SNE Enterprises, Inc.

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Oct 31, 2006

348 N.L.R.B. 1041 (N.L.R.B. 2006)

SNE ENTERPRISES
348 NLRB No. 69
1041
SNE Enterprises, Inc. and United Steel, Paper For-
estry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied
Industrial and Service Workers International
Union, AFL–CIO–CLC, Petitioner. Case 9–RC–
17883
October 31, 2006
DECISION ON REVIEW AND DIRECTION OF
SECOND ELECTION
BY CHAIRMAN BATTISTA AND MEMBERS LIEBMAN
AND SCHAUMBER
On October 6, 2005, the Regional Director for Region
9 issued his Third Supplemental Decision and Certifica-
tion of Representative (pertinent portions of which are
attached as an appendix) on remand from the Board,1 in
which he overruled the objections raised by the Em-
ployer to the conduct of the election held on May 20,
2004. The Regional Director found, inter alia, that the
solicitation of authorization cards by the Employer’s
supervisors was not objectionable conduct under Har-
borside Healthcare, Inc. The Regional Director also
found that the supervisors’ comments and other conduct
during the campaign did not constitute objectionable
promises of benefits or threats of reprisal and that the
conduct of the hearing officer did not warrant overturn-
ing the election. The Regional Director therefore certi-
fied the Petitioner as the bargaining representative of the
Employer’s production and maintenance employees.2
Thereafter, in accordance with Section 102.67 of the
National Labor Relations Board’s Rules and Regulations,
the Employer filed a timely request for review contend-
ing that the lead persons’ active role in support of the
Union (including soliciting authorization cards), implicit
promises of benefits in exchange for support of the Un-
ion, and implicit threats of negative consequences if the
Union should lose interfered with the employees’ right to
free choice. The Petitioner filed a brief in opposition.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
Having carefully considered the entire record, we find,
contrary to the Regional Director, that the leads’ role in

1 On May 17, 2005, the Board (Chairman Battista and Member
Schaumber, Member Liebman dissenting) granted the Employer’s
request for review of the Regional Director’s Second Supplemental
Decision and Certification of Representative, which overruled the Em-
ployer’s objections. 344 NLRB 673 (2005). The Board remanded the
case to the Regional Director for reconsideration in light of Harborside
Healthcare, Inc., 343 NLRB 906 (2004).
On remand, a second hearing was held June 14, 2005. The Em-
ployer was permitted the opportunity to submit additional evidence.
Further testimony was received pertaining to the role the supervisors
had played in soliciting cards and campaigning for the Union.
2 The tally of ballots showed 87 votes cast for and 82 votes cast
against union representation, with 3 challenged ballots.
soliciting authorization cards constitutes objectionable
conduct that warrants setting aside the election. Conse-
quently, we grant the request for review and reverse the
Regional Director’s findings in this regard, set aside the
results of the election, and remand the case to the Re-
gional Director for the conduct of a new election. We
deny the Employer’s request for review in all other re-
spects.3
Facts
This case concerns a unit of approximately 180 pro-
duction and maintenance employees at the Employer’s
window and door manufacturing facility. The employees
report to leadpersons, each of whom supervises about 20
employees.4 Leads Henry Withrow, Chad Edwards, and
Ruth Adkins were involved in the union organizing cam-
paign at the Employer’s plant that began in January,
2004. Withrow and Edwards were on the Organizing
Committee. The Union asked each member of the Orga-
nizing Committee to collect at least 10 signed cards; Ed-
wards collected about 10 and Withrow about 6.5 Both
leads solicited authorization cards from direct subordi-
nates, as well as others, at least until the petition was
filed on February 20, 2004, when most card solicitation
by the Union ceased. After the petition was filed, the
three leads continued to publicly support the Union,
making comments that we find nonobjectionable. For
instance, Edwards told a number of employees that the
Union would help them get better benefits and treatment
from the Employer. Likewise, Edwards and Adkins
talked to employees about being “at will” and explained
that the Union would negotiate a just-cause provision
requiring the Employer to give them due process before
firing them.6

3 Specifically, we find, for the reasons stated by the Regional Direc-
tor, that the comments made by the Employer’s leads during the cam-
paign were not objectionable, as they did not constitute implicit prom-
ises of benefits in exchange for support of the Union or implicit threats
of negative consequences if the Union should lose. Further, we find
that the hearing officer’s conduct does not warrant overturning the
election. With regard to the Employer’s argument concerning the ad-
mittance of Petitioner’s Exh. 2, we previously denied review of this
issue in our May 17, 2005 order, and we decline to revisit this issue.
4 As noted below, the lead persons (leads) are supervisors within the
meaning of Sec. 2(11) of the Act.
5 Contrary to our colleague’s assertion, there is no evidence in the
record to establish that “the leads did not collect the cards themselves
or specifically ask for the return of signed cards.” Rather, the Union
encouraged the leads to obtain signed cards, and the record does not
include a specific description of how Edwards and Withrow came into
possession of the cards. Nonetheless, it is reasonable to infer from
these circumstances that employees understood that Edwards and
Withrow, who were members of the organizing committee, were the
appropriate conduits for returning signed cards to the Union.
6 The leads also made a number of comments that the Employer al-
leges constituted threats of reprisal for failing to support the Union or
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD1042
The lead persons were found to be statutory supervi-
sors in the Acting Regional Director’s Decision and Di-
rection of Election, issued on April 21, 2004. At that
time, about a month before the election, the lead persons
ceased all prounion activities.
Analysis
Board Law on the Supervisory Solicitation of
Authorization Cards
In Harborside, the Board held that it will look to two
factors to determine whether supervisory prounion con-
duct upsets the requisite laboratory conditions for a fair
election:
1. Whether the supervisor’s prounion conduct
reasonably tended to coerce or interfere with the
employees’ exercise of free choice in the election,
including (a) consideration of the nature and degree
of supervisory authority possessed by those who en-
gage in the prounion conduct and (b) an examination
of the nature, extent, and context of the conduct in
question.
2. Whether the conduct interfered with freedom
of choice to the extent that it materially affected the
outcome of the election, based on factors such as (a)
the margin of victory in the election; (b) whether the
conduct at issue was widespread or isolated; (c) the
timing of the conduct; (d) the extent to which the
conduct became known; and (e) the lingering effect
of the conduct.
Harborside, 343 NLRB at 909.
Under the first prong of the Harborside standard, in
examining the nature, extent, and context of the supervi-
sors’ conduct, the Board held that with respect to the
supervisory solicitation of authorization cards, “absent
mitigating circumstances,” such solicitations have “an
inherent tendency to interfere with the employee’s free-
dom to choose to sign a card or not” and thus “may be
objectionable.” Id. at 910. The Board noted the poten-
tial for employees to reasonably sense an obligation to
support the union after signing a card and the false por-
trait of union support that supervisor-obtained cards may
provide. Id. at 911.
The Decision of the Regional Director
In finding that the lead persons’ solicitation of cards
was not coercive and thus did not materially affect the
results of the election, the Regional Director found that

promise of benefits in exchange for union support. For instance, the
Employer contends that Withrow and Edwards both suggested that the
Employer might retaliate against them and other prounion employees
for supporting the Union. As noted above, we find that these comments
were not objectionable for the reasons stated by the Regional Director.
there were mitigating circumstances. According to the
Regional Director, these circumstances include: the
leads’ lack of power to significantly affect the working
lives of employees including those directly under them;
the employees’ perception of the leads as little more than
regular employees with no significant authority over
their terms and conditions of employment; the fact that in
three earlier representation elections, lead persons had
been eligible to vote; the fact that the solicitation oc-
curred in otherwise noncoercive circumstances; the Em-
ployer’s campaign literature, which countered any per-
ceived coercion by telling employees that they could vote
against the Petitioner even if they had signed a card; and
the cessation of any prounion supervisory conduct a
month prior to the election.
Application of the Law to the Facts of this Case
We recognize that there were some mitigating circum-
stances, but we disagree with the Regional Director that
these mitigating circumstances sufficiently negated the
inherently coercive effect of the supervisory solicitation
of authorization cards on the subsequent election, which
the Union won by a very narrow margin.
It is undisputed that in the months prior to the election
Edwards and Withrow directed their solicitation of au-
thorization cards—and other prounion activity—towards
their subordinates over whom they had the authority to
responsibly direct and assign work. Indeed, they pur-
posely targeted the vast majority of their subordinates,
who represented a large portion of the voting unit. See
Millard Refrigerated Services, 345 NLRB 1143 (2005)
(setting aside the election based on the supervisory so-
licitation of cards, where much of the prounion activity
was directed at direct subordinates of a group of proun-
ion supervisors working together); compare Glen’s Mar-
ket, 344 NLRB 294 (2005) (finding that the supervisors’
solicitation of cards could not reasonably have coerced or
interfered with employees’ free choice in the election
where there was no evidence that their prounion activi-
ties were directed toward any employee over whom they
exercised supervisory authority). Lead Henry Withrow
asked at least six employees to sign authorization cards,
including employees under his direct supervision. Lead
Chad Edwards asked 24 of his direct subordinates to sign
authorization cards, and he solicited cards from at least 5
other employees not under his direct supervision.7 Nor,
as mentioned, do we find that the mitigating circum-
stances cited by the Regional Director removed the in-
herent coerciveness of the supervisory card solicitation
and its impact on this very close election.

7 There was no evidence that Lead Ruth Adkins solicited any cards.
SNE ENTERPRISES 1043
The leads were first-line supervisors. They assigned
and directed the work of the unit employees on a daily
basis and had the authority to issue written warnings
known as “contact sheets.” As discussed in Harborside,
the first-line supervisor has the most day-to-day contact
with the employees. While such a supervisor may not
necessarily have the authority to hire, fire, transfer, or
promote, his or her authority to assign and responsibly
direct can impact broadly on subordinates’ daily work
lives.
As noted, the coercive supervisory card-solicitations
began at the start of the campaign in January, and con-
tinued until the petition was filed on February 20. More-
over, the supervisors continued to campaign for the un-
ion until the Regional Director’s finding of April 21 that
they were indeed supervisors. Thus, because the election
was not held until May 21, the supervisors campaigned
for the Union for 4 of the 5 months of the campaign.
And, of course, they remained supervisors at all times.
In our view, the mere passage of time would not mean
that the employees who were coerced by the earlier card-
solicitations would suddenly become noncoerced.
In addition, the fact that solicitation of cards all but
ceased at the time the petition was filed is insufficient,
without more, to negate the inherent coerciveness of the
original solicitations. In many cases dealing with the
supervisory solicitation of authorization cards, the solici-
tations will have ceased a month or more prior to the
election, as solicitation of cards primarily occurs before a
petition is filed. Nonetheless, in Harborside the Board
explicitly held that supervisory solicitation of authoriza-
tion cards, just as supervisory solicitation of antiunion
petitions, is inherently coercive, even if it occurs outside
the critical period. Supra, 343 NLRB at 911. As the
Harborside majority noted, solicitations outside the criti-
cal period can impact the election in two ways: (1) em-
ployees who have signed cards may reasonably feel
obliged to carry through on their stated intention to sup-
port the Union; and (2) the number of signed cards may
paint a false portrait of employee support for the Union.
See id.
Our dissenting colleague begins with an attack on
Harborside and on its retroactive application. Indeed, it
is not until part III of her opinion that she purports to
apply Harborside to this case. The simple answer to our
colleague is that these principles are now matters of
Board law.
Neither does it matter that the supervisors here en-
gaged in the conduct prior to the time when they were
adjudicated to be supervisors. The Board volumes are
filled with cases in which employees are found guilty of
unlawful or objectionable conduct by persons who had
not been adjudicated to be supervisors when they en-
gaged in the conduct. There is no rational reason to ap-
ply a different rule here. Employees can be coerced by
conduct of supervisors, even if the supervisors had not
been adjudicated to be such at the time of their conduct.
Similarly, the fact that the individuals voted in prior elec-
tions is not dispositive. The critical point is that they
were supervisors when they engaged in the conduct in-
volved herein.
Our colleague makes much of the fact that the supervi-
sors did not explicitly or implicitly threaten reprisal or
promise benefits. The contention misses the mark. Un-
der Harborside, the issue is whether supervisory conduct
interferes with or coerces employees. As we said in
Harborside, supervisory card solicitations have an inher-
ent tendency to interfere with an employee’s freedom to
sign a card, and this may be objectionable, absent miti-
gating circumstances. Thus, for example, if a supervisor
solicits an employee signature on an antiunion petition,
the employer can be held liable therefore, even if there is
no express threat or promise. There is no reason for a
different rule here.
As our dissenting colleague notes, in Harborside, the
Board held that higher management’s antiunion stance
can mitigate a supervisor’s prounion conduct under cer-
tain circumstances if management “takes timely and ef-
fective steps to disavow” the conduct of prounion super-
visors. Id. at 913. Here, the Employer’s antiunion cam-
paign literature explicitly advised employees that they
were not obligated to vote for the Union after signing an
authorization card and that it was not in the employees’
interest to unionize. However, we respectfully disagree
with our dissenting colleague’s suggestion that the Em-
ployer’s antiunion campaign literature amounted to a
“disavowal” of the conduct of the prounion supervisors.
The Employer never addressed, much less disavowed,
the leads’ coercive conduct. Looking at the circum-
stances as a whole, we find, contrary to the Regional
Director, that the Employer’s campaign literature and its
advice to employees was not shown to sufficiently miti-
gate the coercive solicitation of cards from a significant
portion of the unit. The fact that the Employer told em-
ployees that they were not obligated to vote for the Un-
ion does not necessarily lessen in any significant way the
continuing pressure an employee would reasonably feel
to vote consistent with their earlier stated intention.
Moreover, our colleague’s assertion that the leads took
an “informational and collegial approach” to card solici-
tation is unavailing. The Regional Director did not char-
acterize the leads’ conduct as “collegial,” but even if he
had, a friendly encounter would not negate the coercion
inherent in supervisory card solicitation. As the Board
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD1044
has stated, “A supervisor’s statements may be coercive
regardless of his friendship with an employee and regard-
less of whether the remark was well intended.” Wash-
ington Fruit & Produce Co., 343 NLRB 1215, 1216 fn. 9
(2004). Supervisory solicitation of authorization cards is
“inherently coercive absent mitigating circumstances.”
Harborside, 343 NLRB at 906. Here, we find nothing in
the leads’ conduct that would assure employees that they
could vote how they wish or otherwise relieve the solici-
tation of its inherently coercive nature.8 Consistent with
the Board’s obligation to carefully scrutinize objections
in close elections,9 we are not persuaded that the circum-
stances are sufficiently mitigating to counter the leads’
conduct.
Having found that the lead persons’ solicitation of
cards was coercive under the first prong of the Harbor-
side standard, we now address the second prong. It is
clear that the lead persons’ coercive conduct in soliciting
the cards materially affected the outcome of the election
under the second prong of the Harborside standard.
Numerically, the number of employees who signed cards
solicited by Withrow and Edwards was more than
enough to affect the outcome of the election. More than
35 employees were solicited, at least 30 of whom were
direct subordinates, and the vote was 87–82 in favor of
the Union, with 3 challenged ballots. It would have
taken potentially only one employee to be coerced into
voting for the Union for the solicitations to have materi-
ally affected the outcome of the election.
Moreover, the impact of the lead persons’ solicitations
was not isolated to the thirty-plus persons who were ac-
tually solicited. It was widely known among the em-
ployees that Withrow and Edwards were active members
of the Union Organizing Committee and were soliciting
employees to sign authorization cards. Their prounion
conduct was extensive and continued up until a month
before the election, when they were informed of their
supervisory status and ordered to stop. The lingering
effect of the lead persons’ solicitations continued up until
the date of the election, as it was never made widely
known that they no longer were advocating support for
the Union. Finally, contrary to the argument of the dis-
sent, we do not rest our conclusion solely on the “legal
status of the leads”. Rather, we focus on their possession
of supervisory authority and on their conduct vis-à-vis
employees.

8 Our point here is in response to the dissent’s contention that the
leads took an “informational and collegial approach to card signing”.
Thus, the focus here is the conduct of the leads. Our prior point, con-
cerning alleged employer mitigation, focuses on the employer.
9 See Robert Orr-Sysco Food Services, 338 NLRB 614, 615 (2002),
and cases cited therein.
CONCLUSION
We find that the lead persons’ solicitation of cards
constituted objectionable coercive conduct and materially
affected the outcome of the election. Accordingly, we
set aside the results of the election and direct a second
election.
[Direction of Second Election omitted from publica-
tion.]
MEMBER LIEBMAN, dissenting.
This case illustrates the errors of the Board’s divided
decision in Harborside Healthcare, 343 NLRB 906
(2004), and underscores the unfairness inherent in apply-
ing Harborside retroactively, under SNE Enterprises,
344 NLRB 673 (2005). Here, the majority sets aside an
election because two low-level supervisors solicited un-
ion authorization cards, even though:
1. The solicitations were lawful under existing
Board precedent when they occurred;
2. At the time of the solicitations, the supervi-
sory status of the solicitors was undetermined;
3. The supervisors did not implicitly or explicitly
threaten or make promises to employees, or engage
in otherwise coercive conduct; and
4. There were circumstances mitigating any ef-
fect the card solicitations may have had on employ-
ees, including statements by the Employer affirming
that employees did not have to vote for the Union,
even if they had initially signed authorization cards.

Before Harborside, the Board would never have overturned
the election in this case. But even under the Harborside
standard, the behavior of the supervisors did not rise to the
level of objectionable conduct. The majority applies Har-
borside to the facts of this case far more aggressively than
that decision itself warrants.
I.
In Harborside, the Board abruptly abandoned its tradi-
tional approach to determining whether prounion super-
visory conduct is objectionable. Before Harborside, if
an employer communicated its opposition to union repre-
sentation, the prounion conduct of a supervisor was ob-
jectionable only where it reasonably tended to coerce
employees into voting for the union out of fear of retalia-
tion or hope of reward.1 Thus, prounion supervisors
were free to ask employees to sign union authorization

1 See, e.g., Stevenson Equipment Co., 174 NLRB 865, 866 (1969);
Sil-Base Co., 290 NLRB 1179 (1988).
SNE ENTERPRISES 1045
cards, provided the solicitation was done noncoer-
cively.2
In addition to adopting a new, stricter test for evaluat-
ing prounion supervisory conduct generally, the Harbor-
side majority directly overruled precedent and held that
even where the employer publicly opposes unionization,
supervisory solicitation of an authorization card is objec-
tionable, absent mitigating circumstances (which were
not identified). Id. at 910.
Member Walsh and I dissented in Harborside. We
pointed out several flaws with respect to the majority’s
new approach to supervisory card solicitation, apart from
its break with precedent: (1) It failed to recognize that a
prounion supervisor, acting on his own in the face of an
antiunion employer, has “sharply limited power” over
employees (in contrast to the power of a supervisor car-
rying out the anti-union policy of his employer). (2) It
forced unions to make an extraordinarily difficult choice
in deciding whether to utilize workers whose supervisory
status is unclear in an organizing campaign.3 (3) It
flouted the time-honored principle of Ideal Electric Mfg.
Co., 134 NLRB 1275 (1961), that conduct must occur
during the “critical period”—i.e., after authorization-card
signatures have been collected and a representation peti-
tion filed—in order to be considered objectionable. Su-
pra, 343 NLRB at 915.
In an earlier ruling in this case, a Board majority voted
to grant review and remand the case to the Region for an
analysis under the new Harborside standard, even though
the supervisory conduct in dispute occurred well before
the issuance of Harborside. I dissented, explaining that
retroactive application of the Harborside test represented
a manifest injustice, by subjecting elections to unex-
pected invalidation. SNE Enterprises, supra at 675.
Under the Board’s traditional test with respect to su-
pervisory card solicitation, the outcome of this case
would be clear. In connection with supporting the union,
and soliciting cards, the leadpersons never, either implic-
itly or explicitly, promised benefits in exchange for Un-
ion support or threatened negative consequences if em-
ployees refused to sign. Thus, the Board, pre-
Harborside, would have treated the leads’ conduct as
unobjectionable. That fact, of course, illustrates the un-
fairness of applying Harborside retroactively. At the

2 See Millsboro Nursing & Rehabilitation Center, 327 NLRB 879,
880 (1999) (collecting cases and noting judicial approval of Board’s
approach).
3 This case illustrates unions’ dilemma. Here, the leadpersons whose
conduct is at issue had been found eligible to vote in three prior repre-
sentation elections. In connection with the current election, they were
determined to be supervisors, but their contested conduct predates that
determination.
time that the leads here solicited cards, they were entitled
to do so, under then-controlling and well-established law.
II.
This case now returns to the Board on the Employer’s
request for review of the Regional Director’s Third Sup-
plemental Decision, where the Regional Director found
no objectionable supervisory conduct.
At issue is the conduct of two leadpersons, Henry
Withrow and Chad Edwards, who solicited union au-
thorization cards from their subordinates prior to the fil-
ing of the petition and before either had been determined
to be a statutory supervisor. Leads had been eligible to
vote in three prior representation elections.
There is no evidence that either Withrow or Edwards
ever made threats or promises, explicit or implicit, to
employees in connection with soliciting cards. Indeed,
the record establishes that the two leads took an informa-
tional and collegial approach. Notably, the leads did not
collect the cards themselves or specifically ask for the
return of signed cards, further reducing any conceivable
pressure on employees.
The supervisory authority of Withrow and Edwards is
limited to assigning employees to different production
line tasks as needed. None of the tasks are more or less
desirable than the others. The Regional Director found,
and the majority does not dispute, that employees gener-
ally view the nine production supervisors—and not the
leads, their subordinates—as the individuals responsible
for day-to-day employee working conditions.
Both Withrow and Edwards solicited authorization
cards from employees, including their direct subordi-
nates. However, the leads’ card solicitation of any em-
ployees ended when the petition was filed, about 3
months before the election. And all prounion conduct on
the part of the Withrow and Edwards ceased when the
Regional Director found them to be statutory supervisors,
a month before the election.
During the course of the Union’s organizing campaign,
the Employer disseminated several letters and pieces of
campaign literature making clear to employees that it
strongly opposed unionization. In these materials, the
Employer told employees: (1) that “a ‘no’ vote is in the
best interest of our plant, our customers, and in your best
interest;” (2) that electing the Union “would be a big step
backward” for the Employer; (3) that the Union organ-
izer’s promises were “outrageous” and employees should
not “fall for” the Union’s false promises; and (4) that the
Union “would not hesitate to sacrifice [an employee’s]
job if it served their purposes to do so.” The Employer
also advised employees that signing an authorization
card did not bind employees to vote for the Union in the
election.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD1046
III.
Even applying Harborside retroactively, the leads’
conduct in this case does not warrant setting aside the
election. Under Harborside, supervisory solicitation of
union authorization cards is regarded as “inherently coer-
cive absent mitigating circumstances.” Chinese Daily
News, 344 NLRB 1071, 1072 (2005). Here, while leads
Withrow and Edwards solicited authorization cards, they
never threatened employees, made promises to them, or
applied pressure in any form, either implicitly or explic-
itly. Nor did they collect signed cards or ask for the
cards’ return. In short, there was nothing coercive in fact
about their conduct. In turn, the record is replete with
evidence of factors mitigating the inherent coercive ten-
dency of the solicitations (per Harborside). The majority
grudgingly acknowledges that there were “some mitigat-
ing circumstances,” only to dismiss their significance.
But taken together, at the very least, those circumstances
dictate upholding the election.
A.
To begin, there is the minimal supervisory authority
that the leads exert over their subordinates.
In Harborside, the supervisor’s “significant supervi-
sory authority” was a key contribution to the Board’s
holding that the card solicitation was coercive. 343
NLRB at 912 (supervisor had authority to direct employ-
ees, assign schedules, initiate disciplinary action, and
recommend suspension and termination). Post-
Harborside decisions involve similar circumstances. See
Millard Refrigerated Services, 345 NLRB 1143, 1146
(2005) (“overwhelming” evidence that the lead possessed
a wide range of supervisory authority, including power to
discipline, change schedules, and effectively recommend
hires and terminations); Chinese Daily News, supra (su-
pervisor had authority to hire, assign work, and approve
leave requests).
In contrast to the broad power exercised by the super-
visors in Harborside, Millard, and Chinese Daily News,
the leads’ sole supervisory authority involves assigning
employees to different jobs on the production line, where
none of the production jobs are more or less desirable
than the others. Furthermore, employees perceive the
leads as lacking meaningful power with respect to terms
and conditions of employment.
The fact that the leads have “the most day-to-day con-
tact with the employees” (a point emphasized by the ma-
jority) does not prove that the leads exercise significant
supervisory power over them. See Northeast Iowa Tele-
phone Co., 346 NLRB No. 47 (2006) (that the alleged
supervisors “[did] not wield the full panoply of supervi-
sory authority” was significant to a finding that the
prounion conduct at issue was not objectionable).
B.
A second mitigating factor is the passage of time be-
tween the leads’ conduct and the election. The card so-
licitations ceased about 3 months before the election, and
the leads stopped all prounion activities about 1 month
before the election, in obedience to the Employer’s order.
Thus, by the time employees in this case voted, there had
been an ample cooling-off period: 3 months since cards
were solicited, and 1 month without any prounion super-
visory conduct.
The majority insists that the “fact that solicitation of
cards all but ceased at the time the petition was filed is
insufficient, without more, to negate the inherent coer-
civeness of the original solicitations.” But it errs in giv-
ing this fact no mitigating weight at all and in failing to
recognize that there is “more” here by way of mitigating
circumstances. The majority also points to the continued
campaigning by the leads after card solicitation stopped.
The majority, however, does not claim that the supervi-
sors ever implicitly or explicitly threatened employees or
made promises of benefits to them after the card solicita-
tions had ceased.
C.
A third mitigating factor was the Employer’s antiunion
campaign. Harborside held that:
In assessing the effect of [prounion supervisory]
conduct on the election, the Board may take into ac-
count the antiunion statements of higher company
officials and the extent to which they may disavow
coercive prounion conduct of supervisors.
Id. at 910 fn. 12. In determining the mitigating effect of the
employer’s efforts, the Board is to consider, among other
things, the “levels of supervisory authority,” the “extent of
the particular supervisor’s authority over the solicited em-
ployee,” and whether management “takes timely and effec-
tive steps to disavow” the conduct of prounion supervisors.
Id. at 913.
Here, as described, the Employer disseminated anti-
union literature to employees throughout the organizing
campaign. The literature urged employees to vote
against the Union, accused the Union of making false
promises to employees, and described the Union as ready
to sacrifice employees’ jobs if doing so would serve the
Union’s purposes. Most important, it also explained that
employees were not bound to vote for the Union, even if
they had initially signed an authorization card.
The Employer’s clear antiunion statements, in con-
junction with its specific advice concerning authorization
SNE ENTERPRISES 1047
cards, served to alleviate any possible pressure exerted
by the leads. This is particularly so given the leads’ very
limited supervisory authority over their subordinates,
who correctly viewed the production supervisors (not the
leads) as the managers responsible for day-to-day work-
ing conditions.
The majority’s counterarguments are unpersuasive.
The majority asserts that the “fact that the Employer told
employees that they were not obligated to vote for the
Union does not lessen the continuing pressure an em-
ployee may feel to vote consistent with [his] earlier
stated intention.” But the majority does not explain why
the Employer’s statements would not have a mitigating
effect, i.e., would not (at the very least) “lessen the con-
tinuing pressure an employee may feel.” Nor does the
majority identify the source of the “continuing pressure”
or explain how it is fairly attributable to the Union.4
Rather, the majority simply returns to the fact that the
card solicitations took place. If the Union engaged in no
subsequent objectionable conduct predicated on the card-
signing,5 then the employee was under no continuing
pressure from the Union, at least where the initial solici-
tation was not coercive in fact (i.e., accompanied by im-
plicit or explicit threats or promises). Further, the major-
ity misses the mark in stating that “nothing in the leads’
conduct . . . would assure employees that they could vote
how they wish or otherwise relieve the solicitation of its
inherent coercive nature.” The relevant analysis properly
involves the Employer’s antiunion stance, and is not lim-
ited to an inquiry into the leads’ conduct. In any event,
we should recall that Board elections, are conducted by
secret ballot, which surely gives employees a measure of
confidence that they are free to vote against the Union,
despite prior professions of support.
D.
Finally, the majority dismisses the fact that in three
prior representation elections, the leadpersons were
deemed eligible to vote. Thus, during the relevant pe-
riod, the Union, the leads, and their coworkers had good
reason to believe that the leads were not statutory super-
visors and thus were free to participate fully in the Un-

4 Compare the situation in Harborside, where the majority observed
that the supervisor engaged in “continuous, pervasive, and aggressive
campaigning on behalf of the Union . . . much of this conducted in a
harassing, pressuring, and badgering manner.” Id. at 912 (citing super-
visor’s soliciting of cards, requiring an employee to attend a union
meeting, requiring an employee to wear a union pin, and repeatedly
asking employees if she could “count on” them). See also id. at 913
(describing supervisor’s tactics as “badgering, harassing, and intimidat-
ing in nature”).
5 For example, the supervisor might tell employees who signed cards
that he expected them to honor their commitment by voting for the
union and imply adverse consequences if they did not.
ion’s organizing efforts. Under these circumstances, it is
unfair to fault the Union and its employee supporters for
the leads’ conduct.6
IV.
This case illustrates the majority’s exceedingly strict
scrutiny of prounion supervisory conduct during an or-
ganizing campaign. As Member Walsh and I predicted
in our Harborside dissent,7 the Board’s new focus is on
the mere extent of prounion supervisors’ participation in
the union campaign, and not on any actual risk of coerc-
ing employees. (No such test applies to supervisors’ in-
volvement in an employer’s antiunion efforts, of course.)
With respect to card solicitation, the majority’s decision
strongly suggests that Harborside’s reference to “miti-
gating circumstances” was illusory. If not the facts of
this case, it is hard to imagine what scenario would ever
convince the majority that card solicitation was not ob-
jectionable. Accordingly, I dissent.
APPENDIX
. . . .
THIRD SUPPLEMENTAL DECISION AND
CERTIFICATION OF REPRESENTATIVE
I. STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Pursuant to the provisions of a Decision and Direction of
Election which issued on April 21, 2004, an election by secret
ballot was conducted on May 20, 2004.2 The Employer timely
filed objections to conduct affecting the results of the election.
On June 15, 2004, the Acting Regional Director issued a Sup-
plemental Decision, Order Directing Hearing and Notice of
Hearing disposing of five objections and directing a hearing to
be held before a hearing officer to resolve the issues raised by
the Employer’s remaining 11 objections. Following a hearing, the
hearing officer issued her report on September 30, 2004 rec-
ommending that the remaining objections be overruled in their
entirety and that an appropriate Certification of Representative
be issued.
The Employer timely filed exceptions to the hearing officer’s
findings and recommendations. On November 3, 2004, I issued
a Second Supplemental Decision and Certification of Represen-
tative finding that the hearing officer’s conclusions and rec-
ommendations were supported by the record and the applicable
law. I also found that the record did not support the Employer’s
claim of bias on the part of the hearing officer. Thus, 1 issued
the appropriate Certification of Representative.

6 The majority insists that all that matters is that the leads “were su-
pervisors when they engaged in the conduct involved herein.” That
assertion misses my point, and it rests on the dubious premise that the
legal status of the leads determines the practical effect of their conduct.
7 Supra, 343 NLRB at 915.
2 The tally of ballots revealed that there were 182 eligible voters; 87
votes were cast for the Petitioner; 82 votes cast against the Petitioner;
and 3 ballots were challenged.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD1048
On January 8, 2005, the Employer filed with the Board a Re-
quest for Review and a Supplemental Brief in Support. On May
17, 2005, the Board granted the Employer’s request for review in
SNE Enterprises, 344 NLRB No. 81 (2005) and remanded the
proceeding to me for reconsideration of the supervisors’ pro-
union activity, including, but not limited to, whether their solici-
tation of authorization cards constitutes objectionable conduct,
pursuant to the legal standard articulated by the Board in Har-
borside Healthcare, Inc., 343 NLRB 906 (2004). In addition, the
Board, with respect to the Employer’s contentions regarding the
hearing officer’s admission of Petitioner’s Exhibit 2, denied
review without prejudice to the Employer’s opportunity to submit
additional evidence pertaining to its stance regarding the Peti-
tioner’s organizational campaign.
On May 31, 2005, I issued an Order Reopening Hearing di-
recting that the hearing be reopened for the purpose of obtain-
ing any additional evidence concerning alleged supervisory
pro-union conduct, including mitigating circumstances, as well
as the Employer’s response to the Petitioner’s campaign. On
June 14, 2005, the hearing officer conducted an additional evi-
dentiary hearing and on July 15, 2005, issued a Supplemental
Report on Objections and Recommendations to the Regional
Director on Remand from the Board. The hearing officer found
that the evidence submitted did not establish that the supervi-
sors at issue, the Employer’s lead persons, engaged in pro-
union objectionable conduct which warranted setting aside the
election under the criteria established by the Board in Harbor-
side, supra. Accordingly, the hearing officer recommended that
the Employer’s objections be overruled and that the appropriate
Certification of Representative issue.
The Employer timely filed 80 exceptions to the hearing offi-
cer’s findings and recommendations. After a careful review of
the record and the briefs of the parties, I find, for the reasons set
forth in detail below, that the hearing officer’s conclusions and
recommendations are supported by the record and the applica-
ble law and that the record does not support the existence of
any bias on her part. Accordingly, I affirm her findings and
recommendations overruling the Employer’s objections and
will issue an appropriate Certification of Representative.
II. THE EMPLOYER’S EXCEPTIONS
The Employer maintains, in its exceptions, that the hearing
officer erred by permitting the Petitioner to exceed the scope of
direct examination and relitigate the supervisory status of leads
as well as making incorrect and unsupported credibility resolu-
tions, findings of fact, and conclusions. In addition, the Em-
ployer argues that the hearing officer improperly refused to
admit certain exhibits offered by the Employer, improperly
admitted Petitioner’s Exhibit 2, and misapplied Harborside and
other Board precedent.
In an objections case, the burden is on the objecting party to
prove its case. A Board-conducted representation election is
presumed to be valid. NLRB v. WFMT, 997 F.2d 269 (7th Cir.
1993); NLRB v. Service American Corp., 841 F.2d 191, 195 (7th
Cir. 1988); Progress Industries, 285 NLRB 694, 700 (1987).
Thus, an objecting party must demonstrate not only that the
conduct occurred, but also that the conduct interfered with the
free choice of employees to such a degree that it has materially
affected the results of the election. Finally, the Board’s long-
established policy is not to overrule a hearing officer’s credibil-
ity resolutions unless the clear preponderance of all the relevant
evidence convinces the reviewer that they are incorrect. BFI
Waste Services, 343 NLRB 254 fn. 1 (2004); Deaconess Medical
Center, 341 NLRB 589 fn. 1 (2004); Stretch-Tex Co., 118
NLRB 1359, 1361 (1957).
III. THE HARBORSIDE STANDARD
The legal standard articulated by the Board in Harborside
Healthcare, supra, considers two factors when evaluating whether
supervisory pro-union conduct upsets the requisite laboratory
conditions for a fair election:
(1) Whether the supervisor’s pro-union conduct rea-
sonably tends to coerce or interfere with the employees’
exercise of free choice in the election. This inquiry con-
siders: (a) the nature and degree of supervisory authority
possessed by those who engage in the pro-union conduct;
and (b) the nature, extent, and context of the conduct in
question.
(2) Whether the supervisor’s pro-union conduct inter-
feres with employees’ freedom of choice to the extent that
it materially affected the outcome of the election. The fac-
tors considered are: (a) the margin of victory in the elec-
tion; (b) whether the conduct at issue was widespread or
isolated; (c) the timing of the conduct; (d) the extent to
which the conduct became known; and (e) the lingering ef-
fect of the conduct. The Board specifically noted that it
does not require that all factors be satisfied in order to find
conduct objectionable.
The Harborside decision also established a new rule in
connection with the solicitation of authorization cards by su-
pervisors. Specifically, the Board held that supervisory solicita-
tion. of union authorization cards is inherently coercive absent
mitigating circumstances. The Board extended this rule to both
post and pre-petition supervisory solicitations.
IV. FACTUAL TERMINATIONS AND RELATED EXCEPTIONS
(a) The scope of the authority of the lead persons
As reflected in the Decision, the Employer is engaged in the
manufacture and sale of windows and doors at its Huntington,
West Virginia facility where it employs 19 lead persons. The
Decision found that the leads were supervisors based upon their
authority to assign and direct work. There was no contention
that the leads had any independent authority to discipline or
discharge employees and the record failed to show that they
could recommend the hire of a new employee. The record de-
veloped by the hearing officer concerning the supervisory
status of the leads does not affect the conclusions reached in the
Decision on these points.3

3 In its exceptions, the Employer complains that the Hearing Officer
allowed the Petitioner to relitigate the supervisory status of the leads. To
the contrary, I find that the Hearing Officer limited the scope of examina-
tion to the issues for which I specifically reopened this matter pursuant
to the remand of the Board. Although testimony was developed regard-
ing the scope of the authority possessed by the leads, the thrust of this
testimony was directed to the degree of supervisory authority the leads
SNE ENTERPRISES 1049
The hearing officer found that the supervisory authority ex-
ercised by the leads was extremely limited and that “the leads
have only a minor effect on employees’ working conditions.”
In this regard, she observed that the leads do not attend man-
agement or supervisory meetings, and that supervisors, not
leads, conduct those meetings at the beginning of each shift,
make announcements and set production rates. The hearing
officer also noted that leads are not involved in disciplining
employees and that there was no evidence that their input in
evaluating employees was given more weight than that of other
employees.
The Employer excepts to the hearing officer’s conclusions
concerning the scope of the leads’ supervisory authority and
their impact on employees’ working conditions.4 Specifically,
the Employer excepts to the hearing officer’s statement that
“leads simply move employees to maximize production under
the Employer’s demand flow technology system” and her
statement that “the leads’ authority is limited to shifting em-
ployees temporarily to maximize production on the line.” The
hearing officer’s statements are not inconsistent with the Deci-
sion’s findings that “the lead persons here do much more than
make work assignments to equalize employees’ work on a rota-
tional or other rational basis.” The leads’ exercise of independ-
ent judgment in assigning and redirecting work in order to meet
production goals, is consistent with the hearing officer’s state-
ments. Accordingly, I find that the hearing officer’s finding on
this point is fully supported by the record.

held rather than being directed to the question of whether the leads were
supervisors. Accordingly, I find that the Employer’s exceptions on this
issue are without merit.
The Employer also asserts that the Hearing Officer committed error
by permitting the Petitioner’s cross-examination of witnesses to exceed
the scope of the direct examination. The Employer does not cite to a
particular instance or instances in which the Petitioner purportedly was
permitted to examine witnesses beyond the scope of direct. I conclude
that the Hearing Officer did not commit error. In this regard, I note that
a representation proceeding is nonadversarial in nature and that the Hear-
ing Officer is charged with developing a complete retard. I find that her
rulings and questioning of witnesses were geared toward achieving that
end.
4 In particular, the Employer excepts to the Hearing Officer’s failure to credit
the testimony of Plant Manager Tim Dragoo and Human Resources Manager
Susan Dingess with regard to the supervisory authority of the leads, her cred-
iting of the Union’s witnesses and her failure to draw a negative infer-
ence against the Union for subpoenaing but failing to call employees Pam
Smith and George New to testify. The Employer asserts that had Smith been
called, she would have testified to the “broad” authority of the leads. The
Employer characterizes the Petitioner’s decision to call some witnesses and to
not call others as “clear evidence of an attempted fraud.” 1 note that these em-
ployees were not under the exclusive control of the Petitioner and that the Em-
ployer could have called these witnesses itself had it chosen to do so. In fact,
the Employer did call New. There is no evidence as to what testimony Smith
would have given had she been called. I decline to draw a negative inference
from the Petitioner’s failure to call Smith as a witness when she was equally
at the disposal of the Employer. There is no evidence to suggest that she
would have testified a certain way if called, and the Employer has not cited to
any authority for the proposition that a negative inference is required or war-
ranted under such circumstances. Accordingly, based on the above and the
record as a whole, I find again that there is no basis on which to overturn
the Hearing Officer’s credibility findings and I affirm her findings.
The Employer excepts to the hearing officer’s conclusions
that leads are constantly under the authority of a supervisor
who oversees two related or adjacent lines and that the near
constant presence of supervisors on the line rebuts any infer-
ence that leads are the principal contact with management. The
record discloses that supervisors are constantly or frequently
present or near the lines they oversee, and for which they are
responsible. Further, the Employer’s exception ignores the fact
that many of the supervisors arc over adjacent lines and pre-
sumably may exercise oversight of both lines simultaneously.
In any event, whether the supervisors’ presence is constant or
frequent, I find the result is essentially the same and I affirm the
hearing officer’s conclusion on this point.
Similarly, there is no support for the Employer’s exception
to the hearing officer’s conclusion that “leads are not involved
in discipline,” or its’ exception to her conclusion that “the abil-
ity of the leads to reward or punish employees is minimal.” In
fact, the record establishes that leads may be involved in oral
counseling but that they are almost never involved in written
discipline which is, in any event, subject to review and ap-
proval by higher supervision. The record shows that the re-
ward or punishment of employees is limited to the leads’ ability
to make temporary assignments and this is further circumscribed
by the need to maximize production and by supervisory review
of such assignments.
The Employer also excepts to the hearing officer’s conclu-
sion that “no jobs on the line were more desirable or less desir-
able.” I note that in my Second Supplemental Decision I found
that the lead person’s supervisory status hinged only on their
ability to assign and direct employees. I found in this regard
that the leads on occasion may move employees from one posi-
tion to another and although there may be some positions
which are marginally more desirable than others, the leads do
not have the authority to move employees into higher paying
jobs. Regarding the hearing officer’s conclusion on this point,
I note that when the phrase quoted by the Employer is consid-
ered in context, that the hearing officer’s statement is accurate.
Thus, the hearing officer noted, “Even the Employer’s wit-
nesses testified that while the lead could theoretically move
them from an easier to a harder job, no jobs on the line were
more desirable or less desirable.” (Emphasis added.)5 Accord-
ingly, and based on the record evidence, I find that the hear-
ing officer’s statement on this point is fully supported by the
record. Moreover, based on the record, I do not find it to be
inconsistent with my earlier pronouncement that some posi-
tions may be marginally more desirable than others.
The Employer also excepts to the hearing officer’s conclu-
sion that leads do not select employees for training and that
there was inconclusive evidence concerning the weight given to
the recommendations leads made for training. In this regard, the
Employer points out that the Decision found that “[Lead per-

5 For example, Employer witness Edward Frye testified as follows to
questions from the Employer’s attorney:
Q: Are there certain jobs that you don’t like to do on the
line?
Q: Are there certain jobs that are less desirable t pan others?
A. No.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD1050
sons are responsible for training and cross-training of employ-
ees on their line. There are no set guidelines for this training
and cross-training, and lead persons exercise their own judg-
ment when determining which employees to train on which
jobs.” The credited testimony contained in the post-election
hearing regarding cross-training is minimal. It continues to
appear, however, consistent with the Decision, that leads are
involved with cross-training decisions and that assembly work
in particular is an area in which leads encourage cross-training
and in which they make cross-training assignments. Although
there appears to be a system or progression of training in place
on some lines for cross-training, the leads in other departments
are apparently permitted to devise their own parameters for
cross-training employees. Accordingly, to the extent that the
hearing officer’s statement regarding leads’ involvement in
cross-training employees cannot be reconciled with the findings
in the decision, I hereby disavow the hearing officer’s finding
on this point. However, I do not find that my disavowal materi-
ally alters the factual underpinnings or the rationale for the
hearing officer’s conclusion that the authority of the leads to
affect the working conditions of employees is minimal.
(b) The prounion conduct of the lead persons
The hearing officer found that the only leads who engaged in
prounion conduct were Chad Edwards, Henry Withrow, and
Ruth Adkins and that their union activities were limited to the
following acts of prounion conduct:
1. Edwards told an indeterminate number of employ-
ees at union meetings and at the plant that without a union
they would not get anywhere with the Employer and a un-
ion would help them get better benefits and treatment.
2. Edwards’ statement to Withrow and Lead Joe
McCoy that, “if it happened to Benny, it could happen to
any of us,” referring to the discharge of former employee
and union supporter Benny Moore,6 was overheard by
only one unit employee, Al Clere.7 Withrow told Edwards

6 The Hearing Officer noted that on August 23, 2004, a consolidated
complaint issued in Case 9–CA–40915, et al., alleging, inter alia, that
the Employer discharged employee Benny Moore on February 23,
2004, in violation of Sec. 8 (a ) (1) and (3) of the Act. The Employer
asserts that the Hearing Officer committed error by taking administra-
tive notice of the consolidated complaint issued against the Employer in
Case 9–CA–40915, et al. It is well settled that the Board may take
administrative notice of its own proceedings and files. See Catholic
Healthcare West, 344 NLRB 790 (2005); Lord Jim’s, 264 NLRB
1098 (1982). Accordingly, hereby affirm the hearing officer’s decision
to take administrative notice of the pending unfair labor practice matter
as well as the prior petitions filed by the Carpenters Union in which the
leads were sought and included in the prospective bargaining units
pursuant to Stipulated Election Agreements entered into by the parties.
In affirming the hearing officer on these points, I note, however, that
these related matters are of tangential relevance to this proceeding.
7 The Employer excepts to the hearing officer’s conclusion that there
was no evidence that Edwards’ statement was heard by any employee
other than Clere. The testimony regarding this statement was vague and
in every instance was prompted by a leading question from the Em-
ployer’s attorney prior to exhausting the witness’ recollection. A review
of the relevant testimony reveals that although other employees may
have been in the vicinity when the purported statement was made, there
and Lead McCoy at a union meeting that if they [he and
Edwards] quit now, they would lose their jobs, referring
to possible retaliation by the Employer because of their
pro-union activities.8
4. Edwards and Adkins spoke separately to an unspecified
number of employees about being “at-will employees.” Both
indicated that employees were currently “at-will” employees
but that if the Union came in, the Employer would have to ne-
gotiate or have probable cause for discharge or that employees
would have a “day in court” and they also indicated to employ-
ees that such benefits would be a result of bargaining or nego-
tiations.9
5. Edwards, Withrow and Adkins all supported the Union.
Edwards and Withrow were on the organizing committee and
attended meetings. Edwards wore a button indicating he was on
the organizing committee.
6. Withrow told Edwards and employee Clere, in separate
conversations, that they had gone too far to stop, they needed to
continue.
7. Withrow solicited five or six authorization cards from em-
ployees,, including employees on the black line, where he was
lead until about March 2004. Edwards solicited ten cards from
employees, including five from employees on the red line
where he was the lead.10 Although Adkins did not generally

is no evidence that the remark was heard by any employee other than
Clere. Accordingly, I hold that the hearing officer’s finding on this
point is fully supported by the record.
8 The Employer excepts to the hearing officer’s conclusion that there
was no evidence that bargaining unit employees heard Withrow’s
statement. The record reflects that Withrow made this statement during
a conversation with fellow leads Edwards and McCoy. Withrow’s
testimony neither indicated that the statement was overheard by a large
group nor that it could have been interpreted as an indication that the
plant would close. Rather, he merely speculated in response to a lead-
ing question that if someone overheard his remark, it could have been
mistaken for anything. The only evidence that a unit employee heard
Withrow make this or a similar remark was the testimony of employee
Al Clere. Notably, Clere places this remark by Withrow as having
occurred in a one-on-one conversation between the two of them and he
did not recall that Withrow said anything about anyone losing their job.
Withrow’s statement to Clere, as testified to by Clere, was found by the
hearing officer to constitute a separate act of pro-union conduct. Ac-
cordingly, I hold that the hearing officer’s findings on these points are
fully supported’ by the record.
9 The Employer excepts to the hearing officer’s finding that Edwards
and Adkins always told employees that “for cause” employment was
subject to negotiations and that “the alleged promises of leads that ‘at
will’ employment would end with the Petitioner’s did (sic) not have
reasonably affected employee free choice.” As pointed out by the hear-
ing officer, Edwards and Adkins testified that they told the employees
to whom they spoke that the benefits of unionization were subject to
negotiation. Moreover, the Employer’s campaign literature specifically
responded to the claims about job security by pointing out that such
security did not come from the Petitioner and that the Petitioner could
keep its promises only by obtaining the agreement of the Employer.
Accordingly, I find that the Employer’s exceptions on this issue are
without merit.
10 The Employer excepts to the hearing officer’s “assertion that ‘the
evidence does not support a finding that [Edwards] handed [employees
on his line] cards with a request or direction to sign.’ Edwards’ testi-
mony indicates that his approach to soliciting authorization cards was
SNE ENTERPRISES 1051
solicit cards from employees, she did obtain a card for her
son, James, who is an employee.11
The hearing officer concluded that there was no evidence
that leads indicated that they would use their supervisory au-
thority to reward or punish employees who did not agree with
their position regarding the Petitioner. Although two employees
presented by the Employer as witnesses, Al Clere and Heather
Daniels testified that they thought they might glean some bene-
fit12 or suffer some negative impact13 there was nothing in the

of a passive nature. Thus, after asking employees if they had signed a
card or whether anyone else had talked to them about the Union cam-
paign, Edwards states that, “If they hadn’t [signed a card] I would ask if
there was any questions that I may help you with.” Although Edwards
testified that he asked individuals on his line to sign cards, this is not
inconsistent with the finding of the hearing officer as noted above.
There was no evidence that Edwards required any employee to accept or
refuse an authorization card. Edwards followed an informational ap-
proach to solicitation as described above and more fully in the hearing
officer’s report. Accordingly, I hold that the hearing officer’s finding
on this point is fully supported by the record.
11 The Employer excepted to this finding by the hearing officer and
to her crediting of Adkins’ testimony. The Employer asserts that accord-
ing to the testimony of Plant Manager Dragoo and Human Resources
Manager Dingess, Adkins had told them during a postelection meeting
that she had “solicited employees in the plant.” The record supports the
hearing officer’s finding that there is no credible evidence that Adkins
gave any employee, other than her son, a union authorization card as
well as the hearing officer’s reasons for discrediting the testimony
proffered by Dragoo and Dingess on this point. Although employee
Heather Daniels testified that Adkins asked her if she had signed a card,
she did not testify that Adkins had provided her with a card or re-
quested that she sign a card.
The Employer also asserts that the hearing officer erred by rejecting its
Exhs. 5 and 6. Exh. 5, purporting to be notes taken by Dingess of a
meeting that she and Dragoo held with Adkins, is a hearsay document.
Further, there is no evidence that these notes were adopted by Adkins.
Exh. 6 is a double hearsay document because it is based on Exh. 5 and
perhaps also on the context of the meeting as relayed to the Employer’s
attorney by Dingess and Dragoo. The Employer does not cite to a sin-
gle Board or court case for the proposition that the hearing officer’s
decision to reject these two exhibits was error. These notes were never
adopted by Adkins. Adkins was not called by the Employer as a wit-
ness at the remand proceeding and, therefore, was not afforded an op-
portunity to confront any statements contained in Dingess’ short form
notes. Clearly, these documents were prepared in anticipation of possi-
ble litigation and are not records kept in the regular course of business.
Accordingly, I conclude that the hearing officer properly rejected Em-
ployer’s Exhs. 5 and 6 and I shall give them no weight in my considera-
tion of this matter.
12 The hearing officer, as described in the Second Supplemental De-
cision, found that Clere believed that Edwards was indicating that Clete
would receive extra benefits if he were to speak out in favor of the Union although
Clete testified that Edwards did not actually say this.
13 The Employer excepts to the hearing officer’s “failure to recog-
nize the intimidation expressed by Heather Daniels” as a result of her
conversations with Edwards and Adkins regarding the Petitioner. Al-
though Daniels indicated in her testimony that she felt intimidated when
approached by lead persons, questioning by the hearing officer, the Employer’s
attorney, and the Petitioner’s representative failed to yield any concrete explana-
tion for this “intimidating” feeling other than her testimony that she and Adkins
had a work-related dispute on another occasion and anecdotal testimony that
Adkins had a work-related dispute on yet another occasion with another em-
ployee. In this regard, Daniels testified that she did not believe that the
record to lend any support for the validity of this feeling. “(The
Board applies an objective test when evaluating alleged objec-
tionable conduct and `the subjective reactions of employees are
irrelevant to the question of whether there was, in fact, objec-
tionable conduct.” Picoma Industries, 296 NLRB 498, 499
(1989), quoting Emerson Electric Co., 247 NLRB 1365, 1370
(1980), enfd. 649 F.2d 589 (8th Cir. 1981).
The hearing officer found that only Edwards was shown to
have spoken to employees under his supervision about the Un-
ion during the period 2 to 3 months prior to the election. The
record discloses that Withrow and Adkins may have talked to
employees about their support for the Petitioner or in a positive
manner regarding the Union between the filing of the petition
and the issuance of the Decision declaring the leads to be su-
pervisors. However, there is no evidence that any employees
they spoke to during that timeframe were employees who
worked under their direction. In this regard, the record reflects
that in the months leading up to the election, Adkins supervised
a line consisting of temporary employees who are not part of
the Unit. I also note that the hearing officer found, in conjunc-
tion with this conclusion, that the Employer failed to show that
Edwards coerced or interfered with any employees in connec-
tion with solicitation.14 Accordingly, based on the record evi-
dence, I hold that the hearing officer’s finding on this point is
fully supported by the record.
The hearing officer also found that once the Decision issued,
the plant manager held a meeting attended by the leads during
which they were advised of the determination with respect to
their status and were given and read a printed statement con-
cerning what they could and could not do regarding the Peti-
tioner’s campaign from that day forward. The record indicates

work-related dispute between she and Adkins had anything to do with
Daniels’ disagreement with Adkins’ union views. Based on the record
evidence, I find that the hearing officer was correct in failing to accord
any substantive weight to this vague and unfocused testimony.
The Employer also excepts to the hearing officer’s conclusion that
neither Edwards nor Adkins were Heather Daniels’ lead. In fact,
Daniels testified that her lead was Kevin Russell and that Russell had
never spoken to her about the Petitioner. She had never worked under Ad-
kins’ direction and had “helped out” only for an hour or two on a single
occasion on a line where Edwards was the lead. I find that this fact as
stated by the hearing officer is fully supported by the record.
14 The Employer excepts to the hearing officer’s conclusion that the
record does not include details of the solicitation of each card by Ed-
wards. The Employer then concedes, “Although the record may not
provide a [sic] explicitly detailed description of the solicitation of each
and every attempt by Edwards to obtain an authorization card, the re-
cord is replete with testimony of both Edwards and those he solicited with
regard to his efforts to obtain cards and encourage others to support the
union.” The fact of the matter is that the record supports the hearing
officer’s statement. No details are provided about the circumstances
surrounding each instance in which Edwards may have solicited an
authorization card. Rather, the record on this point consists of generalized
and conclusionary statements with the exception of some details pro-
vided in connection with conversations that Edwards had with Clere,
and employees Daniels and John DeBoard, Jr. Here, the Employer has
answered its own exception by conceding that the record is lacking in
details about solicitation. Accordingly, and based on the record evi-
dence, I hold that the hearing officer’s finding on this point is fully
supported by the record.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD1052
that from that point in time, the lead persons in issue ceased
their activity in support of the Union.15
The hearing officer further found that “the Employer had
ample opportunity to rebut” the activities of the leads prior to
the election. The Employer excepts to the hearing officer’s
“representation that [Human Resources Manager] Dingess `ad-
mitted that she had spoken to Adkins about her activity follow-
ing the Decision’ and that the Employer had knowledge of the
leads’ activities long before the election.” I find, in agreement
with the hearing officer, that Dingess spoke to Adkins in some
detail about her union activities prior to the election.16 More-
over, the record evidence establishes that prior to the filing of
the petition the Employer learned that Edwards and Withrow
were union adherents as they were listed as members of the
employee organizing committee on a letter from the Petitioner
to the Employer dated February 6, 2004. Further, contrary to
the Employer’s assertions, it is also clear from the record that
about a month prior to the representation election, the Em-
ployer was aware that some leads were actively supporting the
Petitioner’s organizing campaign. I find that the hearing offi-
cer’s conclusions are fully supported by the record.
Finally, the hearing officer found that the Employer con-
ducted an anti-union campaign prior to the election and that
employees were generally aware that the Employer opposed the
Petitioner.17 The Employer’s campaign material is,’ for the most
part, contained in the Petitioner’s Exhibit 2 which is a compila-
tion of the Employer’s anti-union literature that was dissemi-
nated to employees during the election campaign. The Em-
ployer has again excepted to the hearing officer’s conduct at the
initial hearing in reopening the record out of the presence of the
Employer’s counsel for the purpose of admitting the Peti-
tioner’s Exhibit 2, and by admitting into evidence and relying
on Exhibit 2. I have previously rejected this argument and
hereby rely upon my earlier position on this issue. Additionally,
I note that the Board denied review of this issue without preju-
dice to the Employer’s opportunity to submit additional evi-
dence pertaining to the Employer’s stance regarding the Peti-
tioner’s organizational campaign. SNE Enterprises, supra.

15 During the remand hearing on June 14, 2005, Edwards testified
that some employees still approached him about the Petitioner follow-
ing issuance of the Decision. He told employees who approached him
following issuance that he was, “no longer allowed to talk about it. I
could, just say good things about the Company.”
17 The Employer excepts to the hearing officer’s conclusion that Ed-
wards was aware of the Employer’s opposition to the Petitioner. The
record reflects that Edwards testified that he attended meetings con-
ducted by the Employer’s Regional Director of Manufacturing, Art
Steinhafer, and that former Plant Manager Jim George spoke to him in
opposition to the Petitioner many times. Edwards then went on to tes-
tify that he also based his conclusion that the Employer opposed the
Petitioner from speeches given and movies shown by the Employer. In
addition, the campaign literature prominently posted and mailed to
employees by the Employer further supports this conclusion. Accord-
ingly, I find that the hearing officer’s finding on this point is fully sup-
ported by the record.
V. LEGAL ANALYSIS
1. The hearing officer’s application of Harborside
Pursuant to the Board’s remand, the hearing officer recon-
sidered the leads’ prounion activity, including, but not limited
to, whether their solicitation of authorization cards constitutes
objectionable conduct wider the legal standard articulated by
the Board in Harborside Healthcare, 343 NLRB 906 (2004).
In Harborside, the Board disavowed language in prior Board
cases requiring an explicit threat or promise in order to estab-
lish objectionable pro-union supervisory conduct. Additionally,
the Board reversed prior law concerning the solicitation of un-
ion authorization cards by supervisors by holding that such
supervisory solicitations are inherently coercive absent mitigat-
ing circumstances. Harborside left unresolved the question of
precisely what constitutes mitigating circumstances, although
the Board provided some guidance for the resolution of this
question in its decision. In this regard, the Board noted that the
conduct of the supervisor in Harborside, “together with her
significant supervisory authority” reasonably tended to coerce
or interfere with employee free choice in the election. Id. at
916; see also Chinese Daily News, supra at 1072. (Supervisory
prounion conduct found objectionable based in part on the na-
ture and extent of authority of the supervisor involved.) The
Board also noted that in assessing the effect of the conduct on
the election that it, “may take into account the antiunion state-
ments of higher company officials, and the extent to which they
may disavow coercive prounion conduct of supervisors.” The
hearing officer thus proceeded to consider all the evidence con-
cerning the involvement of the leads in soliciting authorization
cards, both pre and postpetition, for the purpose of assessing
the existence of “mitigating circumstances.”
Applying Harborside, the hearing officer concluded that the
pro-union supervisory conduct of the leads did not reasonably
tend to coerce or interfere with employees’ exercise of free
choice in the election and that the conduct did not materially
affect the results of the election. Additionally, with regard to
the solicitation of authorization cards, the hearing officer con-
cluded that the Employer failed to show that the leads’ partici-
pation in the solicitation of cards could reasonably have inter-
fered with or coerced employees in the exercise of free choice
in the election. In so finding, the hearing officer relied on her
recitation of facts surrounding the solicitation of authorization
cards. These facts reflect that there are several mitigating cir-
cumstances involved in this matter that dissipate the inherent
tendency of such card solicitations to interfere with employees’
freedom to choose to sign a card or not.
Specifically, the hearing officer found that leads do not have
any power to significantly affect the working lives of employ-
ees, even the employees working under them. In this regard, the
record discloses that leads have assignment and direction au-
thority, but their ability to affect employees’ wages, hours, or
other working conditions is quite limited given the nearly 1 to 2
ratio of frontline supervisors to leads, their limited potential to
punish or reward employees in connection with temporary as-
signments and training, and their lack of any other significant
primary indicia of supervisory authority.
SNE ENTERPRISES 1053
Further, leads are not perceived as having significant author-
ity over other employees. In this regard, there may be a vari-
ance from line to line. Indeed, many of the leads spend 50 per-
cent or more of their work time performing hands on work on
their respective lines alongside the other employees. Several
employees testified that they had not considered the leads to be
supervisors prior to issuance of the decision. In addition, sev-
eral employees testified that they had only known leads to
make temporary transfers or assignments for purposes of en-
hancing productivity. I also note that prior to the date of the
issuance of the decision, the leads themselves assumed that
they were employees in the unit and would be eligible to vote,
which is not surprising since in at least three earlier representa-
tion elections, lead persons had been eligible to vote.
Finally, the hearing officer made the following findings:
(a) the only solicitation which occurred was in noncoercive
circumstances; (b) months before the election, Leads Withrow
and Adkins were transferred to other production lines away
from the employees to whom they had voiced their pro-union
sympathies; (c) the Employer’s literature countered the coer-
cive effect of the cards by plainly telling employees that they
did not need to follow through after signing a card but could
vote against the Petitioner; and (d) the leads stopped all of
their pro-union activities after issuance of the Decision, one
month prior to the date of the election.
Based on the above mitigating circumstances, the hearing of-
ficer also found that the solicitation of cards by leads did not
materially affect the results of the election. Accordingly, the
hearing officer recommended that the Employer’s Objections to
the conduct of the election be overruled and that the Petitioner
be certified as the exclusive collective-bargaining representa-
tive of the Employer’s employees in the petitioned-for unit. I
conclude that the hearing officer’s application of Harborside to
the facts and circumstances of the subject matter was well
founded and considered and I hereby affirm her in this regard.
2. Discussion of NLRB v. Hawaiian Flour Mill,
792 F.2d 1459 (9th Cir. 1986)
The Employer takes issue with the hearing officer’s reliance
on Hawaiian Flour Mill, a case specifically cited to by the
Board in Harborside in enunciating the proper inquiry in cases
involving prounion supervisory conduct. Id. at 910. The hearing
officer noted in two separate instances in her Supplemental
Report, while discussing prounion supervisory conduct gener-
ally, that the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in focusing on the
authority and actual prounion activity of supervisors, held that
employee freedom of choice was not interfered with when low
level supervisors gave employees their personal views on the
union and told them to sign cards. The Employer contends that
Hawaiian Flour Mill does not reflect the Board’s policy that
supervisory solicitation of authorization cards inherently inter-
feres with employee free choice. I note that the Board discussed
Hawaiian Flour Mill in the context of its discussion related to
supervisory pro-union conduct and restated the Board’s legal
standard to be applied in cases involving objections to an elec-
tion based on such conduct. The hearing officer discusses Ha-
waiian Flour Mill in the same context. Accordingly, I find that
the hearing officer’s discussion of and reliance on Hawaiian
Flour Mill is appropriate.
3. The appropriateness of presuming dissemination
The Employer contends that the hearing officer erred by fail-
ing to presume dissemination of certain remarks attributed to
leads, including the remark that, “if it happened to Benny it
could happen to any of us,” and the remark that they “had gone
too far to stop now.” The Employer relies on United Broadcast-
ing Co., 248 NLRB 403 (1980), and Standard Knitting Mills,
Inc., 172 NLRB 1122 (1968), for the proposition that com-
ments directed at one individual during an election campaign
can reasonably be expected to have been discussed, repeated,
and disseminated among the employees. Thus, if the above
statements attributed to the leads can somehow be construed as
threats of job loss then, under the cases relied on by the Em-
ployer, such threats are presumed disseminated throughout the
Unit even if they were heard by only one employee. See Springs
Industries, 332 NLRB 40 (2000).
Here, as discussed above, Clere was the only non-lead who
testified to having heard the above remarks or remarks of a
similar nature. In agreement with the hearing officer, I find that
these statements were an expression of fear by prounion leads
that the Employer might retaliate against them (leads) because
of their support for the Petitioner, and that the statements could
not reasonably be interpreted by employees as threats of job
loss or plant closure. I note that Clere did not testify that he
repeated the lead’s remarks to anyone, nor did he name em-
ployees who might have overheard these remarks. I find addi-
tionally that the Employer did not merely presume that these
remarks by Edwards and Withrow had been overheard by other
employees, but actively sought to elicit testimony to establish
that other employees did, in fact, overhear them. The Employer
was unsuccessful in this regard.18
Regardless of the extent of dissemination here, when other
mitigating factors are considered, the prounion supervisory
conduct of the leads falls short of establishing that the election
should be set aside. These other factors include the small num-
ber of instances of alleged misconduct, the vague nature of the
statements attributed to them, and the substantial size of the
bargaining unit as compared to the number and severity of the
purported prounion conduct.
4. Leads as agents of the Union
The Employer attempts to distinguish the instant case by ar-
guing that at least Edwards and Withrow were agents of the
Petitioner because of their position on the organizing committee
and their conduct associated with the committee. The Board,

18 Moreover, although not dispositive here, I note that the Board re-
cently overruled Springs Industries and all other decisions in which the
Board presumed dissemination of plant closure threats or other kinds of
coercive statements. Crown Bolt, Inc., 343 NLRB 776, 781 (2004). The
Board held in Crown Bolt that, “Where proof of dissemination of coer-
cive statements, including threats of plant closure, is required, the ob-
jecting party will have the burden of proving it and its impact on the
election by direct and circumstantial evidence.” Id. The Board applied
the rule of Crown Bolt prospectively only and as this matter was pend-
ing at the time of that decision’s issuance the rule of Springs Industries
applies.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD1054
however, does not equate “membership” in an organizing
committee as automatically conveying agency status. Cornell
Forge Co., 339 NLRB 733 (2003); Advance Products
Corp., 304 NLRB 436 (1991). Moreover, it is well settled that
the burden of proving an agency relationship rests on the parry
asserting that relationship. Millard Processing Services, 304
NLRB 770, 771 (1991).
Here, I note that there is no evidence that the Petitioner
vested members of the in-house organizing committee with
actual or apparent authority to act on its behalf except for the
limited purpose of soliciting authorization cards. In this regard,
I note that the Petitioner’s nonemployee organizer regularly
conducted campaign meetings for interested employees and that
he was directly involved in orchestrating the course of the Peti-
tioner’s campaign. See S. Lichtenberg & Co., 296 NLRB 1302
fn. 4 (1989). Additionally, the most active of the prounion leads
on the organizing committee, Edwards, routinely advised em-
ployees to come to the union meetings to obtain information
about the Petitioner or told employees who were unable to at-
tend that if they had questions, he would attempt to obtain the
answers for them from the Petitioner’s organizer. Under these
circumstances and based on the record as a whole, I find that
the evidence affirmatively establishes that the organizing com-
mittee members, including the leads listed as such on the letter
from the Petitioner to the Employer, did not generally act as
actual or apparent agents of the Petitioner. Accordingly, their
conduct apart from obtaining authorization cards cannot be
attributed directly to the Petitioner. Moreover, even assuming
for the sake of a discussion on this point that the committee
members were union agents, there is no evidence they said
anything to employees that would be objectionable.
Finally, I note that any prounion conduct on the part of the
leads appears to have ceased approximately a month before the
election. Although the Employer claims that it had no reason
to know of its leads’ prounion conduct, this is not plausible
based upon Human Resources Manager Dingess’ original tes-
timony, as credited by the hearing officer, indicating that she, in
fact, had discussions with at least some of the leads on this
topic following the ruling on their status. In any event, the
campaign material disseminated by the Employer in many re-
spects countered what leads had indicated were the advantages
of unionization.19
5. The applicability of Glen’s Market,
344 NLRB 294 (2005)
The Employer takes issue with the hearing officer’s reliance
on Glen’s Market to support her conclusion that the conduct of
the leads did not reasonably tend to coerce or interfere with em-
ployees’ free choice. In this regard, the Employer points out
that in Glen’s Market, the authority of the supervisors in issue

19 For example, apparently one of the arguments made by Edwards
in favor of unionization centered on the benefits enjoyed by employees
at a unionized facility operated by the Employer. Much of the Em-
ployer’s campaign literature was meant to diminish the impact of such
arguments and included items such as the managements right’s clause
pertaining to the unionized facility and the statement that the Union
had caved in and agreed to virtually all of the Employer’s demands in
the last round of bargaining.
was limited to evaluating employees who worked under them in
their respective departments, whereas a limitation of supervi-
sory authority along departmental lines is not present in this
matter. Concededly, the delineation of supervisory authority
is not as clear in this matter as it was in Glen’s Market. How-
ever, there is significant record evidence that employees are
primarily supervised by a single lead and that lead is the indi-
vidual who regularly oversees and directs their work. In addi-
tion, the leads make temporary production assignments as
well as training assignments under circumscribed conditions,
including receiving directives from admitted supervisors on
temporary staffing needs and training employees in general
for purposes of enhancing flexibility and thereby, productiv-
ity. Accordingly, Glen’s Market is relevant because there was
no evidence that at the time of the election or in the 2 to 3
months preceding the election, that Adkins or Withrow di-
rected prounion supervisory conduct at employees who
worked under them. Edwards’ prounion supervisory conduct
ceased about a month prior to the election. Therefore, the lack
of recent pro-union supervisory conduct directed at employ-
ees over whom the leads regularly supervised constitutes a
factor mitigating against the objectionable nature of their
conduct generally and their solicitation of cards specifically.
6. Statements of leads concerning the fate of Benny Moore
The Employer asserts that the statement attributed to Ed-
wards, that if employee Benny Moore had been fired any of
them could be fired, implies that individuals who had supported
the Petitioner could not change their minds and if they did not
work to get the Petitioner elected, that they would be out of a
job. To the contrary, in agreement with the hearing officer, I
conclude that this is an expression of fear of possible retaliation
against employees who continued to support the Petitioner.
Moreover, as the hearing officer noted, the statement is not
connected to any indication that employees would be protected
by continuing to support the Petitioner. Perhaps most signifi-
cantly, however, there is no evidence that this particular state-
ment was heard by any member of the bargaining unit other
than Clere. Given the minimal exposure of the statement and
that the more reasonable inference to be drawn is that employ-
ees might be afraid to support the Petitioner following the
discharge of Moore, I concur with the hearing officer’s conclu-
sion that this statement cannot be reasonably interpreted as
interfering with employee’s freedom to choose to not support
the Petitioner. See, e.g., B.J. Titan, 296 NLRB 668 (1989), and
cases cited therein. In this regard, I note, as did the hearing
officer, that the Board in Harborside, supra at 912–913, 918 fn.
24, only overruled B. J. Titan to the extent that it holds that a
prounion supervisor’s linking of job security to support of a
labor organization is never objectionable. Certainly, there is no
direct linkage of support of the Petitioner to the “Benny
Moore” statement and I find that such cannot reasonably be
inferred.
7. The hearing officer’s purported bias
The Employer continues to argue in multiple exceptions that
the hearing officer’s credibility findings, factual findings, and
conclusions of law were based on her bias, citing her treatment
of witnesses as being somehow inappropriate, and continues to
SNE ENTERPRISES 1055
maintain that this conduct requires a new hearing. The hearing
officer’s actions specifically pointed out by the Employer in the
record appear to be no more than the hearing officer attempting
to pin down what actually occurred, rather than allowing wit-
nesses to summarize or merely offer their impression. This is
certainly appropriate conduct for the trier of fact and 1 find that
such conduct does not demonstrate any bias on the part of the
hearing officer. Moreover, I do not find any basis to conclude
that the hearing officer engaged in an incorrect analysis of Har-
borside or of any other applicable precedent. The hearing offi-
cer’s factual conclusions are supported by the record in this
matter and I find no reason to disturb her credibility resolutions.
Indeed, having carefully reviewed the entire record, I find no
evidence supporting the Employer’s contention that the hear-
ing officer was biased and I again deny the Employer’s request
for a new hearing before a different hearing officer.
VI. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, and having carefully reviewed the
entire record, the hearing officer’s report and recommendations
and the exceptions and arguments made by the Employer in its
brief, I adopt the hearing officer’s recommended order overrul-
ing the objections and deny the Employer’s request for a new
hearing.
ORDER
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Employer’s objections to the
election be overruled in their entirety. Accordingly, as the Peti-
tioner has received a majority of the votes cast, I will issue an
appropriate Certification of Representative.
CERTIFICATION OF REPRESENTATIVE
IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED that a majority of the valid ballots has
been cast for United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manu-
facturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers Inter-
national Union, AFL–CIO–CLC, and said labor organization is
certified as the exclusive collective-bargaining representative of
the employees of the Employer in the following unit within the
meaning of Section 9(c) of the National Labor Relations Act, as
amended:
All production and maintenance employees employed by the
Employer at its 750 West 10th Avenue, Huntington, West
Virginia facility, but excluding temporary employees, leased
employees, sales and marketing employees, engineers, confi-
dential employees, salaried employees, office clerical em-
ployees, and all professional employees, guards, the lead per-
sons and all other supervisors as defined in the Act.