Pictsweet Mushroom Farm

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Oct 15, 1999

329 N.L.R.B. 852 (N.L.R.B. 1999)

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 852
United Foods, Inc., d/b/a Pictsweet Mushroom Farm
and Teamsters Local Union #670, affiliated with
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, AFL–
CIO, CLC, Petitioner. Case 36–RC–5912
October 15, 1999
ORDER DENYING REVIEW
BY CHAIRMAN TRUESDALE AND MEMBERS HURTGEN
AND BRAME
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel,
which has carefully considered the Petitioner’s request
for review of the Regional Director’s Supplemental De-
cision and Order (pertinent portions of which are at-
tached as an appendix).1 The request for review is denied
as it raises no substantial issues warranting review.
APPENDIX
REGIONAL DIRECTOR’S SUPPLEMENTAL DECISION
AND ORDER
In my earlier Decision in this matter issued on April 27,
1999, I found that all of the employees of the Employer, with
minor exceptions, are agricultural employees. With respect to
such exceptions, I tentatively concluded that slicing mushrooms
is nonagricultural work. I ordered that the hearing be reopened
for the purpose of making a full record concerning the slicing
operation. Such record is now before me.1
The Employer has a Freshpack department wherein ap-
proximately 40 employees work under crew leaders Maria Cruz
Diaz de Estrada (Cruz) and Pedro Montero, who report to Su-
pervisor Cathay Cheung. Mushrooms arrive in Freshpack in
three-pound baskets.2 Two processes occur in Freshpack: slic-
ing and “prepack.” Cruz oversees the employees who dump,
sort or slice, weigh, and pack whole and sliced mushrooms, and
two custodians. Montero oversees the cooler crews. The
Freshpack employees work in a 5000 to 6000-square foot build-
ing adjacent to the growing rooms.3
In the slicing operation, one employee dumps whole mushrooms
onto a belt. One removes debris. One feeds the mushrooms into
the Lubot Walker slicer. One loads the sliced product into 5- or 10-
pound boxes which are then sent down another conveyor to be
checked for weight by two employees. The boxes are then stacked
onto pallets by two employees. In the alternative, sliced mush-
rooms are put into 8-ounce trays by four employees. The trays are
then sent through an automated machine which wraps plastic over
the top and then adds a label. The 8-ounce packages are then put
into larger boxes and stacked on a pallet by two employees. All
pallets are then loaded onto trucks by two employees from distribu-
tion. On any one day, approximately 11 employees perform (but
not necessarily the same 11) the various functions associated with
sliced mushrooms, from dumping through loading pallets onto
trucks. The slicing operation is in progress for about 4 or 5 hours a
day, every day, 6 days a week. During the remainder of their time,
the employees handle whole mushrooms in the “pre-pack” process.

1 The issue raised on review is whether employees involved in the
Employer’s mushroom slicing operation are agricultural employees
within the meaning of Sec. 2(3) of the Act and Sec. 3(f) of the Fair
Labor Standards Act.
1 Petitioner initially sought a unit of all employees; in the re-opened
hearing, Petitioner amended its petition to seek all employees involved
in handling sliced mushrooms, including slicer-operators, carton fillers,
casers, cooler loaders, stackers, drivers, delivery drivers, maintenance,
and clean-up employees.
2 A far larger proportion of mushrooms are packed by “direct pick,”
that is, the pickers place them directly into the 5-pound boxes in which
they are shipped.
3 The farm consists of 120 acres, with 764,000 square feet of grow-
ing area (33 acres of roof.)
Prepack is also performed in the Freshpack area under crew
leader Cruz. In prepack, mushrooms are removed from the
baskets, sorted and graded by size, and packed accordingly into
5-pound boxes, 8-ounce trays, or otherwise in accordance with
customer preference, as determined by the sales and marketing
department. There is an “array” of requests for container sizes
and packing specifications. The record does not reveal any
specifics in this regard. Petitioner is not seeking to represent
any employees who work solely in prepack.
As stated in my earlier decision in this matter, Section 2(3)
of the Act excludes from the definition of “employee” any in-
dividual employed as an agricultural laborer. Since 1947, Con-
gress has added an annual rider to the Board’s appropriation
measure directing it to apply the definition of agriculture set
forth in Section 3(f)4 of the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29
U.S.C. Section 201, et seq. (FLSA), in determining whether an
individual is an agricultural laborer. The Board’s policy is to
be guided in this regard by the interpretation of Section 3(f) of
the FLSA adopted by the Department of Labor, currently found
in Interpretive Bulletin, Part 780 (29 CFR § 780).
In Farmers Reservoir & Irrigation Co. v. McComb, 337 U.S.
755, 762–763 (1949), the Supreme Court set forth two distinct
branches of the definition of agriculture:

First, there is the primary meaning. Agriculture includes
farming in all its branches. Certain specific practices such as
cultivation and tillage of the soil, dairying, etc., are listed as
being included in the primary meaning. Second, there is the
broader meaning. Agriculture is defined to include things
other than farming as so illustrated. It includes any practices,
whether or not themselves farming practices, which are per-
formed either by a farmer or on a farm, incidental to or in con-
junction with “such” farming operations.

“Primary” activities include cultivation, growing, and har-
vesting of the commodity. Harvesting is the last step of the
primary activities, and ends when the produce is severed from
the ground or plant, and reduced to possession. (29 CFR §
780.110, 117, 118.) “Secondary” agricultural practices include,
inter alia, preparation for market, delivery to storage or to mar-
ket or to carriers for transportation to market. This includes
cooling and packaging. With respect to fruits and vegetables, it
also includes, inter alia, assembling, ripening, cleaning, grad-
ing, sorting, drying, preserving, packing, and storing. (29 CFR
§ 780.128, 151.) The issue herein is whether slicing mush-
rooms is secondary agricultural activity, or nonagricultural,
4 Sec. 3(f) provides in relevant part:
“Agriculture” includes farming in all its branches and among
other things includes the cultivation and tillage of the soil, dairy-
ing, the production, cultivation, growing and harvesting of any
agricultural . . . commodities . . . and any practice . . . performed
by a farmer or on a farm as an incident to or in conjunction with
such farming operations, including preparation for market, deliv-
ery to storage or to market or to carriers for transportation to
market.
329 NLRB No. 73
PICTSWEET MUSHROOM FARM 853
industrial activity. In making such determination, all relevant
factors must be considered, i.e., size of the ordinary farming
operations; type of product resulting from the operation in
question (that is, whether the raw or natural state of the com-
modity has been changed); investment in the processing opera-
tion as opposed to the ordinary farming activities; time spent in
processing and in ordinary farming; degree of separation by the
employer between the various operations; degree of industriali-
zation; and what is ordinarily done by farmers in this type of
operation. Maneja v. Waialua Agricultural Co., 349 U.S. 254
(1955); see also 29 CFR § 780.145, 147.
Board law on slicing operations is scant and unhelpful. In
Michigan Mushroom Co., 90 NLRB 774 (1950), the Board found
the petitioner’s “all or nothing” unit which included, inter alia,
employees who sliced and canned mushrooms to be inappropriate,
without directly addressing any issue with respect to the slicing
operation. In Campbells Fresh, Inc., 298 NLRB 432 (1990), the
Board found direct store delivery drivers to be nonagricultural,
where one of the products they handled was sliced mushrooms.
However, the Board’s finding of nonagricultural status was
grounded solely on the fact that the employer regularly purchased
mushrooms from an independent farmer; the Board’s finding was
unrelated to the slicing operation, regarding which the Board sim-
ply said that, “the record does not indicate that the nature of the
mushrooms is changed in any other fashion.
Here, the farm consists of about 120 acres, with 764,000
square feet of growing area; the Freshpack area is 5000 to 6000
square feet, approximately 0.7 percent of the growing area, or
about 0.1 percent of the total farm area. There are approximately
380 employees on the farm, and about 40 to 42 work in the
Freshpack area, which includes slicing. Five or six percent of the
mushrooms grown on the farm are sliced. The product resulting
from the operation at issue is sliced raw mushrooms, as opposed
to whole raw mushrooms; there is no chemical change to the
produce. The total assets of the farm are $6 to 7 million; the
Lubot Walker slicer cost about $50,000 several years ago. Em-
ployees engaged in the slicing operation spend about 400 hours
per week in that pursuit; other farm employees work an aggregate
of about 18,000 hours per week. The record does not establish
that farmworkers engaged in growing or growing-related opera-
tions regularly engaged in slicing or any of the related activities;
however, every slicer also routinely performs work that is agri-
cultural in the secondary sense. The slicing operation is an inte-
gral part of the Freshpack area. The Freshpack area is physically
separate from the growing rooms, but in proximity. The process
of feeding mushrooms into the slicer and the physical setup of the
slicing operation does appear to be a substantially more “factory-
like” activity than simply sorting and grading mushrooms. The
slicing operation is functionally and physically integrated into the
entire mushroom growing operation, and is not a separate admin-
istrative franchise of the Employer. The slicing does add some
value to the mushrooms, and is not necessary for the preservation
of the mushroom, pending sale; in fact, it apparently shortens
shelf life. The record evidence with respect to slicing practices
engaged in by other mushroom growers shows that the practice is
very common amongst such growers.5 It does not appear that a
separate “mushroom slicing industry” exists.
Inasmuch as only a small proportion of the Employer’s re-
sources are devoted to the slicing operation, the raw, natural
state of the mushrooms is essentially unchanged by slicing,6 the
slicing operation is not notably “factory-like,” and slicing is a
common practice among mushroom growers in general, I con-
clude that the employees involved in the slicing operations are
agricultural employees.7
Accordingly, inasmuch as I have now found that all of the
Employer’s employees are agricultural employees, I shall dis-
miss the petition.

5 The Employer offered unrebutted evidence that only approximately
8 out of 95 mushroom growers listed in the American Mushroom Insti-
tute (AMI) membership directory for 1998–1999 do not slice mush-
rooms. This testimony went unchallenged in the record. The witness
appeared to have extensive experience in the industry.
6 In this regard, I note that the Second Circuit held that sliced mush-
rooms were “vegetables in their natural state” in A. Zanmati & Co. v.
U.S., 153 F. 880 (1907), a case which arose under the Tariff Act of
1897.
7 I note that in the Maneja case, supra, the issue concerned farm em-
ployees who processed the farm’s sugar cane into sugar or molasses.
The Supreme Court without consideration of certain language issues,
and relying only on the “facts,” found the sugar-making process a close
issue as to whether it was “agricultural,” or “industrial.” The degree of
change from cane to sugar, and the degree of industrialization, were
certainly much more severe than the Employer’s slicing operation; yet,
the Court found the facility “close” to an agricultural operation.