Electronic Documents and Signatures

AGENCY:

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), DOT.

ACTION:

Final rule.

SUMMARY:

FMCSA amends its regulations to allow the use of electronic records and signatures to satisfy FMCSA's regulatory requirements. These amendments permit the use of electronic methods to generate, certify, sign, maintain, or exchange records so long as the documents accurately reflect the required information and can be used for their intended purpose. This rule applies only to those documents that FMCSA's regulations obligate entities or individuals to retain; it does not apply to forms or other documents that must be submitted directly to FMCSA unless there are already procedures in place in the regulations for electronic submission to FMCSA. This rule partially implements the Government Paperwork Elimination Act (GPEA) and the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN).

DATES:

This final rule is effective June 15, 2018.

Petitions for Reconsideration of this final rule must be submitted to the Administrator of FMCSA in accordance with 49 CFR 389.35 no later than May 16, 2018.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Mr. David Miller, Office of Policy, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20590-0001, david.miller@dot.gov.

If you have questions on viewing or submitting material to the docket, contact Docket Services, telephone (202) 366-9826.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

This final rule is organized as follows:

I. Rulemaking Documents

A. Availability of Rulemaking Documents

B. Privacy Act

II. Executive Summary

A. Purpose and Summary of the Major Provisions

B. Benefits and Costs

III. Abbreviations and Acronyms

IV. Legal Basis for the Rulemaking

V. Background

VI. Proposal of April 28, 2014

VII. Comments and Responses

A. Overview

B. Electronic signature

C. Household Goods (HHG)

D. Lease and Interchange of Vehicles (Part 376)

E. Drug and Alcohol Testing

F. Driver's Records of Duty Status

G. Miscellaneous Comments

VIII. This Final Rule

IX. Section-by-Section Analysis

A. Part 370

B. Part 373

C. Part 375

D. Part 376

E. Part 378

F. Part 379

G. Part 380

H. Part 382

I. Part 387

J. Part 390

K. Part 391

L. Part 395

M. Part 398

X. International Impacts

XI. Regulatory Analyses

A. Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review), E.O. 13563 (Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review), and DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures

B. E.O. 13771 (Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs)

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act

D. Assistance for Small Entities

E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

F. Paperwork Reduction Act (Collection of Information)

G. E.O. 13132 (Federalism)

H. E.O. 12988 (Civil Justice Reform)

I. E.O. 13045 (Protection of Children)

J. E.O. 12630 (Taking of Private Property)

K. Privacy

L. E.O. 12372 (Intergovernmental Review)

M. E.O. 13211 (Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use)

N. E.O. 13175 (Indian Tribal Governments)

O. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (Technical Standards)

P. Environment (NEPA, CAA, E.O. 12898 Environmental Justice)

I. Rulemaking Documents

A. Availability of Rulemaking Documents

For access to docket FMCSA-2012-0376 to read background documents and comments received, go to http://www.regulations.gov at any time, or to Docket Services at U.S. Department of Transportation, Room W12-140, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20590, between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays.

B. Privacy Act

In accordance with 5 U.S.C. 553(c), the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) solicits comments from the public to better inform its rulemaking process. DOT posts these comments, without edit, including any personal information the commenter provides, to www.regulations.gov,, as described in the system of records notice (DOT/ALL-14 FDMS), which can be reviewed at www.dot.gov/privacy.

II. Executive Summary

A. Summary and Purpose of the Major Provisions

This rule establishes parity between paper and electronic documents and signatures, and expands businesses' and individuals' ability to use electronic methods to comply with FMCSA's requirements. This rule applies only to documents that FMCSA requires entities to retain. It also updates references to outdated recordkeeping and reporting methods throughout chapter III of subtitle B of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR parts 300-399) to make them technologically neutral.

This rulemaking implements portions of the Government Paperwork Elimination Act (GPEA) and the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN).

B. Benefits and Costs

This rule does not impose new requirements, and it is expected to provide regulatory relief to the industry. It codifies previously issued regulatory guidance that provides flexibility to the industry in the use of electronic documents and electronic signatures, and removes outdated and obsolete references in the regulatory text. Examples of documents affected by this rule include vehicle maintenance records, driver qualification files, bills of lading, and business records. Regulated entities are provided additional flexibility and may choose to conduct business using either electronic versions or traditional paper-based versions of these types of documents. Because the choice of using electronic methods is optional and not mandatory, and regulated entities may continue to use traditional paper-based methods if they desire to do so, the Agency expects regulated entities will choose those methods that best suit their individual needs. For those regulated entities that do choose to use electronic documents and methods under this rule, potential cost savings may include reduced expenditures on labor time, office and storage space, materials, and office equipment.

Because the previously issued regulatory guidance that is now being codified in this final rule has been in place for several years, since January 4, 2011, it is believed that many regulated entities for whom the use of electronic documents and methods best suits their needs may have already made this transition from traditional paper-based methods. Therefore, many of the potential cost savings possible from this rule may have largely already occurred. It is estimated that though there may still be some additional incremental cost savings that could result from the regulatory flexibility being codified by this final rule (e.g., for any remaining regulated entities that may desire at some time to use electronic documents and methods but have not yet made this transition), overall these additional cost savings will be minimal.

III. Abbreviations and Acronyms

IV. Legal Basis for the Rulemaking

The Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 (Pub. L. 98-554, Title II, 98 Stat. 2832, October 30, 1984), as amended, (the 1984 Act) provides broad authority to regulate drivers, motor carriers, and vehicle equipment. Section 211 of the 1984 Act grants the Secretary broad power, in carrying out motor carrier safety statutes and regulations, to “prescribe recordkeeping and reporting requirements” and to “perform other acts the Secretary considers appropriate” (49 U.S.C. 31133(a)(8) and (10)). The FMCSA Administrator has been delegated authority under 49 CFR 1.87(f) to carry out the functions vested in the Secretary of Transportation by 49 U.S.C. chapter 311, subchapters I and III, relating to commercial motor vehicle (CMV) programs and safety regulation.

Two Federal statutes govern the Agency's implementation of electronic document and signature requirements. The GPEA (Pub. L. 105.277, Title XVII (Secs. 1701-1710), 112 Stat. 2681-749, 44 U.S.C. 3504 note) was enacted on October 21, 1998, to improve customer service and governmental efficiency through the use of information technology. E-SIGN (Pub. L. 106-229, 114 Stat. 464, 15 U.S.C. 7001-7031) was signed into law on June 30, 2000. E-SIGN was designed to promote the use of electronic contract formation, signatures, and recordkeeping in private commerce by establishing legal equivalence between traditional paper-based methods and electronic methods.

The GPEA defines an electronic signature as a method of signing an electronic communication that: (a) Identifies and authenticates a particular person as the source of the electronic communication; and (b) indicates such person's approval of the information contained in the electronic communication (section 1710(1)). It also requires Federal agencies to provide individuals and entities the options of: (a) Submitting information to or transacting with the agency electronically; and (b) using electronic records retention when practicable. The GPEA states that electronic records and their related electronic signatures shall not be denied legal effect, validity, or enforceability merely because they are in electronic form (section 1707). It also encourages agencies to use electronic signature alternatives (section 1704). This final rule is concerned only with implementing the use of electronic document creation and retention with regard to documents and records required to be maintained, and does not cover electronic submission to FMCSA, as is discussed more broadly in the response to comments below.

For any transaction in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, E-SIGN supersedes all pre-existing requirements that paper records be kept so long as: (a) Such records are generated in commercial, consumer, and business transactions between private parties; and (b) those parties consent to using electronic methods. Specifically, the statute establishes the legal equivalence for contracts, signatures, and other legally-required documents, whether in traditional paper or electronic form (15 U.S.C. 7001(a)(1)).

V. Background

In recent years, FMCSA received a number of requests from motor carriers and other interested parties asking permission to use electronic methods to comply with various Agency regulations that require motor carriers and individuals to generate, sign, or store documents. Previously, FMCSA made determinations on whether certain categories of documents could be generated, signed, or stored electronically on a case-by-case basis. However, FMCSA recognized that modern technologies and evolving business practices rendered the distinction between paper and electronic documents and signatures obsolete in most cases.

FMCSA determined that many businesses and individuals could achieve greater efficiencies using electronic methods, but that others might prefer paper-based recordkeeping. As a result, FMCSA decided to give regulated entities the flexibility to choose which methods to use. On January 4, 2011, FMCSA issued regulatory guidance to 49 CFR 390.31 on the use of electronic signatures and documents to satisfy FMCSA's regulatory requirements. (76 FR 411). That guidance provided that, for the purposes of complying with any provision in chapter III of subtitle B of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR parts 300-399) that requires a document to be created, signed, certified, or retained by any person or entity, that person or entity may, but is not required to, use electronic methods. The guidance further stated that in order for electronic methods to satisfy FMCSA's regulatory requirements, the documents or signatures had to accurately reflect the information in the record and remain accessible in a form that can be viewed or reproduced according to agency rules.

On April 28, 2014, FMCSA issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) that proposed incorporating the 2011 guidance into regulations. (79 FR 23306). Subsequent to the issuance of the NPRM, FMCSA removed guidance question 27 and revised question 28 for 49 CFR 395.8, addressing the use of logging software programs for drivers' records of duty status (RODS) in order to ensure consistency with FMCSA's January 2011 guidance (79 FR 39342, July 10, 2014).

In addition, Presidential Executive Order (E.O.) 13563, “Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review” (issued January 18, 2011, and published January 21 at 76 FR 3821), prompted DOT to publish a notice in the Federal Register on February 16, 2011 (76 FR 8940). This notice requested readers to comment on a plan for reviewing existing rules, as well as to identify existing rules that may be outmoded, ineffective, insufficient, or excessively burdensome. DOT placed all retrospective regulatory review comments, including a transcript of a March 14, 2011, public meeting, in docket DOT-OST-2011-0025. One of the comments submitted to that docket was relevant to this rule, and has been included in the comment summary below.

VI. The 2014 Proposed Rule

On April 28, 2014, FMCSA published an NPRM titled “Electronic Signatures and Documents” in the Federal Register (79 FR 23306). FMCSA received 17 comments on the NPRM. No public meetings were requested and none was held.

The NPRM proposed to codify FMCSA's guidance issued under § 390.31 and eliminate references to outdated recordkeeping and reporting methods throughout the Agency's regulations. The proposed rule was intended to establish parity between paper and electronic documents and signatures, and expand businesses' and individuals' ability to use electronic methods to comply with FMCSA's requirements. It applied only to documents that FMCSA requires individuals or entities to retain. It also updated references to outdated recordkeeping and reporting methods throughout 49 CFR parts 300-399 to make them technologically neutral.

VII. Comments and Responses

A. Overview

Seventeen submissions were posted to the docket. One submission was a duplicate and three were outside the scope of this rulemaking, leaving 13 relevant submissions. Commenters included four trade associations: American Moving and Storage Association (AMSA), American Trucking Associations (ATA), National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA), and Owner, Operator, Independent Driver Association (OOIDA). Three businesses, Atlas Van Lines (Atlas), KeepTruckin (sic), and First Advantage, also provided comments, as did six individuals.

Comments Supporting the Rulemaking

Eight commenters, including the four trade associations, three individuals and a business expressed their support for the proposed rule. First Advantage agreed with the rule and recommended that 49 CFR part 382 be included in its adoption. Trade associations AMSA and NMFTA both strongly supported the rulemaking. OOIDA and ATA supported the rulemaking, although each had concerns (which are addressed further below). Finally, an individual stated “with technology these days, this makes perfect sense.”

B. Electronic Signature

Comment. An individual commenter expressed concern about the lack of description in the preamble concerning the new regulatory language in § 390.32(c)(2) and (d). Paragraph § 390.32(c)(2) in the NPRM provided a definition of the term electronic signature, using terms from the GPEA, to set the performance standard for allowing use of electronic signatures. The subparagraph also provided flexibility that such an electronic signature may be made using any available technology that otherwise satisfies FMCSA's requirements. Paragraph § 390.32(d) in the NPRM provided that any person or entity may use documents signed, certified, generated, maintained, or exchanged using electronic methods if the documents accurately reflect the information otherwise required to be contained in them. Paragraph (d) also provided that records, documents, or signatures generated, maintained, or exchanged using electronic methods would not satisfy FMCSA requirements if they are not legible or capable of being retained, used for the purpose for which they were created, or accurately reproduced for reference by any party entitled to access them. This individual commenter noted that “identification and authentication” have specific meanings defining levels of security. This same commenter wrote that the NPRM seemed to assume that electronic signatures are legible, rather than being nothing more than a PIN or user ID and password. Another individual commenter wrote that “allowing electronic signatures needs to be defined.”

OOIDA was concerned about the security of electronic documents. It requested that FMCSA provide clarification through a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking and allow for public comment.

An anonymous commenter noted FMCSA's requirements implied that it would require a level 2 or 3 authentication of a signature, and wrote, “FMCSA should explain exactly what it will require in terms of authentication and identity proofing (a necessary step in ensuring authentication).” This commenter did not see why FMCSA should require that level of authentication. Further, the individual pointed out there would be a cost to impose level 2 or 3 authentication requirements that FMCSA has not considered.

FMCSA Response. Based on the confusion generated by the NPRM's placement of the definition in § 390.32(c)(2), FMCSA has decided to move the definition of “electronic signature” to the general definition section for all Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) in §§ 390.5 and 390.5T. The definition in §§ 390.5 and 390.5T will continue to provide that an electronic signature is “a method of signing an electronic communication that identifies and authenticates a particular person as the source of the electronic communication and indicates such person's approval of the information contained in the electronic communication.”

FMCSA recognizes that the terms “identifies” and “authenticates” carry distinct meanings in the world of information technology, particularly when dealing with information security. However, these are the terms used in the GPEA to set the performance standard for allowing use of electronic signatures. Changing them here could have unintended consequences. FMCSA does not use the terms to mean that a specific level of information or authentication security must be used. Those companies and individuals who would like to use electronic signatures are free to decide, for themselves, what level of information security they are most comfortable maintaining.

For FMCSA purposes, we require only that the electronic signatures have some level of security to meet the performance standard set forth in the statute and regulations. To make it clear that the §§ 390.5 and 390.5T definition of “electronic signature” follows the GPEA performance standard, this rule will add at the end of the §§ 390.5 and 390.5T definitions a cross reference to the GPEA for the benefit of the public's understanding as to where the definition originated.

Comment. ATA wrote that motor carriers create and store records used to demonstrate compliance using electronic on-board recorders. ATA commented that FMCSA must explicitly allow drivers to sign and store documents transmitted through the electronic on-board recorder by clicking an “I agree” button. ATA said the NPRM was ambiguous on this issue and explained that there is a distinction between the characterizations of an electronic signature in § 390.32 of the NPRM and in the 2011 guidance, which stated that signatures must “accurately reflect the information in the record and remain accessible in a form that can be accurately viewed and/or reproduced according to agency rules.”

FMCSA response. We do not believe that the regulation needs to be revised to explicitly state that clicking an “I agree” button on an electronic on-board recorder is an electronic signature. Sections 390.5T and 390.32, when read together, would already allow for such an interpretation so long as the on-board recorder satisfies FMCSA's requirements. This means the on-board recorder must accurately reflect the information and/or data it is designed to record, must retain the information and/or data for the proscribed time period, and must be able to accurately reproduce the information and/or data within the required timeframes (49 CFR 390.32(d)). Additionally, it must be able to show that the user approved the information contained in the on-board recorder (49 CFR 390.5T).

C. Household Goods (HHG)

Information Provided to a Prospective Shipper (§ 375.213)

Comment. Both AMSA and Atlas strongly supported the ability to provide the Ready to Move brochure and Rights and Responsibilities booklet to consumers electronically, rather than by hyperlink to FMCSA's website. AMSA and Atlas noted, however, that the word “paper” still remains in § 375.213(a), (b)(1), and (e)(2). AMSA indicated that it believed this is an “oversight” on the Agency's part. Furthermore, AMSA pointed out: “Eliminating the paper requirement for the required Ready to Move brochure and Rights and Responsibilities booklet will allow carriers to provide all of that information together electronically.”

Both commenters noted that the only currently available electronic method for delivering the required Ready to Move brochure and Rights and Responsibilities booklet “is basically unusable by carriers because: (a) It requires that the carrier obtain a receipt that the individual shipper has actually received both booklets when the carrier is not actually providing them the documents, so does not know when the shipper has actually received them in order to be able to obtain an honest and truthful receipt; (b) the regulation does not allow the carrier to have the shipper access the documents on its website, but requires that the shipper go to the FMCSA website to obtain them, eliminating any means for the carrier to electronically track that the shipper has actually received the documents; and (c) the regulation requires that the carrier obtain and keep the required receipt for 3 years (versus the one year period required for most other documents).”

FMCSA Response. The Agency agrees with the commenters and amends the language in § 375.213(e)(2), by removing the words “electronic or paper.” FMCSA also eliminates the requirement in § 375.213 for the Ready to Move brochure and Rights and Responsibilities booklet to be provided only in paper copy or retrieved at a URL. Finally, FMCSA removes the need to receive a physical receipt of waiver from the shipper as well.

The proposed rule did not address the length of time a carrier needs to keep the receipt in § 375.213(e)(3) because FMCSA resolved the issue in 2012. AMSA's and Atlas' June 27, 2014, comments discussed reducing the length of time required to maintain the receipt from a three-year period to a one-year period. This was almost two years after FMCSA harmonized the retention period for the required receipt to one year based on AMSA's January 11, 2011, petition. The Agency published a direct final rule (DFR) on July 16, 2012 (77 FR 41699), establishing the retention period as one year.

HHG Filing of Claims

Comment. Atlas stated that the rewording of § 370.3 left the process for filing complaints unclear. Specifically, Atlas objected to the removal of the phrase “or electronic” and FMCSA's failure to delete the parenthetical statement that followed.

FMCSA Response. In response to Atlas' comment, the Agency removes the parenthetical “(when agreed to by the carrier and shipper or receiver involved)” from § 370.3(b), because the form of communication used is determined by agreement of the parties involved. This will clarify that the claimants need to file a claim, either in writing or electronically, rather than orally stating a claim. For the same reason, the Agency also removes the identical parenthetical phrase in § 378.3(a) for the filing and processing of overcharge, duplicate payment, or overcollection payments for motor carrier and household goods freight forwarder transportation of property.

D. Lease and Interchange of Vehicles (Part 376)

Comment. OOIDA was concerned that the protections established by a lease “will be compromised if a motor carrier exercises its rights under the proposed rule to use electronic documents, but the owner-operator does not have the means to maintain personal possession at all times and refer to it when necessary during the course of the lease.” OOIDA requested several clarifications regarding the proposed regulatory text in part 376 related to the responsibility of the motor carrier to make documents available to the owner-operator. OOIDA also asked how the owner-operator was to store the document on the CMV. OOIDA wrote that anything other than a paper copy may be less than effective in achieving the purposes of the leasing regulations.

OOIDA also asked FMCSA to clarify in the final rule that the new requirements for electronic signatures are not intended to permit easy amendment of a lease or its addendums.

FMCSA Response. As stated in the introduction, the E-SIGN statute requires consent from the consumer to share documents in electronic format. This consent should be part of the contract reached by the parties, in normal business arrangements, which must be signed by all parties indicating their consent to the requirements. We have added this requirement (that consent be documented) into 49 CFR 390.32(d), to ensure it is clear to all who wish to take advantage of the electronic documents and signatures options. If the owner-operator does not have the ability to receive and maintain the lease in electronic format, the owner-operator should obtain the lease in a format he or she can use, i.e., a printed copy.

In response to OOIDA's request for clarification that the requirements for electronic signatures are not intended to permit easy amendment of a lease or its addendums, without ratification by both parties, FMCSA reiterates that the purpose of this rule is to give regulated entities the choice to conduct business using either electronic or traditional paper-based methods. This rule does not change any substantive legal requirements or business practices. We have added language into 49 CFR 379.5 to include a requirement for the protection of records from unauthorized access and modification, to make this clear.

E. Drug and Alcohol Testing

Comment. First Advantage encouraged the Agency to use electronic records and signatures under part 382, “Controlled Substances and Alcohol Use and Testing,” as this would provide regulatory relief to the industry.

ATA requested that the Agency work with the DOT Office of the Secretary to create identical allowances for electronic signatures and transmissions related to drug and alcohol testing requesting requirements found in 49 CFR part 40.

FMCSA Response. While FMCSA did not include specific changes to part 382 in its NPRM of April 28, 2014, the addition of a new § 390.32 in this final rule applies to those records that are created under part 382. Thus, industry parties may now use electronic records to comply with the records retention requirements found in 49 CFR 382.401, so long as their electronic records captured the information required by § 382.401. On December 5, 2016, FMCSA published a final rule titled “Commercial Driver's License Drug and Alcohol Clearinghouse,” (81 FR 87686). That final rule, which falls under part 382, contemplates the use of electronic signatures for certain transactions related to the reporting and receipt of drug and alcohol testing information, including an employer's ability to obtain driver consent.

In reviewing the CFR for any additional terms to align with the changes proposed in the NPRM, the Agency has included a revision to § 382.601(d). FMCSA removes the phrase “the original of” in this section to reflect the practical reality that there is no real distinction between originals and copies of electronic documents. Moreover, this change conforms to the changes at § 390.31 which permit parties to maintain accurate copies in lieu of originals.

The DOT Office of Drug and Alcohol Policy and Compliance (ODAPC) has not approved the use of electronic signatures or documents to satisfy the requirements of the DOT-wide drug and alcohol testing regulations, which are found at 49 CFR part 40. The Agency has no authority over regulations under 49 CFR part 40. Any questions about part 40 regulations should be directed to ODAPC. You may find ODAPC contact information at https://www.transportation.gov/odapc.

F. Driver's Records of Duty Status

Comment. Commenters asked that the regulatory guidance for § 395.8, regarding the use of electronic devices to keep a driver's RODS, be addressed. Commenters, including ATA and KeepTruckin (sic), a mobile technology-related firm, wanted the new rule to specifically address how RODS and other HOS documents could be provided to an enforcement officer at roadside. ATA interpreted the need for an “accurate copy” as requiring that drivers retain paper copies to satisfy law enforcement requests. Two individual commenters and KeepTruckin asked if RODS would have to be printed or if they could be displayed on a tablet or smart phone. A commenter asked if RODS and supporting documents could be sent electronically. A commenter asked if a driver had to submit the original log book or if it could be faxed to the motor carrier and printed out when needed.

ATA stated that FMCSA should allow the use of electronic documents at roadside, and eliminate question 28 of the DOT Interpretations for § 395.8 that requires the ability to print paper RODS. It did not believe that there is a “compelling government interest” in requiring paper copies at roadside inspection. ATA said that, currently, the risk of fraud is no greater than for paper documents. Tablet and smart phone technology can present the documents required at roadside in an easily reviewable format and transmit them electronically.

FMCSA Response. As noted in Section V, Background, above, interpretative guidance issued under 49 CFR 395.8 that was in effect during the NPRM comment period was subsequently revised, consistent with FMCSA's July 2014 guidance on electronic signatures and documents (79 FR 39342, July 10, 2014). This revision rendered multiple comments obsolete. The July 2014 guidance addressed logging software programs that do not qualify as automatic on-board recording devices (AOBRDs) or electronic logging devices (ELDs). The Agency is in the process of reviewing all regulatory guidance previously issued by FMCSA. Any changes to existing guidance for § 395.8, § 395.15, or other sections addressed in this rulemaking will be considered during that review. In the meantime, the existing guidance remains in effect.

This rule modifies 49 CFR 395.15 governing use of AOBRDs. Provisions pertaining to ELDs were addressed in a separate rulemaking (80 FR 78292, December 16, 2015). The ELD final rule also addressed the handling of supporting documents during inspections beginning December 18, 2017. The ATA comment erroneously presumes that the reference to an electronic document constituting an “accurate copy” would mean that drivers would need to have paper documents available for inspections. While there will be circumstances where paper RODS may be required, the need for production of paper records will diminish over time with the adoption of this rule and implementation of FMCSA's ELD final rule.

FMCSA has long acknowledged drivers' ability to satisfy their obligation to submit paper RODS to their motor carrier employer by scanning the original documents and submitting them electronically (75 FR 32860, June 10, 2010). Submission of supporting documents can be handled in the same manner.

G. Miscellaneous Comments

Comment. NFMTA and ATA recommended that the rule be expanded to include documents that FMCSA receives as well. An individual commenter stated that “FMCSA regulations still require paper signatures on many daily reports; creating a paperwork burden to technology adoption.” This commenter requested that FMCSA adopt technology and remove current barriers.

OOIDA was concerned that the Agency would consider electronic documents as more accurate than other methods in regards to the recording of HOS. OOIDA wrote that a document is only as accurate as the information recorded by its author.

ATA expressed their confusion of what constitutes an electronic signature.

FMCSA Response. FMCSA understands the position of those who seek to broaden the scope of this rule to allow electronic signatures on forms submitted to FMCSA. In fact, FMCSA has in certain situations made it possible for industry to use electronic signatures and submit information in limited electronic format. As an example, Certified Medical Examiners may use electronic signatures, if they choose to do so, to sign medical forms, certificates, and a new driver medication report. If FMCSA requests these forms, they are uploaded in portable document format (PDF) to the Medical Examiner's account associated with the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners for FMCSA to access. Unfortunately, adapting all FMCSA systems to allow for use of electronic signatures and submissions would significantly delay the implementation of this rule for use by third parties, as it would require FMCSA to develop and implement technology systems to allow for direct submission to FMCSA from regulated parties. Such development is often a multi-year process, as has been seen in the ongoing implementation for the online Unified Registration System. FMCSA sees no reason the opportunity for private parties to use electronic signatures and records retention should be dependent on FMCSA's ability to receive submissions electronically. Doing so would delay potential benefits to be gained by third parties. Thus, FMCSA is moving forward with this final rule, and will continue to look for opportunities to expand electronic submission options in the future.

FMCSA's intent is to provide the industry with an electronic signature option for all instances where regulations currently require the more traditional pen and ink signatures on documents to be created and maintained by third parties (i.e., not submitted to FMCSA). We welcome any input as to specific instances where we may have inadvertently omitted the electronic signature option. This input can be submitted using the information listed in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section of this final rule.

In response to OOIDA's concern, FMCSA notes that this rule merely establishes parity between paper and electronic documents and gives the industry more flexibility. The Agency does not intend to give preference to electronic or paper records.

With regard to ATA's confusion over what constitutes an electronic signature, FMCSA is purposely providing a performance standard, as opposed to defining a specific technology to be used. There are numerous ways to electronically sign a document. We leave to the parties involved in the transaction to determine the method most appropriate for their purposes.

VIII. This Final Rule

This final rule adopts the NPRM substantially as proposed, thereby incorporating previously issued guidance into the CFR. This rule establishes parity between paper and electronic documents and signatures, and expands businesses' and individuals' ability to use electronic methods to comply with certain of the Agency's requirements. This rule only applies to documents between private parties that FMCSA requires individuals or entities to retain. It also updates references to outdated recordkeeping and reporting methods throughout chapter III of subtitle B of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR parts 300-399) to make them technologically neutral.

This rulemaking implements portions of the GPEA and E-SIGN. It removes the words “original” and “written and electronic” in many cases where they still appeared in the regulatory text, in order to provide parity between electronic and paper records.

In response to comments by AMSA and Atlas, FMCSA has also updated § 375.213 to allow electronic copies of the Ready to Move brochure and Rights and Responsibilities document, provided they receive agreement from the customer. Finally, the parenthetical has been removed in §§ 370.3(b) and 378.3(a) to ensure all claims are filed in writing, either by paper or electronically.

This final rule does not adopt the changes proposed in part 389, FMCSA's rulemaking procedures. Those changes are included in the August 7, 2017, document “Rulemaking Procedures Update” covering broader changes to part 389 (82 FR 36719). The timing of the part 389 NPRM and this final rule were such that addressing all part 389 changes in one rulemaking was less confusing than attempting to finalize a few changes in this final rule while proposing others in the August 7, 2017, part 389 NPRM.

In addition, this rule reflects changes made in the CFR between April 2014 when the NPRM was published and April 16, 2018. For further discussion of the changes, please see the Section-by-Section Analysis in Part IX of this preamble.

IX. Section-by-Section Analysis

The Agency makes changes throughout its regulations to conform to the new definition of “written or in writing” at §§ 390.5 and 390.5T, which eliminates the distinction between paper and electronic methods of communication. The term “written” no longer means “on paper.” As a result the words “electronic” and “paper” are removed throughout as long as they are no longer needed for an alternative reason. This change can be found in parts 370, 371, 373, 375, 376, 378, 379, 382, 387, 391, 395, 396, and 398, and are not discussed any further in this section as they remain unchanged from what was proposed in the NPRM.

A. Part 370

49 CFR 370.3, 370.5, 370.9

FMCSA is removing the parenthetical “(when agreed to by the carrier and shipper or receiver involved)” from 370.3(b) in response to comments. All other changes to part 370 remain as proposed in the NPRM.

In reviewing the CFR, FMCSA discovered an additional instance in § 370.7 where existing regulatory text could be updated to align with the changes proposed in the NPRM. The Agency is removing “original” as referenced in the “original bill of lading,” “original invoice,” and “a photographic copy of the original invoice, or an exact copy thereof or any extract made therefrom . . .” These are either identical or similar to those that were included in the NPRM, similar to the discussion in § 390.32 below. FMCSA also removes the word “photographic” to make this section technologically neutral. Motor carriers, freight forwarders, consignees, and consignors may still maintain a copy of the invoice or an extract made therefrom, but they are free to choose the method of making that copy. We believe that notice and comment on these changes is unnecessary as the additional revisions are similar, if not identical, to changes that were included in the NPRM and garnered no adverse comments.

B. Part 373

49 CFR 373.103

As proposed in the NPRM, in § 373.103, FMCSA removes references to “original” documents to reflect the practical reality that there is no real distinction between originals and copies of electronic documents. Moreover, these changes conform to the changes at § 390.31 that permit parties to maintain accurate copies in lieu of originals.

C. Part 375

49 CFR 375.505

The changes to § 375.505 make clear that when a household goods motor carrier transports a shipment on a collect-on-delivery basis, notification of the charges can be made using any method of communication, including, but not limited to fax, email, overnight courier, certified mail, or return receipt requested.

D. Part 376

49 CFR 376.11

As proposed in the NPRM, FMCSA amends § 376.11(b)(1) to remove the outdated language specifying that receipts for leased equipment may be transmitted by mail, telegraph, or similar means of communication. Accordingly, the amended section no longer includes references to the method of transmitting receipts, thereby giving the parties the freedom to choose their own delivery method.

In paragraph (g), as proposed in the NPRM, FMCSA eliminates outdated references to computer generated documents to eliminate the distinction between electronic and manually generated documents. In today's business and legal environment, there is no need to afford special treatment to computer generated documentation; eliminating this special treatment establishes technological neutrality in this section. These changes do not mean, however, that parties are prohibited from using computers to generate the documents required in this section. To the contrary, all parties are free to conduct their business using the technology they choose, as long as it otherwise meets the Agency's requirements.

Also, as proposed in the NPRM, in paragraph (1), FMCSA eliminates reference to the original of each lease for the same reasons explained in the discussion of § 373.103 above.

E. Part 378

49 CFR 378.4

In addition to removing “original” in § 378.4(c) for the reasons discussed in §§ 370.7 and 373.103 above, FMCSA has introduced a technical amendment in § 378.4(e) to correct a misspelling of the word “orginal” to be “original”. The use of this “original” continues to be proper in this context of informing the carrier that it must accept copies, but doing so means no one else can come forward with the originals and make a duplicate claim. Otherwise, this section remains as proposed.

F. Part 379

49 CFR 379.5

As previously drafted, section 379.5 required motor carriers to protect records required under FMCSA's regulations from damage or loss. The outdated language in paragraph (a) referred to physical damage that generally can pertain only to paper records. FMCSA updates this paragraph by changing it to require motor carriers to protect records against destruction, deterioration, unauthorized access and modification, and data corruption. This change reflects the importance of maintaining the integrity of records regardless of the method used to maintain them, and responds to those commenters who requested that FMCSA ensure electronic records are protected from unauthorized amendment. We have updated paragraph (b) to ensure FMCSA is notified in any case where the integrity of the record is at issue.

As previously drafted, section 379.7 contained outdated record preservation language that does not take into account the use of computers and modern technology. As proposed in the NPRM, FMCSA replaces this language with language that permits companies to preserve records using any technology that accurately reflects all of the information in the record and remains accessible for later use in accordance with the Agency's record keeping requirements. These changes conform to the requirements for electronic methods in new § 390.32.

G. Part 380

49 CFR 380.715

Also in reviewing the CFR, FMCSA discovered an additional instance where recently added regulatory text could be updated to align with the changes proposed in the NPRM. The Agency has included a revision to § 380.715(a). FMCSA replaces the phrase “assessments (in written or electronic format)” in this section with the phrase “written assessments” to conform to the new definition of “written or in writing” at §§ 390.5 and 390.5T, which eliminates the distinction between paper and electronic methods of communication. We believe that notice and comment on this change is unnecessary as the additional revision in § 380.715 is similar, if not identical, to changes that were included in the NPRM.

Entry-level driver training providers are required by § 380.725(b)(2) to maintain a copy of the driver-trainee's commercial learner's permit(s) or commercial driver's license, and § 380.725(b)(3) requires these training providers maintain copies of commercial driver's licenses and applicable endorsements held by behind-the-wheel and theory instructors. As mentioned throughout this preamble about copies of records, entry-level driver training providers are free to choose the method of maintaining copies as long as it meets the requirements in § 390.31 which permit parties to maintain accurate copies in lieu of originals.

H. Part 382

49 CFR 382.601

Also while reviewing the CFR, the Agency discovered an additional instance where existing regulatory text could be updated to align with the changes proposed in the NPRM. In this final rule, FMCSA made an additional revision to § 382.601(d). FMCSA removes the phrase “the original of” in this section for the reasons explained in the discussion of § 373.103, above.

I. Part 387

49 CFR 387.7

As previously drafted, paragraph (b)(1) of § 387.7 required insurers and motor carriers to give 35 days' notice prior to cancelling the financial responsibility policies required in § 387.9. This section formerly established mail as the only method of communicating cancellations. As proposed in the NPRM, FMCSA amends this section by replacing the word “mailed” with the more technologically neutral term “transmitted,” and “Proof of mailing” with “Proof of transmission.” This establishes parity between mailing and other methods of transmission as proof of cancellation.

FMCSA amends § 387.15 by removing the outdated 1982 illustration I and the outdated 1983 illustration II. These illustrations represent FMCSA's predecessor Federal Highway Administration's Forms MCS-90 and MCS-82. FMCSA will update the forms by making non-substantive changes to these OMB-approved forms by replacing the terms “mailed” with “transmitted,” and “Proof of mailing” with “Proof of transmission” for the reasons explained in the discussion of § 387.7, above. FMCSA adds a reference to the section that the public may access the current OMB-approved versions of Forms MCS-90 and MCS-82 at FMCSA's website https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/mission/forms. Thus, the public will have access to the most current OMB-approved forms via FMCSA's website rather than outdated forms in § 387.15. This change is in addition to what was proposed in the NPRM. Because the illustrations were not representations of the current OMB-approved forms, we believe that this change is not subject to notice and comment. It is a ministerial action that removes confusion from the regulations. As such, notice and comment are unnecessary.

As proposed, FMCSA amends § 387.31(b)(1) by replacing the term “mailed” with “transmitted,” and “Proof of mailing” with “Proof of transmission” for the reasons explained in the discussion of § 387.7, above.

FMCSA amends § 387.39 by removing the outdated 2003 illustrations I and II. These illustrations represent FMCSA's Forms MCS-90B and MCS-82B. FMCSA will update the forms for the same reasons explained in the discussion of §§ 387.7 and 387.15, above. FMCSA also adds a reference to the section that the public may access the current OMB-approved versions of Forms MCS-90B and MCS-82B at FMCSA's website https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/mission/forms. This change is in addition to what was proposed in the NPRM. Because the illustrations were not representations of the current OMB-approved forms, we believe that this change is not subject to notice and comment. It is a ministerial action that removes confusion from the regulations. As such, notice and comment are unnecessary.

J. Part 390

49 CFR 390.5 and 390.5T

FMCSA moves the definition for “electronic signature” from proposed § 390.32(c)(2) to §§ 390.5 and 390.5T, and adds a § 390.5T cross reference for the term to § 390.32(c)(1). As discussed in the response to comments about electronic signatures earlier in this preamble, an electronic signature continues to mean a method of signing an electronic communication that: (1) Identifies and authenticates a particular person as the source of the electronic communication; and (2) indicates such person's approval of the information contained in the electronic communication.

Based on a few commenters' confusion with the definition, FMCSA adds a clarifying phrase that the definition is in accordance with the Government Paperwork Elimination Act (Pub. L. 105-277, Title XVII, Secs. 1701-1710, 112 Stat. 2681-749, 44 U.S.C. 3504 note). This will ensure that regulated entities know FMCSA is using GPEA's performance standard for allowing use of electronic signatures. This change also is made to the currently suspended § 390.5, to ensure that when FMCSA rescinds the suspension, the changes made by this final rule will remain intact.

As proposed, FMCSA introduces the definition of “written or in writing” in §§ 390.5 and 390.5T. The new definition is technologically neutral and includes anything typed, handwritten, or printed on a tangible medium, such as paper, as well as anything typed or generated electronically, as long as it otherwise meets the new standards in § 390.32. This definition establishes technological neutrality throughout the FMCSRs and eliminates any distinction between paper and electronic documentation as being “written or in writing.”

As proposed in the NPRM, FMCSA removes the outdated explanation of the term “writing” from the rules of construction in § 390.7(b)(2). As explained above, FMCSA has implemented a new definition of “written or in writing” in §§ 390.5 and 390.5T.

Revised § 390.31 permits persons or entities subject to document retention requirements to keep copies in lieu of originals. As proposed in the NPRM, FMCSA removes the reference to microfilm as the only acceptable method for storing such copies. It also removes the prohibition on using computer technology to maintain documents with signatures. This change provides the flexibility to choose the type of recordkeeping and storage that best suits an entity's capacities and business needs. To comply with the requirements of this section, copies must be legible; anyone entitled to inspect them must be able to view and read the content required to be in the record. The requirement that the Agency be able to inspect records applies regardless of whether the copy is in paper or electronic form.

As proposed in the NPRM, new § 390.32 permits any person or entity to use electronic methods to comply with any provision in chapter III of subtitle B of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR parts 300-399) that requires a document to be signed, certified, generated, maintained, or exchanged. It applies to all forms of written documentation, including forms, records, notations, and other documents. This rule establishes parity between paper and electronic documents and signatures, greatly expanding interested parties' ability to use electronic methods to comply with FMCSA's requirements.

Paragraph (a) specifies that the rule applies only to documents that FMCSA requires entities or individuals to retain, regardless of whether the Agency subsequently requires them to be produced or displayed at the request of an FMCSA official or other parties entitled to access. It does not apply to documents that individuals or entities are required to file directly with the Agency. For more information about electronic filing methods for documents filed directly with FMCSA, interested parties can consult specific program information on FMCSA's website ( www.fmcsa.dot.gov ).

Paragraph (b) permits, but does not require, any entity to satisfy FMCSA requirements by using electronic methods to generate, maintain, or exchange documents. The substance of the document would otherwise have to comply with applicable Federal laws and Agency rules.

Paragraph (c) permits, but does not require, any entity required to sign or certify a document to do so using electronic signatures. The rule specifies that a person may use any available technology so long as the signature otherwise complies with FMCSA's requirements. In response to comments, this paragraph has been further revised to include that any electronically signed documents must incorporate or otherwise include evidence that both parties have consented to the use of electronic signatures, as required by the E-SIGN Act (15 U.S.C. 7001(c)).

Paragraph (d) establishes the minimum requirements for electronic documents and signatures. Any electronic document or signature would be considered the legal equivalent of a paper document or signature if it is the functional equivalent with respect to integrity, accuracy, and accessibility. In other words, the electronic documents or signatures need to accurately and reliably reflect the information in the record. They must remain accessible in a form that could be accurately viewed or reproduced according to Agency rules.

Electronic documents are not to be considered the legal equivalent of traditional paper documents if they are not capable of being retained and accurately reproduced for reference by any entity entitled to access by law, for the period of time required by the Agency's recordkeeping requirements. For example, if Agency rules require that a document be produced upon demand, such as a record of duty status requested by an enforcement officer, the entity must be able to provide the Agency with an accurate copy of the electronic record upon demand. Similarly, if Agency rules require that a document be produced to the Agency within 48 hours, such as a motor carrier with multiple offices, the entity would have to provide the Agency with an accurate copy of the electronic record within 48 hours. The person inspecting the document must be able to view and read the content of that electronic record. As with any documents, paper or electronic, documents that are not legible—for any reason—do not satisfy the Agency's requirements.

This rule does not apply to other agencies' rules, even if FMCSA requires compliance with those rules. For example, some of FMCSA's regulations cross-reference other agencies' rules, such as those related to drug and alcohol testing (49 CFR part 40) and hazardous materials (49 CFR parts 105-199). In addition, if a motor carrier is operating in a foreign country, it must follow any rules that apply in that country.

K. Part 391

Former 49 CFR 391.55 required each motor carrier to maintain a “photographic” copy of a Longer Combination Vehicle driver-instructor's commercial driver's license. But current technology for reproducing documents is not limited to photographic methods; other methods for capturing digital images also exist. Accordingly, as proposed in the NPRM, FMCSA removes the word “photographic” to make this section technologically neutral. Motor carriers are still required to maintain a copy of the Longer Combination Vehicle driver-instructor's commercial driver's license, but they are free to choose the method of making that copy.

L. Part 395

49 CFR 395.8

Former § 395.8(f)(2) required that RODS be made in the driver's own handwriting. Recognizing that many drivers and motor carriers prefer to use electronic RODS, including electronic signatures, FMCSA proposed removal of the requirement that RODS be in the driver's own handwriting and adopts the rule as proposed. But drivers are still required to make their own entries; and those entries are required to be legible, regardless of the medium used to record them. This change permits drivers to choose whether to use electronic or handwritten entries and signatures. For example, a driver could make RODS entries in his or her own handwriting with a handwritten signature; electronically with an electronic signature; or typed and then subscribed with a handwritten signature, depending on the method used to record RODS.

Formerly § 395.15 (b)(2) permitted use of automatic on-board recording devices (AOBRDs) in conjunction with handwritten or printed RODS. Recognizing that many drivers and motor carriers prefer to use electronic means of recording duty status, FMCSA removes reference to handwritten or printed RODS, as proposed in the NPRM. The changes permit drivers and motor carriers to use RODS maintained in other media in conjunction with AOBRDs, as long as they otherwise meet FMCSA's requirements.

Former paragraph (b)(4) required a driver to have the previous 7 consecutive days of RODS available for inspection and specified that those RODS can be from an AOBRD, handwritten records, computer generated records, or any combination thereof. As proposed in the NPRM, FMCSA makes this section technologically neutral by removing reference to handwritten and computer generated records. Drivers are still permitted to use handwritten or computer generated records, but they are free to choose any medium for maintaining these records that otherwise meets FMCSA's requirements.

As previously drafted, paragraph (b)(5) referenced “hard copies” of the RODS documents described in paragraph (b)(4). As proposed, FMCSA removes reference to “hard copies” for the same reasons explained in the discussion of paragraph (b)(4) above.

In paragraph (e), FMCSA removes, as proposed, the requirement that RODS be made in a driver's own handwriting for the reasons explained in the discussion of § 395.8(f)(2), above.

In paragraph (f), FMCSA removes, as proposed, the requirement that RODS be made in a driver's own handwriting for the reasons explained in the discussion of § 395.8(f)(2), above.

In paragraph (h), FMCSA removes, as proposed, the option that RODS may be submitted to employers via mail for the same reasons explained in the discussion of § 387.7, above.

In the introduction to paragraph (i), FMCSA removes, as proposed, reference to handwritten RODS for the reasons explained in the discussion of § 395.8(f)(2), above. In paragraphs (i)(4) and (7), FMCSA removes, as proposed, outdated language applicable to AOBRDs installed before October 31, 1988. FMCSA does not believe that AOBRDs installed before this date are still in use. As such, this language is no longer necessary.

M. Part 398

As proposed in the NPRM and for the same reasons explained in the discussion of § 391.55 above, FMCSA removes the requirement in 49 CFR 398.3 that certain documents must be “photographically reproduced.”

X. International Impacts

The FMCSRs, and any exceptions to the FMCSRs, apply only within the United States (and, in some cases, United States territories). Motor carriers and drivers are subject to the laws and regulations of the countries that they operate in, unless an international agreement states otherwise. Drivers and carriers should be aware of the regulatory differences amongst nations.

XI. Regulatory Analyses

A. E.O. 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review), E.O. 13563 (Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review), and DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures

FMCSA determined that this final rule is not a significant regulatory action under section 3(f) of E.O. 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993), Regulatory Planning and Review, as supplemented by E.O. 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21, 2011), Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review, and does not require an assessment of potential costs and benefits under section 6(a)(3) of that Order. Accordingly, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has not reviewed it under that Order. It is also not significant within the meaning of DOT regulatory policies and procedures (DOT Order 2100.5 dated May 22, 1980; 44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979).

This final rule does not impose new requirements, and it is expected to provide regulatory relief to the industry. It codifies previously issued regulatory guidance that provides flexibility to the industry in the use of electronic documents and electronic signatures, and removes outdated and obsolete references in the regulatory text. Examples of documents affected by this rule include vehicle maintenance records, driver qualification files, bills of lading, and business records. Regulated entities are provided additional flexibility and may choose to conduct business using either electronic versions or traditional paper-based versions of these types of documents.

Because the choice of using electronic methods is optional and not mandatory, and regulated entities may continue to use traditional paper-based methods if they desire to do so, the Agency expects regulated entities will choose those methods that best suit their individual needs. For those regulated entities that do choose to use electronic documents and methods under this rule, potential cost savings may include reduced expenditures on labor time, office and storage space, materials, and office equipment. For example, specific types of savings could include purchasing less paper and toner/ink, printing fewer documents, requiring fewer file cabinets or document boxes for storage of paper documents, using less space for storage of paper documents, expending less labor time in activities such as handling and filing of paperwork, expending less labor time in identifying and retrieving documents, and transmitting fewer paper documents by mail or courier services.

Because the previously issued regulatory guidance that is now being codified in this final rule has been in place for several years, since January 4, 2011, it is believed that many regulated entities for whom the use of electronic documents and methods best suits their needs may have already made this transition from traditional paper-based methods. Therefore, many of the potential cost savings possible from this rule may have largely already occurred. It is estimated that though there may still be some additional incremental cost savings that could result from the regulatory flexibility being codified by this final rule (e.g., for any remaining regulated entities that may desire at some time to use electronic documents and methods but have not yet made this transition), overall these additional cost savings will be minimal. Furthermore, these potential remaining additional cost savings cannot be reliably quantified or monetized. Factors contributing to difficulties in quantifying the potential cost savings include the variety of records and documents potentially affected across multiple FMCSA regulations, a lack of information regarding the number of records or documents signed, certified, generated, exchanged, or maintained, and a lack of information regarding the extent to which electronic documents and signatures have already been voluntarily adopted under existing FMCSA guidance.

Of the comments submitted to the April 28, 2014, NPRM, discussed earlier in Section VII, Comments and Responses, none provided data or information to suggest that this final rule would be a significant regulatory action.

In light of the above considerations, the Agency does not believe that the rule would have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more, nor would it meet any of the other criteria presented in section 3(f) of E.O. 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review, for a significant regulatory action. Therefore, as noted earlier, FMCSA has determined that this final rule is not a significant regulatory action.

B. E.O. 13771 (Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs)

E.O. 13771 (82 FR 9339, February 3, 2017), Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs, requires that for “every one new [E.O. 13771 regulatory action] issued, at least two prior regulations be identified for elimination, and that the cost of planned regulations be prudently managed and controlled through a budgeting process.” Implementation guidance for E.O. 13771 issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) (Memorandum M-17-21, April 5, 2017) defines two different types of E.O. 13771 actions: An E.O. 13771 regulatory action, and an E.O. 13771 deregulatory action.

An E.O. 13771 regulatory action is defined as:

(i) A significant action as defined in Section 3(f) of E.O. 12866 that has been finalized, and that imposes total costs greater than zero; or

(ii) a significant guidance document (e.g., significant interpretive guidance) reviewed by OIRA under the procedures of E.O. 12866 that has been finalized and that imposes total costs greater than zero.

The Agency action, in this case a rulemaking, must meet both the significance and the total cost criteria to be considered an E.O. 13771 regulatory action. This rulemaking is not a significant regulatory action as defined in Section 3(f) of E.O. 12866, and therefore does not meet the significance criterion for being an E.O. 13771 regulatory action. Consequently, this rulemaking is not an E.O. 13771 regulatory action.

An E.O. 13771 deregulatory action is defined as “an action that has been finalized and has total costs less than zero.” As discussed earlier, this final rule does not impose new requirements, and it is expected to provide regulatory relief to the industry. Because the choice of using electronic methods is optional and not mandatory, and regulated entities may continue to use traditional paper-based methods if they desire to do so, the Agency expects regulated entities will choose those methods that best suit their individual needs. For those regulated entities that do choose to use electronic documents and methods under this rule, potential cost savings may include reduced expenditures on labor time, office and storage space, materials, and office equipment. Consequently, this rule has total costs less than zero, and therefore is a deregulatory action under E.O. 13771. However, as discussed earlier, it is believed that many regulated entities for whom the use of electronic documents and methods best suits their needs may have already made this transition from traditional paper-based methods under existing FMCSA guidance, and therefore many of the potential cost savings possible from this rule may have largely already occurred. It is estimated that though there may still be some additional incremental cost savings that could result from the regulatory flexibility being codified by this final rule (e.g., for any remaining regulated entities that may desire at some time to use electronic documents and methods but have not yet made this transition), overall these additional cost savings will be minimal. Furthermore, these potential remaining additional cost savings cannot be reliably quantified or monetized because of the large variety of records and documents potentially affected across multiple FMCSA regulations, a lack of information regarding the number of records or documents signed, certified, generated, exchanged, or maintained, and a lack of information regarding the extent to which electronic documents and signatures have already been voluntarily adopted under existing FMCSA guidance. Therefore, though it is expected that there will be some additional incremental cost savings that will result from this final rule, these cost savings are expected to be minimal and are not quantified.

As a deregulatory action under E.O. 13771, this rule contributes to Agency compliance with section 2(a) of E.O. 13771 regarding issuing at least two E.O. 13771 deregulatory actions for each E.O. 13771 regulatory action. Because the cost savings resulting from this rule are not quantified, this rule does not however contribute towards Agency compliance with section 2(c) of E.O. 13771 regarding offsetting the costs of E.O. 13771 regulatory actions with cost savings from E.O. 13771 deregulatory actions.

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act

The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) requires Federal agencies to consider the effects of the regulatory action on small business and other small entities and to minimize any significant economic impact. The term “small entities” comprises small businesses and not-for-profit organizations that are independently owned and operated and are not dominant in their fields, and governmental jurisdictions with populations of less than 50,000. Accordingly, DOT policy requires an analysis of the impact of all regulations on small entities, and mandates that agencies strive to lessen any adverse effects on these businesses. Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act, as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (Pub. L. 104-121, 110 Stat. 857), the rule is not expected to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. As discussed earlier, though it is expected that there will be some additional incremental cost savings that will result from this final rule, these cost savings are expected to be minimal, and to the extent that they occur they will be beneficial to the entities that realize these cost savings. Consequently, I certify the action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

D. Assistance for Small Entities

In accordance with section 213(a) of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, FMCSA wants to assist small entities in understanding this final rule so that they can better evaluate its effects on themselves and participate in the rulemaking initiative. If the rule will affect your small business, organization, or governmental jurisdiction and you have questions concerning its provisions or options for compliance, please consult the FMCSA point of contact listed in the For Further Information Contact section of this rule.

Small businesses may send comments on the actions of Federal employees who enforce or otherwise determine compliance with Federal regulations to the Small Business Administration's Small Business and Agriculture Regulatory Enforcement Ombudsman and the Regional Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards. The Ombudsman evaluates these actions annually and rates each agency's responsiveness to small business. If you wish to comment on actions by employees of FMCSA, call 1-888-REG-FAIR (1-888-734-3247). DOT has a policy regarding the rights of small entities to regulatory enforcement fairness and an explicit policy against retaliation for exercising these rights.

E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1531-1538) requires Federal agencies to assess the effects of their discretionary regulatory actions. In particular, the Act addresses actions that may result in the expenditure by a State, local, or tribal government, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $156 million (which is the value equivalent of $100,000,000 in 1995, adjusted for inflation to 2015 levels) or more in any one year. Though this final rule will not result in such an expenditure, the Agency does discuss the potential effects of this rule elsewhere in this preamble.

F. Paperwork Reduction Act (Collection of Information)

This final rule calls for no new collection of information under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520). This rule codifies FMCSA regulatory guidance within the CFR, allowing those documents that FMCSA's regulations obligate entities or individuals to retain, many of which are generated as part of customary and usual business or private practices, to be maintained electronically or in paper form. This rule does not apply to forms or other documents that must be submitted directly to FMCSA; the regulations which state that those documents either must or may be submitted to FMCSA in electronic format (such as those covered by 49 CFR part 382, subpart G) are not impacted by this final rule, and any paperwork burdens associated with those rules were already analyzed by FMCSA in prior rulemakings.

For this final rule, FMCSA reviewed all current, active, OMB-approved information collection request (ICR) supporting statements. These statements are available for public inspection via www.reginfo.gov. Table 1 shows the 27 active ICRs covering the rules in 49 CFR parts 300 to 399 that are being impacted by this final rule allowing electronic methods or signatures. Each of these listed collections currently allows for electronic creation, retention, or signature of records covered by the collection. We also show the current expiration date for each collection.

Each of the above-listed collections has a section in its supporting statement discussing the extent to which automated information collection, creation, or storage is expected to occur. For example, FMCSA's “Lease and Interchange of Vehicles” ICR, 2126-0056, states “Leases may be created and maintained electronically. FMCSA estimates that 50% of the leases are electronic.”

Therefore, there are no new collections of information under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 for OMB to approve, nor are there any revisions of currently approved collections required by this final rule.

G. E.O. 13132 (Federalism)

A rule has implications for federalism under Section 1(a) of E.O. 13132, if it has “substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.” FMCSA has determined that this rule would not have substantial direct costs on or for States, nor would it limit the policymaking discretion of States. Nothing in this document preempts any State law or regulation. Therefore, this rule does not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a federalism summary impact statement.

H. E.O. 12988 (Civil Justice Reform)

This final rule meets applicable standards in sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of E.O. 12988, Civil Justice Reform, to minimize litigation, eliminate ambiguity, and reduce burden.

I. E.O. 13045 (Protection of Children)

E.O. 13045, Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997), requires agencies issuing “economically significant” rules, if the regulation also concerns an environmental health or safety risk that an agency has reason to believe may disproportionately affect children, to include an evaluation of the regulation's environmental health and safety effects on children. The Agency determined this final rule is not economically significant. Therefore, no analysis of the impacts on children is required. In any event, the Agency does not anticipate that this regulatory action could in any respect present an environmental or safety risk that could disproportionately affect children.

J. E.O. 12630 (Taking of Private Property)

FMCSA reviewed this final rule in accordance with E.O. 12630, Governmental Actions and Interference with Constitutionally Protected Property Rights, and has determined it will not effect a taking of private property or otherwise have taking implications.

K. Privacy

Section 522 of title I of division H of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, enacted December 8, 2004 (Pub. L. 108-447, 118 Stat. 2809, 3268, 5 U.S.C. 552a note), requires the Agency to conduct a privacy impact assessment (PIA) of a regulation that will affect the privacy of individuals. This final rule does not require the collection of personally identifiable information (PII).

The Privacy Act (5 U.S.C. 552a) applies only to Federal agencies and any non-Federal agency that receives records contained in a system of records from a Federal agency for use in a matching program. FMCSA has determined that this rule would not result in a new or revised Privacy Act System of Records for FMCSA.

The E-Government Act of 2002, Public Law 107-347, sec. 208, 116 Stat. 2899, 2921 (December 17, 2002), requires Federal agencies to conduct a PIA for new or substantially changed technology that collects, maintains, or disseminates information in an identifiable form. No new or substantially changed technology would collect, maintain, or disseminate information as a result of this rule. Accordingly, FMCSA has not conducted a privacy impact assessment.

L. E.O. 12372 (Intergovernmental Review)

The regulations implementing E.O. 12372, regarding intergovernmental consultation on Federal programs and activities do not apply to this program.

M. E.O. 13211 (Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use)

FMCSA has analyzed this final rule under E.O. 13211, Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use. The Agency has determined that it is not a “significant energy action” under that order because it is not a “significant regulatory action” likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of energy. Therefore, it does not require a Statement of Energy Effects under E.O. 13211.

N. E.O. 13175 (Indian Tribal Governments)

This rule does not have tribal implications under E.O. 13175, Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments, because it does not have a substantial direct effect on one or more Indian tribes, on the relationship between the Federal Government and Indian tribes, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal Government and Indian tribes.

O. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (Technical Standards)

The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) (15 U.S.C. 272 note) directs agencies to use voluntary consensus standards in their regulatory activities unless the agency provides Congress, through OMB, with an explanation of why using these standards would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards (e.g., specifications of materials, performance, design, or operation; test methods; sampling procedures; and related management systems practices) are standards that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. This rule does not use technical standards. Therefore, we did not consider the use of voluntary consensus standards.

P. Environment (NEPA, CAA, E.O. 12898 Environmental Justice)

FMCSA analyzed this rule for the purpose of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and determined this action is categorically excluded from further analysis and documentation in an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement under FMCSA Order 5610.1 (69 FR 9680, March 1, 2004), Appendix 2, paragraph (6)(q) and paragraph (6)(y). The Categorical Exclusion (CE) in paragraph (6)(q) covers regulations implementing record preservation procedures for motor carriers, brokers, and household goods freight forwarders, including record types retained and retention periods. The CE in paragraph (6)(y) covers motor carrier identification and registration reports, and requirements about motor carriers', drivers', brokers', and freight forwarders' copies of records. The content in this rule is covered by these CEs and the final action does not have any effect on the quality of the environment. The CE determination is available for inspection or copying in the Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov.

FMCSA also analyzed this rule under the Clean Air Act, as amended (CAA), section 176(c) (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.), and implementing regulations promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency. Approval of this action is exempt from the CAA's general conformity requirement since it does not affect direct or indirect emissions of criteria pollutants.

Under E.O. 12898, each Federal agency must identify and address, as appropriate, “disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects of its programs, policies, and activities on minority populations and low-income populations” in the United States, its possessions, and territories. FMCSA evaluated the environmental justice effects of this proposed rule in accordance with the E.O., and has determined that no environmental justice issue is associated with this final rule, nor is there any collective environmental impact that would result from its promulgation.

List of Subjects

49 CFR Part 370

• Freight forwarders
• Investigations, and Motor carriers

49 CFR Part 371

• Brokers
• Motor carriers, and Reporting and recordkeeping requirements

49 CFR Part 373

• Buses
• Freight
• Freight forwarders
• Motor carriers, and Moving of household goods

49 CFR Part 375

• Advertising
• Consumer protection
• Freight
• Highways and roads
• Insurance
• Motor carriers
• Moving of household goods, and Reporting and recordkeeping requirements

49 CFR Part 376

• Motor carriers, and Reporting and recordkeeping requirements

49 CFR Part 378

• Freight forwarders
• Investigations
• Motor carriers, and Moving of household goods

49 CFR Part 379

• Freight forwarders
• Maritime carriers
• Motor carriers
• Moving of household goods, and Reporting and recordkeeping requirements

49 CFR Part 380

• Administrative practice and procedure
• Highway safety
• Motor carriers
• Reporting and recordkeeping requirements

49 CFR Part 382

• Administrative practice and procedure
• Alcohol abuse
• Drug abuse
• Drug testing
• Highway safety
• Motor carriers
• Penalties
• Safety, and Transportation

49 CFR Part 387

• Buses
• Freight
• Freight forwarders
• Hazardous materials transportation
• Highway safety
• Insurance
• Intergovernmental relations
• Motor carriers
• Motor vehicle safety
• Moving of household goods
• Penalties
• Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, and Surety bonds

49 CFR Part 390

• Highway safety
• Intermodal transportation
• Motor carriers
• Motor vehicle safety, and Reporting and recordkeeping requirements

49 CFR Part 391

• Alcohol abuse
• Drug abuse
• Drug testing
• Highway safety
• Motor carriers
• Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
• Safety, and Transportation

49 CFR Part 395

• Highway safety
• Motor carriers, and Reporting and recordkeeping requirements

49 CFR Part 396

• Highway safety
• Motor carriers
• Motor vehicle safety, and Reporting and recordkeeping requirements

49 CFR Part 398

• Highway safety
• Migrant labor
• Motor carriers
• Motor vehicle safety, and Reporting and recordkeeping requirements

For the reasons stated in the preamble, FMCSA amends 49 CFR, chapter III, as follows:

PART 370—PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND VOLUNTARY DISPOSITION OF LOSS AND DAMAGE CLAIMS AND PROCESSING SALVAGE

1. The authority citation for part 370 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 13301, 14706; and 49 CFR 1.87.

2. Amend § 370.3 as follows:

a. Remove the words “or electronic” and the parenthetical “(when agreed to by the carrier and shipper or receiver involved)” from paragraph (b) introductory text, and

b. Remove the phrase “where claims are electronically handled,” from paragraph (b)(3).

3. Amend § 370.5 in paragraph (a) as follows:

a. Remove the phrase “or by electronic transmission”, and

b. Remove both additional instances of the words “or electronically”.

4. Amend § 370.7 by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:

5. Amend § 370.9 in paragraph (a) as follows:

a. Remove the phrase “or electronically transmitted”; and

b. Remove both additional instances of the words “or electronically”.

PART 371—BROKERS OF PROPERTY

6. The authority citation for part 371 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 13301, 13501, 14122; subtitle B, title IV, Pub. L. 109-59; and 49 CFR 1.87.

7. Amend § 371.109 as follows:

a. Remove the last sentence in paragraph (a); and

b. Remove the last sentence in paragraph (b).

8. Amend § 371.111 in paragraph (c) as follows:

a. Remove the comma after the word “dated”; and

b. Remove the words “electronic or paper”.

PART 373—RECEIPTS AND BILLS

9. The authority citation for part 373 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 13301, 13531, 14706; and 49 CFR 1.87.

10. Amend § 373.103 by:

a. Redesignating paragraph (a) introductory text as (a)(1) and paragraphs (a)(1) through (11) as paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (xi);

b. Designating the undesignated paragraph following newly redesignated paragraph (a)(1)(xi) as paragraph (a)(2);

c. Redesignating paragraph (b) introductory text as paragraph (b)(1) and paragraphs (b)(1) through (11) as (b)(1)(i) through (xi);

d. Designating the undesignated paragraph following newly redesignated paragraph (b)(1)(xi) as paragraph (b)(2); and

e. Revising newly designated paragraphs (a)(2) and (b)(2).

The revisions read as follows:

PART 375—TRANSPORTATION OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS IN INTERSTATE COMMERCE; CONSUMER PROTECTION REGULATIONS

11. The authority citation for part 375 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 13102, 13301, 13501, 13704, 13707, 13902, 14104, 14706, 14708; subtitle B, title IV, Pub. L. 109-59; and 49 CFR 1.87.

12. Amend § 375.209 by revising paragraph (b)(3) to read as follows:

13. Amend § 375.213 by revising paragraphs (a), (b)(1), (e) introductory text, and (e)(2) to read as follows:

14. Amend § 375.505 by revising paragraph (b)(5) to read as follows:

PART 376—LEASE AND INTERCHANGE OF VEHICLES

15. The authority citation for part 376 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 13301, 14102; and 49 CFR 1.87.

16. Amend § 376.11 as follows:

a. Remove the last sentence in paragraph (b)(1);

b. Remove the word “papers” and add in its place “documents” in the third and fourth sentences of paragraph (d)(1); and

c. Remove the words “or papers” from the fifth sentence of paragraph (d)(1).

17. Amend § 376.12 by revising paragraphs (f), (g), and (l) to read as follows:

PART 378—PROCEDURES GOVERNING THE PROCESSING, INVESTIGATION, AND DISPOSITION OF OVERCHARGE, DUPLICATE PAYMENT OR OVERCOLLECTION CLAIMS

18. The authority citation for part 378 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 13321, 14101, 14704, 14705; and 49 CFR 1.87.

19. Amend § 378.3 in paragraph (a) by removing the words “or electronically communicated (when agreed to by the carrier and shipper or receiver involved)” from the first sentence.

20. Amend § 378.4 as follows:

a. Revise paragraph (b) introductory text;

b. Revise paragraph (c); and

c. In paragraph (e) remove the term “orginal” and add in its place “original”.

The revisions read as follows:

21. Amend § 378.5 in paragraph (c) by removing the words “or electronically transmitted”.

22. Amend § 378.6 by removing the words “or electronic”.

23. Revise § 378.7 to read as follows:

24. Revise § 378.8 to read as follows:

PART 379—PRESERVATION OF RECORDS

25. The authority citation for part 379 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 13301, 14122, 14123; and 49 CFR 1.87.

26. Revise § 379.5 to read as follows:

27. Revise § 379.7 to read as follows:

Appendix A to Part 379 [Amended]

28. Amend appendix A to part 379 in sections A.3.(d), B.3., F.1.(b), I.3.(c), I.5.(b), and I.5.(c) by removing the word “papers” and adding in its place the word “documents”.

PART 380—SPECIAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

29. The authority citation for part 380 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 31133, 31136, 31305, 31307, 31308, and 31502; sec. 4007(a) and (b) of Pub. L. 102-240 (105 Stat. 2151-2152); sec. 32304 of Pub. L. 112-141; and 49 CFR 1.87.

30. Amend § 380.715 by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:

PART 382—CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES AND ALCOHOL USE AND TESTING

31. The authority citation for part 382 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 31133, 31136, 31301 et seq., 31502; sec. 32934 of Pub. L. 112-141, 126 Stat. 405, 830; and 49 CFR 1.87.

32. Amend § 382.601 by removing the phrase “the original of” from the second sentence of paragraph (d).

PART 387—MINIMUM LEVELS OF FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR MOTOR CARRIERS

33. The authority citation for part 387 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 13101, 13301, 13906, 13908, 14701, 31138, 31139; and 49 CFR 1.87.

34. Amend § 387.7 by revising paragraph (b)(1) to read as follows:

35. Revise § 387.15 to read as follows:

36. Amend § 387.31 by revising paragraph (b)(1) to read as follows:

37. Revise § 387.39 to read as follows:

38. Amend § 387.313T in paragraph (b) by removing the words “in triplicate”.

39. Amend § 387.413T in paragraph (b) by removing the words “in triplicate”.

PART 390—FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY REGULATIONS; GENERAL

40. The authority citation for part 390 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 504, 508, 31132, 31133, 31134, 31136, 31137, 31144, 31151, 31502; sec. 114, Pub. L. 103-311, 108 Stat. 1673, 1677-1678; sec. 212, 217, Pub. L. 106-159, 113 Stat. 1748, 1766, 1767; sec. 229, Pub. L. 106-159 (as transferred by sec. 4115 and amended by secs. 4130-4132, Pub. L. 109-59, 119 Stat. 1144, 1726, 1743-1744); sec. 4136, Pub. L. 109-59, 119 Stat. 1144, 1745; sections 32101(d) and 32934, Pub. L. 112-141, 126 Stat. 405, 778, 830; sec. 2, Pub. L. 113-125, 128 Stat. 1388; and 49 CFR 1.87.

41. Amend § 390.5 as follows:

a. Lift the suspension of the section;

b. Add definitions of “electronic signature” and “written or in writing” in alphabetical order; and

c. Suspend § 390.5 indefinitely.

The additions read as follows:

42. Amend § 390.5T by adding definitions of “electronic signature” and “written or in writing” in alphabetical order to read as follows:

43. Amend § 390.7 by removing paragraph (b)(2) and redesignating paragraphs (b)(3) through (7) as (b)(2) through (6), respectively.

44. Revise § 390.31 to read as follows:

45. Add § 390.32 to read as follows:

PART 391—QUALIFICATIONS OF DRIVERS AND LONGER COMBINATION VEHICLE (LCV) DRIVER INSTRUCTORS

46. The authority citation for part 391 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 504, 508, 31133, 31136, 31149, 31502; sec. 4007(b) Pub. L. 102-240, 105 Stat. 1914, 2152; sec. 114 Pub. L. 103-311, 108 Stat. 1673, 1677; sec. 215 Pub. L. 106-159, 113 Stat. 1748, 1767; sec. 32934 Pub. L. 112-141, 126 Stat. 405, 830; sec 5524 Pub. L. 114-94, 129 Stat. 1312, 1560; and 49 CFR 1.87.

47. Amend § 391.55 in paragraph (b)(2) by removing the word “photographic”.

PART 395—HOURS OF SERVICE OF DRIVERS

48. The authority citation for part 395 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 504, 31133, 31136, 31137, 31502; sec. 113, Pub.L. 103-311, 108 Stat. 1673, 1676; sec. 229, Pub.L. 106-159 (as added and transferred by sec. 4115 and amended by secs. 4130-4132, Pub.L. 109-59, 119 Stat. 1144, 1726, 1743, 1744); sec. 4133, Pub.L. 109-59, 119 Stat. 1144, 1744; sec. 108, Pub.L. 110-432, 122 Stat. 4860-4866; sec. 32934, Pub.L. 112-141, 126 Stat. 405, 830; sec. 5206(b) of Pub. L. 114-94, 129 Stat. 1312, 1537; and 49 CFR 1.87.

49. Amend § 395.8 by revising paragraph (f)(2) to read as follows:

50. Amend § 395.15 by revising paragraphs (b)(2), (4), and (5), (e), (f), (h)(1), (i) introductory text, and (i)(4) and (7) to read as follows:

PART 396—INSPECTION, REPAIR, AND MAINTENANCE

51. The authority citation for part 396 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 504, 31133, 31136, 31151, 31502; sec. 32934, Pub. L. 112-141, 126 Stat. 405, 830; sec. 5524 Pub. L. 114-94, 129 Stat. 1312, 1560; and 49 CFR 1.87.

52. Amend § 396.11 by removing the word “original” from paragraphs (a)(3)(ii), (a)(4), and (b)(4).

53. Amend § 396.12 by removing the word “original” from paragraph (d).

PART 398—TRANSPORTATION OF MIGRANT WORKERS

54. The authority citation for part 398 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 13301, 13902, 31132, 31133, 31136, 31502, 31504; sec. 204, Pub.L. 104-88, 109 Stat. 803, 941 (49 U.S.C. 701 note); sec. 212, Pub.L. 106-159, 113 Stat. 1748, 1766; and 49 CFR 1.87.

55. Amend § 398.3 in paragraph (b)(8) by removing the words “photographically reproduced” wherever they appear.