier 2 PN required for violations to §§ 141.80 (except paragraph (c)) through 141.84, 141.85(a) through (c) (except paragraph (c)(3)), (h), and (j), and 141.93. • Tier 3 PN required for violations to §§ 141.86 through 141.90 and 141.92. • Water systems must provide updated lead health effects language in PN. Also see the Public Education and Outreach section of this exhibit.
Consumer Confidence Report
• All CWSs must provide educational material in the annual CCR.	• CWSs must provide updated health effects language in the CCR. • All CWSs are required to include information on how to access the LSL inventory and how to access the results of all tap sampling in the CCR. • Revises the mandatory health effects language to improve accuracy and clarity.	• Revises the mandatory lead health effects language and informational statement as well as includes additional information about risk of lead exposure in the informational statement about lead in the CCR to improve completeness and clarity. • CWSs must provide updated health effects language in the CCR. • CWSs must include a statement in the CCR about the system sampling for lead in schools and child care facilities and direct the public to contact their school or child care facility for further information. • CWSs with lead, GRR, or unknown service lines must include a statement in the CCR about how to access the service line inventory and replacement plan. Also see the Public Education and Outreach section of this exhibit.
Change in Source or Treatment
Systems on a reduced tap monitoring schedule must obtain prior State approval before changing their source or treatment.	Systems on any tap monitoring schedule must obtain prior State approval before changing their source or treatment. These systems must also resume a standard lead and copper tap monitoring schedule.*	No changes from the LCRR.
Source Water Monitoring and Treatment
Periodic source water monitoring for lead and copper is required for systems with: • Source water treatment; or • P90 > action level and no source water treatment.	States can waive continued source water monitoring for lead and copper if the:* • System has already conducted source water monitoring for a previous P90 > action level; • State has determined that source water treatment is not required; and • System has not added any new water sources.	Updated cross-reference to requirement for conducting standard monitoring when there is a source water addition.
Lead in Drinking Water at Schools and Child Care Facilities
• Does not include separate testing and education program for CWSs at schools and child care facilities. • Schools and child care facilities that are classified as NTNCWSs must sample for lead and copper.*	• CWSs must provide annual public education materials to all schools and licensed child care facilities they serve. • CWSs must conduct sampling at 20 percent of elementary schools and 20 percent of licensed child care facilities they serve per year and conduct sampling at secondary schools on request for first testing cycle (5 years) and conduct sampling on request of all schools and child care facilities thereafter. • Sample results must be provided to each sampled school/child care facility, State, and local or State health department. • Excludes schools and licensed child care facilities constructed on or after January 1, 2014. • Waives sampling in schools and child care facilities that were sampled under a State or other program after October 16, 2024.	Expands on LCRR requirements to include: • Waivers for CWSs to sample in schools and licensed child care facilities they serve during the first 5-year testing cycle if the facility has been sampled between January 1, 2021, and the LCRI compliance date. • Requires CWSs to include a statement about the opportunity for schools and licensed child care facilities to be sampled in the CCR. • Excludes schools and licensed child care facilities constructed or that had full plumbing replacement on or after January 1, 2014 and that are also not served by a lead, GRR, or unknown service line. • Includes clarifications on the applicability of the requirements and on the content of public education material CWSs must provide to schools and licensed child care facilities.

Primacy Agency (or State) Requirements
States must report information to the EPA that includes, but is not limited to: • All P90 lead levels for systems serving > 3,300 persons, and only levels > 0.015 mg/L for smaller systems. • Only copper P90 levels above the copper action level for all systems. • Systems that are required to initiate LSLR and the date replacement must begin. • Systems for which OCCT has been designated. States must keep records on information that includes, but is not limited to: • Records of the currently applicable or most recent State determinations, including all supporting information and an explanation of the technical basis for each decision. State primacy requirements include, but are not limited to: • Designating OCCT. • Designating source water treatment methods. • Verifying service line replacement schedules.	States must report information to the EPA that includes, but is not limited to: • All lead and copper P90 levels for all system sizes.* • The number of lead, GRR, and unknown service lines for every water system.* • The goal-based or mandatory replacement rate and the date each system must begin LSLR. • OCCT status of all systems including OWQPs specified by the State.* • For systems triggered into source water treatment, the State-designated date or determination for no treatment required.* States must keep records on information that includes, but is not limited to: • LSLR plans.* • Compliance sampling pools.* • Determinations related to source water treatment.* • Determinations related to compliance alternatives for small CWSs and NTNCWSs.* • LSL inventories.* State primacy requirements include, but are not limited to: • Reviewing service line inventory.* • Approving LSLR goals. • Determining if a faster LSLR rate is feasible.* • Defining school and child care program and determining if State or local testing program is at least as stringent as Federal requirements. • Verifying compliance with “Find-and-Fix” requirements.* • Reviewing any change in source water treatment.*	States must report information to the EPA that includes, but is not limited to: • The current numbers of lead, GRR, unknown, and non-lead service lines, lead connectors, and unknown connectors in each system's inventory. • The numbers and types of service lines replaced and the replacement rate for every system conducting mandatory service line replacement. • The deadline for the system to complete replacement of all lead and GRR service lines. • The expected date of completion of service line replacement. • The lead P90 levels of systems with an action level exceedance within 15 days of the end of the monitoring period or, if earlier, within 24 hours of receiving the notice from the system. • The result of the State's determination as to whether the deferred deadline is the fastest feasible, the deadline at the fastest feasible rate, and the reasons for the State's decision. States must keep records on information that includes, but is not limited to: • Samples that do not meet the six-hour minimum stagnation time. • Determinations concerning systems eligible for deferred deadlines for service line replacement. State primacy requirements include, but are not limited to: • Identify State laws that pertain to a water system's access to conduct full service line replacement. • Make determinations about systems eligible for service line replacement deferred deadlines. • Make determinations about which water systems serve a large proportion of consumers with limited English proficiency and provide technical assistance to those systems required to meet the requirements to provide translated PE or translation assistance to their consumers. • Review and approve inventory validations.
See section IV.B.4 of this preamble for further information on cost sharing.
Note: P90 means 90th percentile level.

Category	Examples of potentially affected entities
Public water systems	CWSs; NTNCWSs.
State and Tribal government agencies	Agencies responsible for developing, ensuring compliance with, and enforcing National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs).

Exhibit 2—Percent of Systems by LSL and CCT Status With Lead Levels at or Below Potential Lead Action Levels Adjusted for the Final LCRI Sampling Protocol

[2012-2020]

LSL and CCT status (number of systems)	P90 ≤ 0.015 mg/L (%)	P90 ≤ 0.010 mg/L (%)	P90 ≤ 0.005 mg/L (%)
No LSLs/CCT (2,062)	95	92	82
LSLs/CCT (1,277)	73	60	38
No LSLs/No CCT (2,731)	95	91	78
LSLs/No CCT (481)	80	64	37
Data from 6,551 community water systems with known CCT and LSL status. See “Analysis of reported 90th percentile values from 2012-2020 for final LCRI.xlsx” in EPA-HQ-OW-2022-0801.
Systems categorized based on their highest lead 90th percentile (P90) value reported (SDWIS 2012-2020).

Exhibit 3—Requirements Introduced in the 2021 LCRR That Water Systems Must Comply With Between October 16, 2024, and the LCRI Compliance Date

Citation (CFR codified July 1, 2023)	Description
§ 141.84(a)(1) through (10) (excluding paragraphs (a)(6) and (7))	Initial public service line inventory development.
§ 141.90(e)(1)	Submission of initial inventory to the State.
§ 141.85(e)	Initial and annual notification of known or potential service line containing lead.
§ 141.85(a)(1)(ii)	Revised lead health effects language.
§ 141.90(e)(13) and (f)(4)	Annual reporting and certification of the notifications in § 141.85(e) to the State.
§ 141.90(h)(3)	State provides results of the 90th percentile lead calculations, in writing, to the water system within 15 days of the end of the tap sampling period (if applicable).
§§ 141.201(a)(3)(vi) and 141.202(a)(10)	Tier 1 PN for exceedance of the lead action level as specified in § 141.80(c).
§§ 141.201(c)(3) and 141.31(d)(2)	Submit copy of Tier 1 PN for a lead action level exceedance to the head of the primacy agency and the EPA administrator no later than 24 hours after the system learns of the exceedance.
40 CFR part 141, appendix A to subpart Q, section I.C.1 (excluding § 141.90, except paragraphs (e)(1) and (13) and (f)(4))	Tier 3 PN required for: failure to notify persons served at service connections of a known or potential service line containing lead and failure to submit initial inventory to the State by October 16, 2024.
40 CFR part 141, appendix B to subpart Q, section D.23	Revised lead health effects language for required PN.
As codified on July 1, 2020.

Exhibit 4—Data Sources Used To Develop the Baseline for the Final LCRI

Data source	Baseline data derived from the source
SDWIS/Fed fourth quarter 2020 “frozen” dataset	• PWS inventory, including population served, number of service connections, source water type, and water system type. Also used to identify NTNCWSs that are schools and child care facilities.
	• Status of CCT, including identification of water systems with CCT and the proportion of water systems serving ≤50,000 persons that installed CCT in response to the pre-2021 LCR.
	• Analysis of lead 90th percentile concentrations to identify water systems below, at, or above the lead and/or copper action levels at the start of rule implementation by LSL status, i.e., presence or absence of LSLs for the pre-2021 LCR, 2021 LCRR, and LCRI. Used in concert with data from Michigan described below for the LCRI.
	• The proportion of water systems that are on various reduced monitoring schedules for lead tap and WQP monitoring.
	• The frequency of source and treatment changes and those source changes that can result in additional source water monitoring.
	• Number of distribution system entry points per drinking water system for systems that were not included in the UCMR 3 dataset.
2006 CWSS (USEPA, 2009)	• PWS labor rates.
UCMR 3 (2013-2015)	• Number of distribution system entry points per drinking water system.
7th DWINSA and Supplemental One-time Update	• Service line material characterization. • Service line replacement costs.
State service line information	• Service line material characterization.
Geometries and Characteristics of Public Water Systems (USEPA, 2000c)	• Design and average daily flow per system.
Six-Year Review 3 ICR Occurrence Dataset (2006-2011)	• Baseline distribution of pH for various CCT conditions. • Baseline orthophosphate dose for CCT.
State of Michigan Lead and Copper Compliance Monitoring Data (Michigan EGLE, 2019-2021)	• Analysis of the ratio of fifth- to first-liter lead tap samples to estimate the increase in lead 90 percentile levels for LSL systems based on the use of the higher of the first- or fifth-liter sample result. Ratios are applied to SDWIS/Fed system level lead 90th percentile data to identify systems below, at, or above the action level under the final LCRI by LSL status.
	• Percent of individual samples exceeding 0.010 mg/L for the final LCRI.
Acronyms: AWWA = American Water Works Association; CCT = corrosion control treatment; CWSS = Community Water System Survey; DWINSA = Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Assessment; ICR = Information Collection Request; LCR = Lead and Copper Rule; LCRR = Lead and Copper Rule Revisions; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; LSL = lead service line; Michigan EGLE = Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy; NTNCWS = non-transient non-community water system; public water system; SDWIS/Fed = Safe Drinking Water Information System/Federal version; UCMR 3 = Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule; USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency; WQP = water quality parameter.
Note:
Contains information reported through December 31, 2020.
A system's lead 90th percentile level is a key factor in determining a system's requirements under the pre-2021 LCR, 2021 LCRR, and final LCRI.

Exhibit 5—PWS Cost Components, Subcomponents, and Activities Organized by Section

Component	Subcomponents	Activities
4.3.1: PWS Implementation and Administrative Costs	4.3.1.1: PWS One-Time Implementation and Administrative Costs	(a) Read and understand the rule. (b) Assign personnel and resources for rule implementation. (c) Participate in training and technical assistance provided by the State during rule implementation.
		(d) Provide small system flexibility option recommendation to the State.
4.3.2: PWS Sampling Costs	4.3.2.1: PWS Lead Tap Sampling	(a) Update sampling instructions for lead tap sampling and submit to the State.
		(b) Contact homes to establish new 100 percent LSL tap sampling pool.
		(c) Update and submit tap sampling plan to the State.
		(d) Report any changes in sampling locations to the State.
		(e) Confer with the State on initial lead sampling data and status under the LCRI.
		(f) Obtain households for each round of lead tap sampling.
		(g) Offer incentives to households to encourage participation in lead tap sampling program.
		(h) Ship tap sampling material and instructions to participating households.
		(i) Collect lead tap samples.
		(j) Determine if a sample should be rejected and not analyzed.
		(k) Analyze lead tap samples in-house or commercially.
		(l) Prepare and submit sample invalidation request to the State.
		(m) Inform consumers of tap sample results.
		(n) Certify to the State that results were reported to consumers.
		(o) Submit request to renew 9-year monitoring waiver to the State.
		(p) Submit sampling results and 90th percentile calculation to the State.
		(q) Oversee the customer-initiated lead sampling program.
		(r) Ship tap sampling material and instructions to participating households for customer-initiated lead sampling program.
		(s) Collect lead tap samples for customer-initiated lead sampling program.
		(t) Analyze lead tap samples in-house or commercially for customer-initiated lead sampling program.
		(u) Inform customers of lead tap sample results for customer-initiated lead sampling program.
	4.3.2.2: PWS Lead Water Quality Parameter Monitoring	(v) Collect lead WQP samples from the distribution system. (w) Analyze lead WQP samples from the distribution system.

		(x) Collect lead WQP samples from entry points.
		(y) Analyze lead WQP samples from entry points.
		(z) Report lead WQP sampling data and compliance with OWQPs to the State.
	4.3.2.3: PWS Copper Water Quality Parameter Monitoring	(aa) Collect copper WQP samples from the distribution system. (bb) Analyze copper WQP samples from the distribution system.
		(cc) Collect copper WQP samples from entry points.
		(dd) Analyze copper WQP samples from entry points.
		(ee) Report copper WQP sampling data and compliance with OWQPs to the State.
	4.3.2.4: PWS Source Water Monitoring	(ff) Collect source water samples. (gg) Analyze source water samples.
		(hh) Report source water monitoring results to the State.
	4.3.2.5.1: CWS School and Child Care Facility Lead Sampling Costs—First Five-Year Cycle	(ii) Create a list of schools and child care facilities served by CWS and submit to State. (jj) Develop lead outreach materials for schools and child care facilities.
		(kk) Prepare and distribute initial letters explaining the sampling program and the EPA's 3Ts Toolkit.
		(ll) Contact elementary school or child care facility to determine and finalize its sampling schedule (one-time) or contact secondary school to offer sampling (annual).
		(mm) Contact school or child care facility to coordinate sample collection logistics.
		(nn) Conduct walkthrough at school or child care facility before the start of sampling.
		(oo) Travel to collect samples.
		(pp) Collect samples.
		(qq) Analyze samples.
		(rr) Provide sampling results to tested facilities.
		(ss) Discuss sampling results with the school or child care facility.
		(tt) Conduct detailed discussion of high sampling results with schools and child care facilities.
		(uu) Report school and child care facility sampling results to the State.
		(vv) Prepare and provide annual report on school and child care facility sampling program to the State.
	4.3.2.5.2: CWS School and Child Care Facility Lead Sampling Costs—Second Five-Year Cycle On	(ww) Update the list of schools and child care facilities and submit to the State. (xx) Contact schools and child care facilities to offer sampling. (yy) Contact the school or child care facility to coordinate sample collection logistics.
		(zz) Conduct walkthrough at school or child care facility before the start of sampling.
		(aaa) Travel to collect samples.
		(bbb) Collect samples.
		(ccc) Analyze samples.
		(ddd) Provide sampling results to tested facilities.
		(eee) Discuss sampling results with the school and child care facility.
		(fff) Conduct detailed discussion of high sampling results with schools and child care facilities.
		(ggg) Report school and child care facility sampling results to the State.
		(hhh) Prepare and provide annual report on school and child care facility sampling program to the State.
4.3.3: PWS Corrision Control Costs	4.3.3.1: CCT Installation	(a) Conduct a CCT study. (b) Install CCT (PO ₄ , PO ₄ with post treatment, pH adjustment, or modify pH).
	4.3.3.2: Re-optimization of Existing Corrosion Control Treatment	(c) Revise CCT study. (d) Re-optimize existing CCT.
	4.3.3.3: DSSA Costs	(e) Contact customers and collect follow-up tap sample.
		(f) Analyze follow-up lead tap sample.
		(g) Collect distribution system WQP sample.
		(h) Analyze distribution system WQP sample.
		(i) Review incidents of systemwide events and other system conditions.
		(j) Consult with the State prior to making CCT changes.
		(k) Report follow-up sample results and overall DSSA responses to the State.
	4.3.3.4: System Lead CCT Routine Costs	(l) Review CCT guidance. (m) Provide WQP data to the State and discuss during sanitary survey.

		(n) Notify and consult with the State on required actions in response to source water change.
		(o) Notify and consult with the State on required actions in response to treatment change.
4.3.4: PWS Service Line Inventory and Replacement Costs	4.3.4.1: Service Line Inventory	(a) Conduct records review for connector materials. (b) Compile and submit connector updated LCRR inventory (baseline inventory) to the State.
		(c) Identify material for unknown service lines.
		(d) Report annual inventory updates to the State.
		(e) Conduct field investigations for inventory validation.
		(f) Report validation results to the State.
	4.3.4.2: Service Line Replacement Plan	(g) Develop initial service line replacement plan and submit to the State for review.
		(h) Identify funding options for full service line replacements.
		(i) Include information on deferred deadline and associated replacement rate in the service line replacement plan.
		(j) Update service line replacement plan annually or certify no changes.
		(k) Provide an undated recommendation of the deferred deadline and associated replacement rate.
	4.3.4.3: Physical Service Line Replacements	(l) Systems replace lead and GRR service lines.
	4.3.4.4: Ancillary Service Line Replacement Activities	(m) Contact customers and conduct site visits prior to service line replacement. (n) Deliver filters and 6 months of replacement cartridges at time of service line replacement.
		(o) Collect tap sample post-service line replacement.
		(p) Analyze post-service line replacement tap sample.
		(q) Inform customers of tap sample result.
		(r) Submit annual report on service line replacement program to the State.
4.3.5: PWS POU-Related Costs (Small System Compliance Option)	4.3.5.1: POU Device Installation and Maintenance 4.3.5.2: POU Ancillary Activities	(a) Provide, monitor, and maintain POU devices. (b) Develop POU plan and submit to the State.
		(c) Develop public education materials and submit to the State.
		(d) Print POU education materials.
		(e) Obtain households for POU monitoring.
		(f) Deliver POU monitoring materials and instructions to participating households.
		(g) Collect tap samples after POU installation.
		(h) Determine if sample should be rejected and not analyzed.
		(i) Analyze POU tap samples.
		(j) Prepare and submit sample invalidation request to the State.
		(k) Inform customers of POU tap sample results.
		(l) Certify to the State that POU tap results were reported to customers.
		(m) Prepare and submit annual report on POU program to the State.
4.3.6: PWS Lead Public Education, Outreach, and Notification Costs	4.3.6.1: Consumer Notice	(a) Develop lead consumer notice materials and submit to the State for review.
		(b) Provide a copy of the consumer notice and certification to the State.
	4.3.6.2: Activities Regardless of Lead 90th Percentile Level	(c) Update CCR language. (d) Develop new customer outreach plan.
		(e) Develop approach for improved public access to lead health-related information and tap sample results.
		(f) Establish a process for public access to information on known or potential lead content service line locations and tap sample results.
		(g) Maintain a process for public access to lead health information, known or potential lead content service line locations, and tap sample results.
		(h) Respond to customer request for known or potential lead content service line information.
		(i) Respond to requests from realtors, home inspectors, and potential home buyers for known or potential lead content service line information.
		(j) Develop a list of local and State health agencies.
		(k) Develop lead outreach materials for local and State health agencies and submit to the State for review.
		(l) Deliver lead outreach materials for local and State health agencies.
		(m) Develop public education materials for known or potential lead content service line disturbances and submit to the State.

		(n) Deliver public education for service line disturbances.
		(o) Deliver filters and 6 months of replacement cartridges during disturbances of service lines.
		(p) Develop inventory-related outreach materials and submit to the State for review.
		(q) Distribute inventory-related outreach materials.
		(r) Provide translation services for public education materials.
		(s) Certify to the State that lead outreach was completed.
	4.3.6.3: Public Education Activities in Response to Lead ALE	(t) Update mandatory language for lead ALE public education and submit to the State for review.
		(u) Deliver lead ALE public education materials to all customers.
		(v) Post notice to website.
		(w) Prepare press release.
		(x) Contact public health agencies to obtain additional organizations and update recipient list.
		(y) Notify public health agencies and other organizations.
		(z) Consult with State on other public education activities.
		(aa) Implement other public education activities.
	4.3.6.4: Public Education Activities in Response to Multiple Lead ALEs	(bb) Develop plan for making filters available and submit to the State for review. (cc) Develop outreach materials for systems with multiple lead ALEs and submit to the State for review.
		(dd) Conduct enhanced public education for systems with multiple lead ALEs.
		(ee) Consult with State on filter program for systems with multiple lead ALEs.
		(ff) Administer filter program for systems with multiple lead ALEs.
		(gg) Make filters available due to multiple lead ALEs.
Acronyms: 3Ts = “3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Schools and Child Care Facilities Toolkit: A Training, Testing, and Taking Action Approach (Revised Manual)”; ALE = action level exceedance; CCR = consumer confidence report; CCT = corrosion control treatment; CWS = community water system; DSSA = Distribution System and Site Assessment; GRR = galvanized requiring replacement; OCCT = optimal corrosion control treatment; OWQPs = optimal water quality parameters; PO4 = orthophosphate; POU = point-of-use; PWS = public water system; WQP = water quality parameter.
Notes:
Numbering and lettering in the exhibit represents the section in the final LCRI Economic Analysis document (USEPA, 2024a), where additional information on the definition of and derivation of burden and cost for each activity is located. Systems will also incur burden for recordkeeping activities under the LCRI, such as retaining records of decisions, supporting documentation, technical basis for decisions, and documentation submitted by the system. The EPA has included burden for recordkeeping with each activity when applicable as opposed to providing separate burden estimates.
The EPA assigned a unique letter identification (ID) for each activity under a given rule component. Activities are generally organized with upfront, one-time activities first followed by ongoing activities.
This certification is inclusive of outreach activities in sections 4.3.6.1 through 4.3.6.4 in the final LCRI Economic Analysis.

Exhibit 6—Estimated National Total Monetized Annualized PWS Rule Costs—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

PWS annual costs	Low estimate	High estimate
Rule component	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Sampling	$134.0	$166.0	$32.0	$143.6	$176.2	$32.6
PWS Service Line Replacement *	84.6	1,259.0	1,174.4	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4
Corrosion Control Technology	552.0	591.1	39.1	647.8	692.9	45.1
Point-of Use Device Installation and Maintenance	2.4	5.1	2.7	5.9	9.6	3.7
Public Education and Outreach	69.6	267.3	197.7	72.1	302.2	230.1

Rule Implementation and Administration	0.1	3.4	3.3	0.2	3.4	3.2
Total Annual PWS Costs	842.7	2,291.9	1,449.2	994.1	2,948.2	1,954.1
* Service line replacement includes full and partial lead and GRR service line replacements.
Previous Baseline costs are projected over the 35-year period of analysis and are affected by the EPA's assumptions on three uncertain variables that vary between the low- and high-cost scenarios. For the LCRR Economic Analysis (USEPA, 2020d), the EPA assumed that the cost of customer-side service line replacements made under the goal-based replacement rate would be paid for by households. The agency also assumed that system-side service line replacements under the goal-based replacement rate and all service line replacements (both customer-side and systems-side) would be paid by the PWS under the three percent mandatory replacement rate. The EPA made these modeling assumptions based on the different levels of regulatory responsibility systems faced operating under a goal-based replacement rate versus a mandatory replacement rate. While systems would not be subject to a potential violation for not meeting the target replacement rate under the goal-based replacement requirement, under the three percent mandatory replacement rate, the possibility of a violation could motivate more systems to meet the target replacement rate even if they had to adopt customer incentive programs that would shift the cost of replacing customer-side service lines from customers to the system. To be consistent with these LCRR modeling assumptions, under the LCRI, the EPA assumed that mandatory replacement costs would fall only on systems. Therefore, the negative incremental values reported for the “Household Service Line Replacement Costs” category do not represent a net cost savings to households. They represent an assumed shift of the estimated service line replacement costs from households to systems. The EPA has insufficient information to estimate the actual service line replacement cost-sharing relationship between customers and systems at a national level for this analysis.

Exhibit 7—Estimated Annualized Incremental Cost per Household by Community Water System Category—Low Scenario

[2022 USD]

Ownership	Source water	Size	Mean	10th percentile	25th percentile	50th percentile	75th percentile	90th percentile
Private	Ground	Less than 100	$67.10	$28.10	$39.80	$57.80	$89.00	$117.00
Private	Ground	101 to 500	22.50	6.40	11.40	19.40	28.10	43.50
Private	Ground	501 to 1,000	4.60	1.20	1.60	3.00	6.10	8.50
Private	Ground	1,001 to 3,300	2.70	0.60	0.90	1.60	3.60	4.80
Private	Ground	3,301 to 10,000	8.50	−0.20	0.60	5.00	14.50	25.00
Private	Ground	10,001 to 50,000	6.50	0.10	0.60	6.40	11.20	14.30
Private	Ground	50,001 to 100,000	7.50	0.00	0.30	8.70	11.70	13.90
Private	Ground	100,001 to 1,000,000	4.70	0.00	0.20	3.80	8.50	9.70
Private	Surface	Less than 100	59.20	23.40	32.80	50.90	78.60	106.40
Private	Surface	101 to 500	17.70	5.60	8.40	15.00	22.40	33.70
Private	Surface	501 to 1,000	4.30	1.50	1.90	2.80	5.20	8.70
Private	Surface	1,001 to 3,300	2.60	0.60	0.70	1.40	3.20	4.60
Private	Surface	3,301 to 10,000	9.70	0.30	0.80	6.40	15.30	26.20
Private	Surface	10,001 to 50,000	5.50	0.20	0.50	4.70	9.60	13.00
Private	Surface	50,001 to 100,000	7.00	0.00	2.00	7.90	10.90	13.80
Private	Surface	100,001 to 1,000,000	5.70	0.00	0.20	6.10	9.70	12.10
Private	Surface	Greater than 1,000,000	1.90	1.30	1.30	2.40	2.40	2.60
Public	Ground	Less than 100	52.20	23.40	31.60	43.50	69.50	93.90
Public	Ground	101 to 500	14.80	4.90	7.40	11.80	18.60	28.10
Public	Ground	501 to 1,000	3.70	1.20	1.60	2.50	4.40	6.70
Public	Ground	1,001 to 3,300	2.00	0.50	0.70	1.30	2.50	3.50
Public	Ground	3,301 to 10,000	7.10	0.20	0.60	4.30	11.30	19.30

Public	Ground	10,001 to 50,000	4.50	0.10	0.50	4.00	7.30	10.20
Public	Ground	50,001 to 100,000	5.20	0.00	0.90	6.00	8.20	9.90
Public	Ground	100,001 to 1,000,000	5.20	0.00	1.20	6.30	8.00	9.60
Public	Ground	Greater than 1,000,000	0.60	0.30	0.30	0.80	0.80	0.90
Public	Surface	Less than 100	54.30	21.00	29.70	52.50	72.20	90.30
Public	Surface	101 to 500	12.60	4.40	6.30	10.20	15.50	23.60
Public	Surface	501 to 1,000	3.50	1.30	1.60	2.40	4.20	6.40
Public	Surface	1,001 to 3,300	2.00	0.50	0.70	1.20	2.30	3.40
Public	Surface	3,301 to 10,000	7.90	0.50	0.80	5.30	12.90	20.60
Public	Surface	10,001 to 50,000	5.00	0.20	0.60	4.60	8.40	11.10
Public	Surface	50,001 to 100,000	5.90	0.00	0.40	6.50	9.50	11.80
Public	Surface	100,001 to 1,000,000	6.50	0.10	0.50	7.60	10.00	12.10
Public	Surface	Greater than 1,000,000	2.40	0.30	0.60	2.00	2.40	5.00
Notes: Rows are not included for system categories that contain zero systems. Detailed rows may not add exactly to the total due to independent rounding.
When evaluating the economic impacts on PWSs, the EPA uses the estimated PWS cost of capital to discount future costs (not the 2 percent discount rate used to evaluate social costs and benefit) because this best represents the actual costs of compliance that water systems would incur over time. For more information on cost of capital, see the final LCRI Economic Analysis chapter 4, section 4.2.3.3.

Exhibit 8—Estimated Annualized Incremental Cost per Household by Community Water System Category—High Scenario

[2022 USD]

Funding	Source Water	Size	Mean	10th percentile	25th percentile	50th percentile	75th percentile	90th percentile
Private	Ground	Less than 100	$64.60	$25.50	$35.50	$55.40	$87.40	$115.80
Private	Ground	101 to 500	22.00	4.60	9.40	18.70	27.70	46.80
Private	Ground	501 to 1,000	4.80	1.00	1.50	2.90	6.50	11.00
Private	Ground	1,001 to 3,300	2.80	0.50	0.80	1.50	3.70	5.20
Private	Ground	3,301 to 10,000	11.20	−1.70	0.60	6.20	19.50	34.00
Private	Ground	10,001 to 50,000	8.90	0.10	0.50	8.00	15.40	20.40
Private	Ground	50,001 to 100,000	10.60	0.00	0.10	12.00	16.70	20.10
Private	Ground	100,001 to 1,000,000	6.50	0.00	0.20	6.10	11.70	13.80
Private	Surface	Less than 100	57.20	20.90	29.90	49.30	79.90	108.10
Private	Surface	101 to 500	16.70	2.60	6.90	13.30	21.20	35.10
Private	Surface	501 to 1,000	4.40	1.20	1.80	2.70	5.60	9.70
Private	Surface	1,001 to 3,300	2.80	0.50	0.70	1.20	3.40	5.20
Private	Surface	3,301 to 10,000	12.50	−0.50	0.70	7.10	20.30	36.60
Private	Surface	10,001 to 50,000	7.50	0.10	0.60	4.90	13.10	18.20
Private	Surface	50,001 to 100,000	9.80	0.00	2.20	10.90	15.30	19.40
Private	Surface	100,001 to 1,000,000	8.00	0.00	0.10	8.50	14.00	16.90
Private	Surface	Greater than 1,000,000	2.50	1.60	1.60	3.20	3.20	3.40
Public	Ground	Less than 100	51.70	22.20	29.40	44.40	71.70	92.10
Public	Ground	101 to 500	15.00	4.40	6.40	11.50	18.80	30.60
Public	Ground	501 to 1,000	4.00	1.20	1.50	2.50	4.80	8.20
Public	Ground	1,001 to 3,300	2.30	0.40	0.70	1.20	2.70	4.30
Public	Ground	3,301 to 10,000	8.70	−0.60	0.50	4.40	15.00	26.30
Public	Ground	10,001 to 50,000	6.20	0.10	0.50	5.70	10.50	14.40
Public	Ground	50,001 to 100,000	7.30	0.00	1.50	8.40	11.70	14.20
Public	Ground	100,001 to 1,000,000	7.20	0.00	2.00	8.60	11.00	13.50
Public	Ground	Greater than 1,000,000	0.80	0.30	0.30	1.10	1.10	1.20
Public	Surface	Less than 100	52.90	19.40	28.50	50.30	71.00	90.50
Public	Surface	101 to 500	12.60	3.80	5.40	9.80	15.80	25.50
Public	Surface	501 to 1,000	3.60	1.10	1.50	2.30	4.60	7.60
Public	Surface	1,001 to 3,300	2.20	0.40	0.60	1.20	2.60	4.00
Public	Surface	3,301 to 10,000	9.90	0.10	0.70	5.80	17.00	27.90
Public	Surface	10,001 to 50,000	7.00	0.20	0.60	6.20	11.70	16.00
Public	Surface	50,001 to 100,000	8.20	0.00	0.40	9.00	13.50	16.70
Public	Surface	100,001 to 1,000,000	9.10	0.00	0.60	10.50	14.10	17.00
Public	Surface	Greater than 1,000,000	3.20	0.30	0.80	2.60	3.30	6.90
Notes: Rows are not included for system categories that contain zero systems. Detailed rows may not add exactly to the total due to independent rounding.
When evaluating the economic impacts on PWSs, the EPA uses the estimated PWS cost of capital to discount future costs (not the two percent discount rate used to evaluate social costs and benefit) because this best represents the actual costs of compliance that water systems would incur over time. For more information on cost of capital, see the final LCRI Economic Analysis chapter 4, section 4.2.3.3.

Exhibit 9—State Cost Components, Subcomponents, and Activities Organized by Section

Component	Subcomponents	Activities
4.4.1: State Implementation and Administrative Costs	4.4.1.1: State Start-up Implementation and Administrative Activities	(a) Adopt rule and develop program. (b) Modify data management systems. (c) Provide system training and technical assistance. (d) Provide staff training. (e) Review and approve small system flexibility option.
	4.4.1.2: State Annual Implementation and Administrative Activities	(f) Coordinate with the EPA. (g) Provide ongoing technical assistance. (h) Report to SDWIS/Fed. (i) Train staff for annual administration.
4.4.2: State Sampling Related Costs	4.4.2.1: State Lead Tap Sampling Costs	(a) Provide templates for revised sampling instructions and conduct review. (b) Review updated sampling plan. (c) Review initial lead monitoring data and prepare systems for status under the LCRI. (d) Review change in tap sample locations. (e) Review 9-year monitoring waiver renewal. (f) Review sample invalidation requests. (g) Review consumer notification certifications. (h) Review monitoring results and 90th percentile calculations.
	4.4.2.2: State Lead WQP Sampling Costs	(i) Review lead WQP sampling data and compliance with OWQPs.
	4.4.2.3: State Copper WQP Monitoring Costs	(j) Review copper WQP sampling data and compliance with OWQPs.
	4.4.2.4: State Source Water Monitoring Costs	(k) Review source water monitoring results.
	4.4.2.5: State School Sampling Costs	(l) Review list of schools and child care facilities. (m) Provide templates on school and child care facility testing program. (n) Review school and child care facility testing program materials. (o) Review school and child care facility sampling results after individual sampling events. (p) Review annual reports on school and child care facility lead in drinking water testing program.
4.4.3: State CCT Related Costs	4.4.3.1: CCT Installation	(a) Review CCT study and determine type of CCT to be installed. (b) Set OWQPs after CCT installation.
	4.4.3.2: Re-optimization	(c) Review CCT study and determine needed OCCT adjustment. (d) Reset OWQPs after CCT re-optimization.
	4.4.3.3: State DSSA Costs	(e) Consult with system prior to any DSSA CCT adjustments. (f) Review report on DSSA responses.
	4.4.3.4: State Lead CCT Routine Costs	(g) Review CCT guidance and applicability to individual PWSs. (h) Review water quality data with PWSs during sanitary survey. (i) Consult on required actions in response to source water change. (j) Consult on required actions in response to treatment change.
4.4.4: State Service Line Inventory and Replacement Related Costs	4.4.4.1: Service Line Inventory Costs	(a) Review connector updated LCRR initial inventory (baseline inventory). (b) Review annual service line inventory updates. (c) Review inventory validation report.
	4.4.4.2: Service Line Replacement Plan Review Costs	(d) Review initial service line replacement plan. (e) Review information on deferred deadline and associated replacement rate in the service line replacement plan and determine fastest feasible rate. (f) Review annually updated service line replacement plan or certification of no change. (g) Conduct triennial review of water system updated recommended deferred deadline and associated replacement rate and determine fastest feasible rate.
	4.4.4.3: Service Line Replacement Report Review Costs	(h) Review annual service line replacement program report.
4.4.5: State POU Related Costs	4.4.5.1: One-Time POU Program Costs	(a) Review POU plan. (b) Provide templates for POU outreach materials. (c) Review POU public education materials.
	4.4.5.2: Ongoing POU Program Costs	(d) Review sample invalidation request for POU monitoring. (e) Review customer notification certifications. (f) Review annual POU program report.
4.4.6: State Public Education-Related Costs	4.4.6.1: Consumer Notice	(a) Provide templates for consumer notice materials. (b) Review lead consumer notice materials. (c) Review copy of the consumer notice and certification.

	4.4.6.2: Activities Regardless of the Lead 90th Percentile Level	(d) Provide templates for updated CCR language. (e) Provide templates for local and State health department lead outreach. (f) Review lead outreach materials for local and State health departments. (g) Participate in joint communication efforts with local and State health departments. (h) Provide templates for service line disturbance outreach materials. (i) Review public education materials for service line disturbances. (j) Provide templates for inventory-related outreach materials. (k) Review inventory-related outreach materials. (l) Provide technical assistance to PWSs for public education materials. (m) Review public education certifications.
	4.4.6.3: Public Education Activities in Response to Lead ALE	(n) Provide templates for updated public education materials for systems with a lead ALE. (o) Review revised lead language for systems with a lead ALE. (p) Consult with CWS on other public education activities in response to lead ALE.
	4.4.6.4: Public Education Activities in Response to Multiple Lead ALEs	(q) Review plan for making filters available. (r) Provide templates for systems with multiple lead ALEs. (s) Review outreach materials provided by systems with multiple lead ALEs. (t) Consult on filter program for systems with multiple lead ALEs.
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; CCR = Consumer Confidence Report; CCT = corrosion control treatment; CWS = community water system; DSSA = Distribution System and Site Assessment; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; LSL = lead service line; LSLR = lead service line replacement; OWQPs = optimal water quality parameters; POU = point-of-use; PWS = public water system; SDWIS/Fed = Safe Drinking Water Act Information System/Federal version; WQP = water quality parameter.
Notes:
Numbering and lettering in the exhibit represents the sections in the final LCRI Economic Analysis (USEPA, 2024a), where additional information on the definition of and derivation of burden and cost for each activity is located. States will also incur burden for recordkeeping activities under the final LCRI, such as retaining records of decisions, supporting documentation, technical basis for decisions, and documentation submitted by the system. The EPA has included burden for recordkeeping with each activity when applicable as opposed to providing separate burden estimates.
The EPA assigned a unique letter of identification (ID) for each activity under a given rule component. Activities are generally organized with upfront, one-time activities first followed by ongoing activities. Note that these activities are different than the activities identified for PWSs in Exhibit 5.

Exhibit 10—Estimated National Monetized Annualized Rule Costs—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

PWS annual costs	Low estimate	High estimate
Rule component	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Sampling	$134.0	$166.0	$32.0	$143.6	$176.2	$32.6
PWS Service Line Replacement *	84.6	1,259.0	1,174.4	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4
Corrosion Control Technology	552.0	591.1	39.1	647.8	692.9	45.1
Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance	2.4	5.1	2.7	5.9	9.6	3.7
Public Education and Outreach	69.6	267.3	197.7	72.1	302.2	230.1
Rule Implementation and Administration	0.1	3.4	3.3	0.2	3.4	3.2
Total Annual PWS Costs	842.7	2,291.9	1,449.2	994.1	2,948.2	1,954.1
Household Service Line Replacement Costs **	8.1	0.0	−8.1	26.4	0.0	−26.4
State Rule Implementation and Administration	38.4	66.1	27.7	41.8	67.6	25.8
Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs ***	3.0	3.0	0.0	4.8	5.1	0.3
Total Annual Rule Costs	892.2	2,361.0	1,468.8	1,067.1	3,020.9	1,953.8
Note: Previous Baseline costs are projected over the 35-year period of analysis and are affected by the EPA's assumptions on three uncertain variables which vary between the low- and high-cost scenarios.
* Service line replacement includes full and partial lead and GRR service line replacements.
** The EPA in the LCRR Economic Analysis (USEPA, 2020d) assumed that the cost of customer-side service line replacements made under the goal-based replacement rate would be paid for by households. The agency also assumed that system-side service line replacements under the goal-based replacement rate and all service line replacements (both customer-side and systems-side) would be paid by the PWS under the 3 percent mandatory replacement rate. The EPA made these modeling assumptions based on the different levels of regulatory responsibility systems faced operating under a goal-based replacement rate versus a mandatory replacement rate. While systems would not be subject to a potential violation for not meeting the target replacement rate under the goal-based replacement requirement, under the 3 percent mandatory replacement rate, the possibility of a violation could motivate more systems to meet the target replacement rate even if they had to adopt customer incentive programs that would shift the cost of replacing customer-side service lines from customers to the system. To be consistent with these LCRR modeling assumptions, under the LCRI, the EPA assumed that mandatory replacement costs would fall only on systems. Therefore, the negative incremental values reported for the “Household Service Line Replacement Costs” category do not represent a net cost savings to households. They represent an assumed shift of the estimated service line replacement costs from households to systems. The EPA has insufficient information to estimate the actual service line replacement cost-sharing relationship between customers and systems at a national level for this analysis.
*** Due to many water systems operating both the wastewater and drinking water systems, the EPA is evaluating the costs of additional phosphate usage for informational purposes. Because these costs are not incurred by the public water system, these costs are not “likely to occur solely as a result of compliance” with the LCRI, and, therefore, are not costs considered as part of HRRCA under SDWA section 1412(b)(3)(C)(i)(III).
Acronyms: LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; PWS = public water system.

Exhibit 11—LSL and CCT Scenarios and Simulated Geometric Mean Tap Water Lead Concentrations and Standard Deviations for the First Ten Liters Drawn After Stagnation for Each Combination of LSL and CCT Status (Exhibit Includes Assumed GRR, POU, and Pitcher Filter Water Lead Concentrations)

LSL status	CCT status	Simulated mean of log lead (µg/L)	Simulated SD of log lead	Simulated geometric mean lead (µg/L)	Simulated geometric SD of lead
LSL	None	2.67	1.32	14.38	3.75
Partial LSL/GRR	None	1.92	1.33	6.85	3.77
No LSL	None	−0.19	1.33	0.83	3.78
LSL	Partial	2.07	1.33	7.93	3.77
Partial LSL/GRR	Partial	1.35	1.33	3.84	3.78
No LSL	Partial	−0.19	1.33	0.83	3.78
LSL	Representative	1.45	1.33	4.27	3.78
Partial LSL/GRR	Representative	0.76	1.33	2.14	3.78
No LSL	Representative	−0.19	1.33	0.83	3.78
POU and pitcher filters	−0.19	1.33	0.83	3.78
Acronyms: LSL = lead service line; CCT = corrosion control treatment; POU = point-of-use; SD = standard deviation.
Standard deviations reflect “among-sampling event” variability.
Simulated results were pooled to produce a common estimate for homes with no LSL presence across CCT conditions. Also, thee “No LSL” values were used for POU and pitcher filter lead tap concentrations.
Note: GRR service line water lead concentrations are assumed to equal “Partial LSL” concentrations.

Exhibit 12—Modeled SHEDS-P b Geometric Mean Blood Lead Levels in Children for Each Possible Drinking Water Lead Exposure Scenario for Each Year of Life

Lead service line status	Corrosion control treatment status	Water concentration (µg/L)	GM blood lead level (µg/dL) for specified year of life
0-1	1-2	2-3	3-4	4-5	5-6	6-7	Avg.
LSL	None	14.38	4.94	2.74	2.82	2.71	2.78	2.95	2.61	3.08
Partial LSL/GRR	None	6.85	3.12	1.98	2.01	2.01	2.01	2.08	1.84	2.15

No LSL	None	0.83	1.19	1.28	1.30	1.28	1.30	1.39	1.10	1.26
LSL	Partial	7.93	3.27	2.11	2.13	2.10	2.08	2.21	1.95	2.27
Partial LSL/GRR	Partial	3.84	2.18	1.64	1.66	1.68	1.64	1.72	1.47	1.71
No LSL	Partial	0.83	1.19	1.28	1.30	1.28	1.30	1.39	1.10	1.26
LSL	Representative	4.27	2.36	1.72	1.73	1.74	1.73	1.80	1.53	1.80
Partial LSL/GRR	Representative	2.14	1.65	1.47	1.45	1.47	1.46	1.51	1.28	1.47
No LSL	Representative	0.83	1.19	1.28	1.30	1.28	1.30	1.39	1.10	1.26
POU or pitcher filter		0.83	1.19	1.28	1.30	1.28	1.30	1.39	1.10	1.26
Blood lead levels for the first year of life are based on regression from IEUBK for 0.5- to 1-year-olds only.
These values represent the blood lead for a child living with the LSL/CCT status in the columns to the left. Each year blood lead corresponding to actual modeled child is summed and divided by 7 in the model to estimate lifetime average blood lead.
This column contains calculated average lifetime blood lead levels assuming a child lived in the corresponding LSL/GRR service line, CCT, POU, or pitcher filter scenario for their entire life.

Exhibit 13—Estimates of Geometric Mean Blood Lead Levels in Older Children and Adults (Ages 8-79) for Each Possible Drinking Water Lead Exposure Scenario

Lead service line status	Corrosion control treatment status	Sex	Geometric mean blood lead level (µg/dL) for specified age group in years from the AALM
8-15	16-19	20-29	30-39	40-49	50-59	60-69	70-79
LSL	None	Male Female	1.33 1.25	1.28 1.44	1.70 1.99	1.82 2.14	1.92 2.27	1.98 2.35	1.36 1.56	1.94 2.31
Partial LSL/GRR	None	Male Female	1.03 0.97	1.00 1.10	1.30 1.47	1.35 1.53	1.37 1.56	1.39 1.59	1.36 1.56	1.34 1.53
No LSL	None	Male Female	0.80 0.74	0.77 0.83	0.98 1.06	0.97 1.03	0.94 1.00	0.92 0.98	0.88 0.94	0.85 0.91
LSL	Partial	Male Female	1.08 1.01	1.04 1.15	1.36 1.55	1.42 1.62	1.45 1.66	1.47 1.70	1.45 1.67	1.42 1.65
Partial LSL/GRR	Partial	Male Female	0.92 0.85	0.89 0.96	1.14 1.26	1.16 1.28	1.16 1.28	1.15 1.28	1.12 1.25	1.10 1.22
No LSL	Partial	Male Female	0.80 0.74	0.77 0.83	0.98 1.06	0.97 1.03	0.94 1.00	0.92 0.98	0.88 0.94	0.85 0.91
LSL	Representative	Male Female	0.93 0.87	0.90 0.98	1.16 1.29	1.19 1.32	1.19 1.32	1.19 1.32	1.16 1.29	1.13 1.27
Partial LSL/GRR	Representative	Male Female	0.85 0.79	0.82 0.89	1.05 1.15	1.05 1.14	1.03 1.12	1.02 1.11	0.99 1.07	0.96 1.04
No LSL	Representative	Male Female	0.80 0.74	0.77 0.83	0.98 1.06	0.97 1.03	0.94 1.00	0.92 0.98	0.88 0.94	0.85 0.91

POU or pitcher filter		Male Female	0.80 0.74	0.77 0.83	0.98 1.06	0.97 1.03	0.94 1.00	0.92 0.98	0.88 0.94	0.85 0.91
The estimated values reported in this exhibit represent the mean blood lead level for the ages specified in the range. The AALM tool reports age-specific, yearly blood lead levels for each single year age that are used in the SafeWater LCR benefits model.

Exhibit 14—Estimated National Monetized Annual Benefits—2 Percent Discount Rate

[millions of 2022 USD]

	Low estimate	High estimate
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Annual IQ Benefits	$1,208.5	$6,831.3	$5,622.8	$3,279.0	$10,963.0	$7,684.0
Annual Low-Birth Weight Benefits	1.0	5.4	4.4	1.8	5.7	3.9
Annual ADHD Benefits	33.6	196.3	162.7	179.9	599.5	419.6
Annual Adult CVD Premature Mortality Benefits	1,750.7	9,454.3	7,703.6	8,174.9	25,210.0	17,035.1
Total Annual Benefits	2,993.8	16,487.3	13,493.5	11,635.6	36,778.2	25,142.6
Acronyms: LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; IQ = intelligence quotient; ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CVD = cardiovascular disease.

Exhibit 15—Comparison of Estimated Monetized National Annualized Incremental Costs to Benefits of the LCRI—2 Percent Discount Rate

[millions 2022 USD]

PWS annual costs	Low scenario	High scenario
Annualized Incremental Costs	$1,468.8	$1,953.8
Annualized Incremental Benefits	13,493.5	25,142.6
Annual Net Benefits	12,024.7	23,188.8

Exhibit 16—Summary of Alternative Options Considered for the Final LCRI

Area	Alternative option considered	Final LCRI
Lead Action Level	1. Lead Action Level of ≤0.015 mg/L 2. Lead Action Level of ≤0.005 mg/L	Lead AL of ≤0.010 mg/L (proposed rule).
Service Line Replacement Rate	Service lines are replaced at an annual rate of 7%	Service lines are replaced at an annual rate of 10% (proposed rule).
Definition of Lead Content to be Replaced	Systems must replace lead service lines and galvanized lines previously downstream of lead lines or unknown lead content lines, and lead connectors and galvanized lines previously downstream of lead connectors	Systems must replace lead service lines and galvanized lines previously downstream of lead lines or unknown lead content lines. Lead connectors are replaced when encountered (proposed rule).
SLR Deferred Deadline	1. Systems may be given a deferred deadline for finishing all LSL and GRR replacements resulting in a maximum rate which is the lower of 10,000 lines per year or 39 replacements per 1,000 connections per year (proposed rule—with change to connections per year from households per year) 2. Systems may be given a deferred deadline for finishing all LSL and GRR replacements resulting in a maximum rate which is the lower of 8,000 lines per year or 39 replacements per 1,000 connections per year	Systems may be given a deferred deadline for finishing all lead and GRR service line replacements resulting in a maximum rate of 39 replacements per 1,000 connections.

Lead Tap Sampling	All systems return to standard 6-month monitoring with an ALE. Systems with lead, GRR, and/or unknown service lines at the compliance date conduct standard 6-month monitoring at the compliance date and non-lead service line systems remain on LCR monitoring schedule until new LCRI protocol sampling may change P90. When (and if) a non-lead system finds a lead or GRR service line they return to 6-month monitoring. (proposed rule). Systems that sampled using the new protocol and are below the LCRI action level prior to the compliance date may qualify to retain their current schedule	All systems return to standard 6-month monitoring with an ALE. Systems with lead and GRR service lines return to standard 6-month monitoring at compliance date. Unknown and non-lead service line systems remain on LCR monitoring schedule until new LCRI protocol sampling may change P90. When (and if) a non-lead/all unknown system finds a lead or GRR service line they return to 6-month monitoring. Systems with lead and GRR service lines that sampled using the new protocol and are below the LCRI action level prior to the compliance date may qualify to retain their current schedule.
Multiple ALE Filter Programs	Systems with at least 2 lead ALEs in a rolling 5-year period must prepare and submit a filter plan to State. Systems with at least 3 lead ALEs in a rolling 5-year period must: 1. Make filters available to all customers with lead, GRR, and unknown lead content service lines 2. Deliver filters directly to all customers.	Systems with at least 2 lead ALEs in a rolling 5-year period must prepare and submit a filter plan to State. Systems with at least 3 lead ALEs in a rolling 5-year period must make filters available to all customers (proposed rule—with filter plan being required after 2 ALEs instead of 3 ALEs for the final rule).
Small System Flexibility	CWSs that serve 10,000 or fewer persons, and all NTNCWSs, are provided compliance flexibility when they exceed the action level	CWSs that serve 3,300 or fewer persons, and all NTNCWSs, are provided compliance flexibility when they exceed the action level (proposed rule).
Acronyms: LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; GRR = galvanized requiring replacement; ALE = action level exceedance; CWS = community water system; NTNCWS = non-transient, non-community water system; LSL = lead service line; GRR = galvanized requiring replacement service line; P90 = calculated 90th percentile lead tap sample.
Note: (Proposed Rule) indicates if a final rule component or alternative option were originally considered as part of the proposed LCRI.

Exhibit 17—Estimated National Annualized Rule Cost Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Lead Action Level Option (AL ≤0.015 mg /L)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

PWS annual costs	Final rule	Alternative option (AL ≤0.015 mg/L)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Sampling	$143.6	$176.2	$32.6	$143.6	$168.1	$24.5
PWS SLR	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4	124.5	1,765.2	1,640.7
Corrosion Control Technology	647.8	692.9	45.1	647.8	621.1	−26.7
Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance	5.9	9.6	3.7	5.9	5.6	−0.3
Public Education and Outreach	72.1	302.2	230.1	72.1	274.7	202.6
Rule Implementation and Administration	0.2	3.4	3.2	0.2	3.4	3.2
Total Annual PWS Costs	994.1	2,948.2	1,954.1	994.1	2,838.1	1,844.0
Household SLR Costs	26.4	0.0	−26.4	26.4	0.0	−26.4
State Rule Implementation and Administration	41.8	67.6	25.8	41.8	66.2	24.4
Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs	4.8	5.1	0.3	4.8	3.3	−1.5

Total Annual Rule Costs	1,067.1	3,020.9	1,953.8	1,067.1	2,907.6	1,840.5
Acronyms: AL = action level; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; PWS = public water system; SLR = lead service line replacement; USD = United States dollar.
Notes:
(1) Previous Baseline costs are projected over the 35-year period of analysis and are affected by the EPA's assumptions on three uncertain variables which vary between the low and high cost scenarios.
(2) Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 18—Estimated National Annual Benefit Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Lead Action Level Option (AL ≤0.015 mg /L)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

	Final rule	Alternative option (AL ≤0.015 mg/L)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Annual IQ Benefits	$3,279.0	$10,963.0	$7,684.0	$3,279.0	$10,586.0	$7,307.0
Annual Low-Birth Weight Benefits	1.8	5.7	3.9	1.8	5.5	3.7
Annual ADHD Benefits	179.9	599.5	419.6	179.9	580.4	400.5
Annual Adult CVD Premature Mortality Benefits	8,174.9	25,210.0	17,035.1	8,174.9	24,203.4	16,028.5
Total Annual Benefits	11,635.6	36,778.2	25,142.6	11,635.6	35,375.3	23,739.7
Acronyms: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; AL = action level; CVD = cardiovascular disease; IQ = intelligence quotient; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; USD = United States dollar.
Note: Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 19—Estimated National Annualized Rule Cost Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Lead Action Level Option (AL ≤0.005 mg /L)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

PWS annual costs	Final rule	Alternative option (AL ≤0.005 mg/L)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Sampling	$143.6	$176.2	$32.6	$143.6	$198.7	$55.1
PWS SLR	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4	124.5	1,762.4	1,637.9
Corrosion Control Technology	647.8	692.9	45.1	647.8	819.4	171.6
Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance	5.9	9.6	3.7	5.9	15.7	9.8
Public Education and Outreach	72.1	302.2	230.1	72.1	374.2	302.1
Rule Implementation and Administration	0.2	3.4	3.2	0.2	3.6	3.4
Total Annual PWS Costs	994.1	2,948.2	1,954.1	994.1	3,174.0	2,179.9

Household SLR Costs	26.4	0.0	−26.4	26.4	0.0	−26.4
State Rule Implementation and Administration	41.8	67.6	25.8	41.8	71.7	29.9
Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs	4.8	5.1	0.3	4.8	8.2	3.4
Total Annual Rule Costs	1,067.1	3,020.9	1,953.8	1,067.1	3,253.9	2,186.8
Acronyms: AL = action level; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; PWS = public water system; SLR = lead service line replacement; USD = United States dollar.
Notes:
(1) Previous Baseline costs are projected over the 35-year period of analysis and are affected by EPA's assumptions on three uncertain variables which vary between the low and high cost scenarios.
(2) Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 20—Estimated National Annual Benefit Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Lead Action Level Option (AL ≤0.005 mg /L)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

	Final rule	Alternative option (AL ≤0.005 mg/L)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Annual IQ Benefits	$3,279.0	$10,963.0	$7,684.0	$3,279.0	$11,651.2	$8,372.2
Annual Low-Birth Weight Benefits	1.8	5.7	3.9	1.8	6.0	4.2
Annual ADHD Benefits	179.9	599.5	419.6	179.9	634.9	455.0
Annual Adult CVD Premature Mortality Benefits	8,174.9	25,210.0	17,035.1	8,174.9	27,044.4	18,869.5
Total Annual Benefits	11,635.6	36,778.2	25,142.6	11,635.6	39,336.5	27,700.9
Acronyms: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; AL = action level; CVD = cardiovascular disease; IQ = intelligence quotient; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; SLR = lead service line replacement; USD = United States dollar.
Note: Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 21—Estimated National Annualized Rule Cost Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Service Line Replacement Option (SLR Rate = 7%)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

PWS Annual Costs	Final rule	Alternative option (SLR Rate = 7%)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Sampling	$143.6	$176.2	$32.6	$143.6	$176.1	$32.5
PWS SLR	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4	124.5	1,672.2	1,547.7
Corrosion Control Technology	647.8	692.9	45.1	647.8	696.0	48.2
Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance	5.9	9.6	3.7	5.9	10.2	4.3
Public Education and Outreach	72.1	302.2	230.1	72.1	341.0	268.9
Rule Implementation and Administration	0.2	3.4	3.2	0.2	3.4	3.2
Total Annual PWS Costs	994.1	2,948.2	1,954.1	994.1	2,898.9	1,904.8
Household SLR Costs	26.4	0.0	−26.4	26.4	0.0	−26.4
State Rule Implementation and Administration	41.8	67.6	25.8	41.8	67.7	25.9

Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs	4.8	5.1	0.3	4.8	5.2	0.4
Total Annual Rule Costs	1,067.1	3,020.9	1,953.8	1,067.1	2,971.8	1,904.7
Acronyms: LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; PWS = public water system; SLR = lead service line replacement; USD = United States dollar.
Notes: (1) Previous Baseline costs are projected over the 35-year period of analysis and are affected by the EPA's assumptions on three uncertain variables which vary between the low- and high-cost scenarios.
(2) Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 22—Estimated National Annual Benefit Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Service Line Replacement Option (SLR Rate = 7%)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

	Final rule	Alternative option (SLR Rate = 7%)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Annual IQ Benefits	$3,279.0	$10,963.0	$7,684.0	$3,279.0	$9,994.8	$6,715.8
Annual Low-Birth Weight Benefits	1.8	5.7	3.9	1.8	5.2	3.4
Annual ADHD Benefits	179.9	599.5	419.6	179.9	540.5	360.6
Annual Adult CVD Premature Mortality Benefits	8,174.9	25,210.0	17,035.1	8,174.9	22,997.8	14,822.9
Total Annual Benefits	11,635.6	36,778.2	25,142.6	11,635.6	33,538.3	21,902.7
Acronyms: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CVD = cardiovascular disease; IQ = intelligence quotient; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; SLR = lead service line replacement USD = United States dollar.
Note: Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 23—Estimated National Annualized Rule Cost Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Option Including Lead Connectors in Definition of Service Lines To Be Replaced—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

	Final rule	Alternative option (lead connectors and galvanized lines previously downstream of lead connectors must be replaced)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
PWS Annual Costs
Sampling	$143.6	$176.2	$32.6	$143.6	$176.4	$32.8
PWS SLR	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4	124.5	1,921.7	1,797.2
Corrosion Control Technology	647.8	692.9	45.1	647.8	701.3	53.5
Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance	5.9	9.6	3.7	5.9	9.7	3.8
Public Education and Outreach	72.1	302.2	230.1	72.1	306.6	234.5
Rule Implementation and Administration	0.2	3.4	3.2	0.2	3.4	3.2
Total Annual PWS Costs	994.1	2,948.2	1,954.1	994.1	3,119.1	2,125.0
Household SLR Costs	26.4	0.0	−26.4	26.4	0.0	−26.4
State Rule Implementation and Administration	41.8	67.6	25.8	41.8	67.9	26.1
Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs	4.8	5.1	0.3	4.8	5.3	0.5
Total Annual Rule Costs	1,067.1	3,020.9	1,953.8	1,067.1	3,192.3	2,125.2
Acronyms: LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; SLR = lead service line replacement; PWS = public water system; USD = United States dollar.
Notes: (1) Previous Baseline costs are projected over the 35-year period of analysis and are affected by the EPA's assumptions on three uncertain variables which vary between the low and high cost scenarios.
(2) Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 24—Estimated National Annual Benefit Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Option Including Lead Connectors in Definition of Service Lines To Be Replaced—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

	Final rule	Alternative option (lead connectors and galvanized lines previously downstream of lead connectors must be replaced)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Annual IQ Benefits	$3,279.0	$10,963.0	$7,684.0	$3,279.0	$12,646.8	$9,367.8
Annual Low-Birth Weight Benefits	1.8	5.7	3.9	1.8	6.4	4.6
Annual ADHD Benefits	179.9	599.5	419.6	179.9	684.8	504.9
Annual Adult CVD Premature Mortality Benefits	8,174.9	25,210.0	17,035.1	8,174.9	28,943.5	20,768.6
Total Annual Benefits	11,635.6	36,778.2	25,142.6	11,635.6	42,281.5	30,645.9
Acronyms: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CVD = cardiovascular disease; IQ = intelligence quotient; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; USD = United States dollar.
Note: Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 25—Estimated National Annualized Rule Cost Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Deferred Deadline Option (Adding Max Rate of 10,000 SL Per Year)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[millions of 2022 USD]

PWS Annual Costs	Final rule	Alternative option (SL replacement deferred deadline with additional potential maximum rate of 10,000 SL per year)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Sampling	$143.6	$176.2	$32.6	$143.6	$176.0	$32.4
PWS SLR	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4	124.5	1,763.1	1,638.6
Corrosion Control Technology	647.8	692.9	45.1	647.8	692.8	45.0
Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance	5.9	9.6	3.7	5.9	9.7	3.8
Public Education and Outreach	72.1	302.2	230.1	72.1	302.4	230.3
Rule Implementation and Administration	0.2	3.4	3.2	0.2	3.4	3.2
Total Annual PWS Costs	994.1	2,948.2	1,954.1	994.1	2,947.4	1,953.3
Household SLR Costs	26.4	0.0	−26.4	26.4	0.0	−26.4
State Rule Implementation and Administration	41.8	67.6	25.8	41.8	67.6	25.8
Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs	4.8	5.1	0.3	4.8	5.0	0.2
Total Annual Rule Costs	1,067.1	3,020.9	1,953.8	1,067.1	3,020.0	1,952.9
Acronyms: LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; PWS = public water system; SL = service line; SLR = lead service line replacement; USD = United Stated dollar.
Notes: (1) Previous Baseline costs are projected over the 35-year period of analysis and are affected by the EPA's assumptions on three uncertain variables which vary between the low and high cost scenarios.
(2) Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 26—Estimated National Annual Benefit Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Deferred Deadline Option (Adding Max Rate of 10,000 SL Per Year)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

	Final rule	Alternative option (SL replacement deferred deadline with additional potential maximum rate of 10,000 SL per year)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Annual IQ Benefits	$3,279.0	$10,963.0	$7,684.0	$3,279.0	$10,960.3	$7,681.3
Annual Low-Birth Weight Benefits	1.8	5.7	3.9	1.8	5.7	3.9
Annual ADHD Benefits	179.9	599.5	419.6	179.9	599.3	419.4
Annual Adult CVD Premature Mortality Benefits	8,174.9	25,210.0	17,035.1	8,174.9	25,203.7	17,028.8
Total Annual Benefits	11,635.6	36,778.2	25,142.6	11,635.6	36,769.0	25,133.4
Acronyms: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CVD = cardiovascular disease; IQ = intelligence quotient; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; SL = service line; USD = United States dollar.
Note: Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 27—Estimated National Annualized Rule Cost Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Deferred Deadline Option (Adding Max Rate of 8,000 SL Per Year)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

PWS Annual Costs	Final rule	Alternative option (SL replacement deferred deadline with additional potential maximum rate of 8,000 SL per year)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Sampling	$143.6	$176.2	$32.6	$143.6	$176.0	$32.4
PWS SLR	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4	124.5	1,761.8	1,637.3
Corrosion Control Technology	647.8	692.9	45.1	647.8	692.8	45.0
Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance	5.9	9.6	3.7	5.9	9.7	3.8
Public Education and Outreach	72.1	302.2	230.1	72.1	302.7	230.6
Rule Implementation and Administration	0.2	3.4	3.2	0.2	3.4	3.2
Total Annual PWS Costs	994.1	2,948.2	1,954.1	994.1	2,946.4	1,952.3
Household SLR Costs	26.4	0.0	−26.4	26.4	0.0	−26.4
State Rule Implementation and Administration	41.8	67.6	25.8	41.8	67.6	25.8
Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs	4.8	5.1	0.3	4.8	5.0	0.2
Total Annual Rule Costs	1,067.1	3,020.9	1,953.8	1,067.1	3,019.0	1,951.9
Acronyms: LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; PWS = public water system; SL = service line; SLR = lead service line replacement; USD = United Stated dollar.
Notes: (1) Previous Baseline costs are projected over the 35-year period of analysis and are affected by the EPA's assumptions on three uncertain variables which vary between the low and high cost scenarios.
(2) Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 28—Estimated National Annual Benefit Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Deferred Deadline Option (Adding Max Rate of 8,000 SL per Year)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

	Final rule	Alternative option (SL replacement deferred deadline with additional potential maximum rate of 8,000 SL per year)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Annual IQ Benefits	$3,279.0	$10,963.0	$7,684.0	$3,279.0	$10,943.3	$7,664.3
Annual Low-Birth Weight Benefits	1.8	5.7	3.9	1.8	5.7	3.9
Annual ADHD Benefits	179.9	599.5	419.6	179.9	598.3	418.4
Annual Adult CVD Premature Mortality Benefits	8,174.9	25,210.0	17,035.1	8,174.9	25,164.0	16,989.1
Total Annual Benefits	11,635.6	36,778.2	25,142.6	11,635.6	36,711.3	25,075.7
Acronyms: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CVD = cardiovascular disease; IQ = intelligence quotient; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; SL = service line; USD = United States dollar.
Note: Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 29—Estimated National Annualized Rule Cost Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Temporary Filters Program for Multiple ALE Systems Option (Filters Made Available to Lead, GRR, and Unknown Service Line Customers Only)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

PWS Annual Costs	Final rule	Alternative option (temporary filters made available to lead, GRR, and unknown lead content service line customers only in systems meeting multiple ALE criteria)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Sampling	$143.6	$176.2	$32.6	$143.6	$176.1	$32.5
PWS SLR	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4
Corrosion Control Technology	647.8	692.9	45.1	647.8	692.9	45.1
Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance	5.9	9.6	3.7	5.9	9.6	3.7
Public Education and Outreach	72.1	302.2	230.1	72.1	274.8	202.7
Rule Implementation and Administration	0.2	3.4	3.2	0.2	3.4	3.2
Total Annual PWS Costs	994.1	2,948.2	1,954.1	994.1	2,920.7	1,926.6
Household SLR Costs	26.4	0.0	−26.4	26.4	0.0	−26.4
State Rule Implementation and Administration	41.8	67.6	25.8	41.8	67.6	25.8
Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs	4.8	5.1	0.3	4.8	5.1	0.3
Total Annual Rule Costs	1,067.1	3,020.9	1,953.8	1,067.1	2,993.4	1,926.3
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; PWS = public water system; LSL = lead service line; GRR = galvanized requiring replacement service line; SLR = lead service line replacement; United States dollar.
Notes: (1) Previous Baseline costs are projected over the 35-year period of analysis and are affected by the EPA's assumptions on three uncertain variables which vary between the low and high cost scenarios.
(2) Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 30—Estimated National Annualized Rule Cost Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Temporary Filters Program for Multiple ALE Systems Option (Deliver Filters to All Customers)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

PWS Annual Costs	Final rule	Alternative option (deliver temporary filters directly to all customers in systems meeting multiple ALE criteria)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Sampling	$143.6	$176.2	$32.6	$143.6	$176.1	$32.5
PWS SLR	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4
Corrosion Control Technology	647.8	692.9	45.1	647.8	692.9	45.1
Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance	5.9	9.6	3.7	5.9	9.6	3.7
Public Education and Outreach	72.1	302.2	230.1	72.1	308.1	236.0
Rule Implementation and Administration	0.2	3.4	3.2	0.2	3.4	3.2
Total Annual PWS Costs	994.1	2,948.2	1,954.1	994.1	2,954.0	1,959.9
Household SLR Costs	26.4	0.0	−26.4	26.4	0.0	−26.4
State Rule Implementation and Administration	41.8	67.6	25.8	41.8	67.6	25.8
Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs	4.8	5.1	0.3	4.8	5.1	0.3
Total Annual Rule Costs	1,067.1	3,020.9	1,953.8	1,067.1	3,026.7	1,959.6
Acronyms: ALE = action level exceedance; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; PWS = public water system; SL = service line; SLR = lead service line replacement; United States dollar.
Notes: (1) Previous Baseline costs are projected over the 35-year period of analysis and are affected by the EPA's assumptions on three uncertain variables which vary between the low and high cost scenarios.
(2) Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 31—Estimated National Annualized Rule Cost Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Small System Flexibility Option (Flexibility for CWSs Serving Up to 10,000 Persons)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

PWS Annual Costs	Final rule	Alternative option (small system flexibility for CWSs serving up to 10,000 persons)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Sampling	$143.6	$176.2	$32.6	$143.6	$176.0	$32.4
PWS SLR	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4	124.5	1,763.9	1,639.4
Corrosion Control Technology	647.8	692.9	45.1	647.8	692.7	44.9
Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance	5.9	9.6	3.7	5.9	9.6	3.7
Public Education and Outreach	72.1	302.2	230.1	72.1	302.0	229.9
Rule Implementation and Administration	0.2	3.4	3.2	0.2	3.4	3.2
Total Annual PWS Costs	994.1	2,948.2	1,954.1	994.1	2,947.6	1,953.5
Household SLR Costs	26.4	0.0	−26.4	26.4	0.0	−26.4
State Rule Implementation and Administration	41.8	67.6	25.8	41.8	67.6	25.8
Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs	4.8	5.1	0.3	4.8	5.2	0.4
Total Annual Rule Costs	1,067.1	3,020.9	1,953.8	1,067.1	3,020.4	1,953.3
Acronyms: CWS = community water system; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; SLR = lead service line replacement; PWS = public water system; United States dollar.
Notes: (1) Previous Baseline costs are projected over the 35-year period of analysis and are affected by the EPA's assumptions on three uncertain variables which vary between the low and high cost scenarios.
(2) Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Exhibit 32—Estimated National Annual Benefit Comparison Between the Final LCRI and Alternative Small System Flexibility Option (Flexibility for CWSs Serving Up to 10,000 Persons)—High Scenario—2 Percent Discount Rate

[Millions of 2022 USD]

	Final rule	Alternative option (small system flexibility for CWSs serving up to 10,000 persons)
Baseline	LCRI	Incremental	Baseline	LCRI	Incremental
Annual IQ Benefits	$3,279.0	$10,963.0	$7,684.0	$3,279.0	$10,963.1	$7,684.1
Annual Low-Birth Weight Benefits	1.8	5.7	3.9	1.8	5.7	3.9
Annual ADHD Benefits	179.9	599.5	419.6	179.9	599.5	419.6
Annual Adult CVD Premature Mortality Benefits	8,174.9	25,210.0	17,035.1	8,174.9	25,210.5	17,035.6
Total Annual Benefits	11,635.6	36,778.2	25,142.6	11,635.6	36,778.8	25,143.2
Acronyms: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CVD = cardiovascular disease; CWS = community water system; IQ = intelligence quotient; LCRI = Lead and Copper Rule Improvements; USD = United States dollar.
Note: Very small differences in results between the final rule and the regulatory option are due to inter-run variability in the SafeWater LCR model, and/or rounding, and should not be interpreted at true differences between the costs and benefits of the final rule and the alternative option.

Table 1 to Paragraph (b)(5)(ii)

Size of validation pool	Number of validations required
<1,500	20 percent of validation pool.
1,500 to 2,000	322.
2,001 to 3,000	341.
3,001 to 4,000	351.
4,001 to 6,000	361.
6,001 to 10,000	371.
10,001 to 50,000	381.
>50,000	384.

Table 2 to Paragraph (d)(6)(iii) (A)

System-owned portion	Customer-owned portion	Categorization for entire service line
Lead	Lead	Lead.
Lead	Galvanized Requiring Replacement	Lead.
Lead	Non-lead	Lead.
Lead	Lead Status Unknown	Lead.
Non-lead	Lead	Lead.
Non-lead and never previously lead	Non-lead, specifically galvanized pipe material	Non-lead.
Non-lead	Non-lead, material other than galvanized pipe material	Non-lead.
Non-lead	Lead Status Unknown	Lead Status Unknown.
Non-lead, but system is unable to demonstrate it was not previously Lead	Galvanized Requiring Replacement	Galvanized Requiring Replacement.
Lead Status Unknown	Lead	Lead.
Lead Status Unknown	Galvanized Requiring Replacement	Galvanized Requiring Replacement.
Lead Status Unknown	Non-lead	Lead Status Unknown.
Lead Status Unknown	Lead Status Unknown	Lead Status Unknown.

Table 1 to Paragraph ( c )(1)

System size (number of people served)	Standard number of sites for lead and copper sampling
>100,000	100
10,001 to 100,000	60
3,301 to 10,000	40
501 to 3,300	20
101 to 500	10
≤100	5

Table 2 to Paragraph ( d )(1)

System size (number of people served)	Reduced minimum number of sites for lead and copper sampling
>100,000	50
10,001 to 100,000	30
3,301 to 10,000	20
501 to 3,300	10
101 to 500	5
≤100	5

Table 1 to Paragraph ( b )(1)( i )

System size (number of people served)	Minimum number of sites for water quality parameters
>100,000	25

10,001 to 100,000	10
3,301 to 10,000	3
501 to 3,300	2
101 to 500	1
≤100	1

Table 2 to Paragraph ( c )(1)

System size (number of people served)	Reduced minimum number of sites for water quality parameters
>100,000	10
10,001 to 100,000	7
3,301 to 10,000	3
501 to 3,300	2
101 to 500	1
≤100	1

Contaminant (units)	Traditional MCL in mg/L	To convert for CCR, multiply by	MCL in CCR units	MCLG	Major sources in drinking water	Health effects language

* * * * * * *
Inorganic contaminants

* * * * * * *
Lead (mg/L)	AL = 0.010	1,000	AL = 10	0	Corrosion of household plumbing systems and service lines connecting buildings to water mains, erosion of natural deposits	There is no safe level of lead in drinking water. Exposure to lead in drinking water can cause serious health effects in all age groups, especially pregnant people, infants (both formula-fed and breastfed), and young children. Some of the health effects to infants and children include decreases in IQ and attention span. Lead exposure can also result in new or worsened learning and behavior problems. The children of persons who are exposed to lead before or during pregnancy may be at increased risk of these harmful health effects. Adults have increased risks of heart disease, high blood pressure, kidney or nervous system problems. Contact your health care provider for more information about your risks.

* * * * * * *

Contaminant	MCL/MRDL/TT violations	Monitoring & testing procedure violations
Tier of public notice required	Citation	Tier of public notice required	Citation
I. * * *
C. Lead and Copper Rule (Action Level for lead is 0.010 mg/L, for copper is 1.3 mg/L)
1. Lead and Copper Rule (TT)	2	141.80 (except paragraph (c)) through 141.84, 141.85(a) through (c) (except paragraphs (c)(3)), (h), and (j), and 141.93	3	141.86 through 141.90, 141.92.

* * * * * * *

Contaminant	MCLG mg/L	MCL mg/L	Standard health effects language for public notification
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR)

* * * * * * *
D. Lead and Copper Rule
23. Lead	zero	TT	There is no safe level of lead in drinking water. Exposure to lead in drinking water can cause serious health effects in all age groups, especially pregnant people, infants (both formula-fed and breastfed), and young children. Some of the health effects to infants and children include decreases in IQ and attention span. Lead exposure can also result in new or worsened learning and behavior problems. The children of persons who are exposed to lead before or during pregnancy may be at increased risk of these harmful health effects. Adults have increased risks of heart disease, high blood pressure, kidney or nervous system problems. Contact your health care provider for more information about your risks.

* * * * * * *

National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Lead and Copper: Improvements (LCRI)

AGENCY:

ACTION:

SUMMARY:

DATES:

ADDRESSES:

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary

Achieving Lead Pipe Replacement Within 10 Years

Locating Legacy Lead Pipes

Improving Tap Sampling

Lowering the Lead Action Level

Strengthening Protections To Reduce Exposure

Benefits and Costs Analysis

Compliance and Public Process

II. General Information

A. What does the final LCRI require?