Kentucky River Medical Center

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Sep 30, 2003

340 N.L.R.B. 536 (N.L.R.B. 2003)

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 536
Jackson Hospital Corporation d/b/a Kentucky River
Medical Center and United Steelworkers of
America, AFL–CIO–CLC and Anita Turner.
Cases 9–CA–37734, 9–CA–37795–1, –2, 9–CA–
37875, 9–CA–38084–1, –2, 9–CA–38237, 9–CA–
38468, and 9–CA–37796
September 30, 2003
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN BATTISTA AND MEMBERS
SCHAUMBER AND WALSH
On February 20, 2002, Administrative Law Judge
David L. Evans issued the attached decision. The Re-
spondent filed exceptions, a supporting brief, an answer-
ing brief, and a reply brief; the General Counsel filed
cross-exceptions, a supporting brief, and an answering
brief; and the United Steelworkers of America, AFL–
CIO–CLC (the Union) filed cross-exceptions, a support-
ing brief, and answering brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record1
in light of the exceptions and briefs and has decided to
affirm the judge’s rulings, findings,2 and conclusions3
and to adopt the recommended Order as modified below.
1. The judge found, and we agree, that the Respondent
violated Section 8(a)(5) and (1) of the Act by failing and
refusing to recognize and bargain with the Union since
August 11, 2000. The General Counsel and the Union
have excepted to the judge’s dismissal of the allegation
that the Respondent unlawfully refused to meet and bar-
gain with the Union from April 26 through August 11,
2000. We find it unnecessary to pass on that portion of
the judge’s decision. The alleged violation sought by the
General Counsel and the Union would be cumulative to
the 8(a)(5) violation the judge found and would not af-
fect the remedy in this case inasmuch as no unilateral

1 We take notice of the court of appeals decision enforcing the
Board’s bargaining order based on the Union’s certification as the
exclusive collective-bargaining representative of the unit employees
following the decertification election. NLRB v. Kentucky River Medi-
cal Center, 33 Fed. Appx. 735 (6th Cir. 2002), enfg. 333 NLRB No. 29
(2001) (not reported in Board volumes).
2 The Respondent and the General Counsel have excepted to some of
the judge’s credibility findings. The Board’s established policy is not
to overrule an administrative law judge’s credibility resolutions unless
the clear preponderance of all the relevant evidence convinces us that
they are incorrect. Standard Dry Wall Products, 91 NLRB 544 (1950),
enfd. 188 F.2d 362 (3d Cir. 1951). We have carefully examined the
record and find no basis for reversing the findings.
3 The record shows, and the judge correctly found in fn. 81 of his
decision, that employee Debbie Miller was suspended on August 21,
2000. However, in his conclusion of law 4(c), the judge erroneously
dated the suspension as occurring on August 22, 2000. We hereby
correct this inadvertent error.
changes were alleged to have occurred from April 26
through August 11.
2. After the record was closed in this case, the General
Counsel moved to reopen the record to litigate two addi-
tional alleged discriminatees. The judge granted the mo-
tion. During the reopened hearing, testimony was ad-
duced that Supervisor Jan Pelfrey stated, inter alia, that
the employees who engaged in the strike “had to go.”
The judge considered this evidence as relevant to the
originally alleged discriminatees and as relevant to the
two additional alleged discriminatees. The Respondent
asserts that there was an “understanding” between the
General Counsel and the Respondent that the evidence in
the reopened hearing would be limited to the two addi-
tional alleged discriminatees. Based on this asserted
“understanding,” the Respondent did not object to the
testimony.
We find that there was no such understanding. The
General Counsel’s motion to reopen the record does not
reflect the General Counsel’s agreement to any such
limitation on the use of reopened hearing evidence, and
the judge’s order reopening the record contains no such
limitation.4
We further find that, even absent Pelfrey’s statements,
the record in the initial phase of this proceeding contains
abundant evidence of threats, including multiple threats
of discharge, supporting the judge’s finding of antiunion
animus. Accordingly, the record in the initial phase of
this proceeding supports the judge’s finding that the
General Counsel met his initial burden of proof, regard-
ing the 8(a)(3) allegations, under Wright Line, 251
NLRB 1083 (1980), enfd. 662 F.2d 899 (1st Cir. 1981),
cert. denied 455 U.S. 989 (1982), approved in NLRB v.
Transportation Management Corp., 462 U.S. 393 (1983).
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board adopts the rec-
ommended Order of the administrative law judge as
modified below and orders that the Respondent, Jackson
Hospital Corporation d/b/a Kentucky River Medical Cen-
ter, Jackson, Kentucky, its officers, agents, successors
and assigns, shall take the action set forth in the Order as
modified.
1. Substitute the following for paragraph 1(e).
“(e) Failing and refusing to recognize and bargain with
the Union as the collective-bargaining representative of
the employees in the following bargaining unit:
4 Member Schaumber finds no need to rely on Pelfrey’s statements
in the analysis of the 8(a)(3) allegations. In addition, Member
Schaumber does not pass on the alleged 8(a)(1) threat by Supervisor
Hicks, inasmuch as the finding of a violation would be cumulative of
other 8(a)(1) threat findings and would not affect the remedy for this
unlawful conduct.
340 NLRB No. 71
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 537
All full-time and regular part-time registered nurses,
the team leader, and the continuing education coordina-
tor; nonprofessional employees, including the medical
records employees, admission employees and purchas-
ing employees; and technical employees, including cer-
tified respiratory therapy technicians, x-ray technicians,
licensed practical nurses, the DRG coordinator, medi-
cal lab technicians and the physical therapy assistant
employed by the Respondent at its 540 Jetts Drive,
Jackson, Kentucky facility, but excluding the registered
respiratory therapist, medical technologists, utilization
review nurses, business office clerical employees, and
confidential employees, and all professional employ-
ees, guards and supervisors as defined in the Act.”
2. Substitute the following for paragraph 2(a) and
reletter the subsequent paragraphs accordingly.
“(a) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, offer
to the following-named employees full reinstatement to
their former jobs or, if those jobs no longer exist, to sub-
stantially equivalent positions, without prejudice to their
seniority or any other rights or privileges previously en-
joyed:

Clara Gabbard Lois Noble
Sandra (Barker) Hutton Maxine Ritchie
Eileene Jewell Laotta Sizemore
Debbie Miller Melissa Turner

“(b) Make the above-named employees whole for any
loss of earnings and other benefits that they have suf-
fered as a result of the discrimination against them, in the
manner set forth in the remedy section of this decision.”
3. Substitute the attached notice for that of the admin-
istrative law judge.
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government

The National Labor Relations Board has found that we
violated Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and
obey this notice.

FEDERAL LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO

Form, join, or assist a union
Choose representatives to bargain with us on your
behalf
Act together with other employees for your benefit
and protection
Choose not to engage in any of these protected ac-
tivities.

WE WILL NOT interfere with, restrain, or coerce you
in the exercise of the rights guaranteed to you by Section
7 of the National Labor Relations Act by threatening you
with discharge or other discrimination if you engage in a
strike on behalf of United Steelworkers of America,
AFL–CIO–CLC.
WE WILL NOT, without lawful justification, photo-
graph you, or create the impression that we are photo-
graphing you, while you are engaging in a strike or other
activities on behalf of the Union.
WE WILL NOT discharge or suspend you, or issue
warnings to you, in retaliation for your engaging in strike
activities or in any other union or concerted activities
that are protected by Section 7 of the Act.
WE WILL NOT fail or refuse to recognize and bargain
with the Union as the collective-bargaining representa-
tive of our employees in the following bargaining unit:

All full-time and regular part-time registered nurses,
the team leader, and the continuing education coordina-
tor; nonprofessional employees, including the medical
records employees, admission employees and purchas-
ing employees; and technical employees, including cer-
tified respiratory therapy technicians, x-ray technicians,
licensed practical nurses, the DRG coordinator, medi-
cal lab technicians and the physical therapy assistant
employed by Kentucky River Medical Center at our
540 Jetts Drive, Jackson, Kentucky facility, but exclud-
ing the registered respiratory therapist, medical tech-
nologists, utilization review nurses, business office
clerical employees, and confidential employees, and all
professional employees, guards and supervisors as de-
fined in the Act.

WE WILL NOT change the lunch or break schedules,
or change the shift schedules, or change any other term
or condition of employment of our employees who are
employed in the above-described unit without prior no-
tice to, and bargaining with, the Union.
WE WILL NOT in any other manner interfere with,
restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of the rights guar-
anteed to you by Section 7 of the Act.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Order
of the National Labor Relations Board, offer to the fol-
lowing-named employees full reinstatement to their for-
mer jobs or, if those jobs no longer exist, to substantially
equivalent positions, without prejudice to their seniority
or any other rights or privileges previously enjoyed:

Clara Gabbard Lois Noble
Sandra (Barker) Hutton Maxine Ritchie
Eileene Jewell Laotta Sizemore
Debbie Miller Melissa Turner

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 538
WE WILL make the above-named employees whole
for any loss of earnings and other benefits that they have
suffered as a result of the discrimination against them,
less any net interim earnings, plus interest.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Order
of the National Labor Relations Board, remove from our
files any references to our unlawful discharges of the
employees who are named in the preceding paragraph,
and WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Or-
der of the National Labor Relations Board, remove from
our files any reference to the unlawful suspension of
Debbie Miller, and WE WILL, within 14 days from the
date of the Order of the National Labor Relations Board,
remove from our files any references to the warning no-
tices that we unlawfully issued to Diana Taulbee, and
WE WILL within 3 days thereafter notify those employ-
ees in writing that this has been done and that our actions
will not be used against them in any way.
WE WILL, on request by the Union, rescind all our
changes in the lunch, break, and shift schedules of the
employees employed in the above-described unit, and
WE WILL make whole any of our employees for any
loss of earnings or other benefits that they have suffered
as a result of those changes.
WE WILL, on request by the Union, bargain collec-
tively and in good faith concerning rates of pay, hours of
employment, and other terms and conditions of employ-
ment with the Union as the exclusive collective-
bargaining representative of our employees in the above-
described unit, and WE WILL embody in a signed agree-
ment any understanding reached.
JACKSON HOSPITAL CORPORATION
D/B/A KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL
CENTER

Deborah Jacobson and Engrid Vaughn, Esqs., for the General
Counsel.
Don T. Carmody, Esq., of Woodstock, New York, and Johann
Herklotz, Esq., of Lexington, Kentucky, for the Respondent.
Joe Stuligross, Esq., of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Jeffrey C.
Trapp, Esq., of Louisville, Kentucky, for the Charging
Party Union.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
DAVID L. EVANS, Administrative Law Judge. This case
under the National Labor Relations Act (the Act) was tried be-
fore me in Jackson, Kentucky, on 13 dates in 2001 from January
9 through August 2, 2001. On various dates from June 16
through November 29, 2000,1 United Steelworkers of America,
AFL–CIO–CLC (the Union) filed charges under the Act in

1 Unless otherwise indicated, all dates mentioned in this decision
were between December 1, 1999, and November 30, 2000.
Cases 9–CA–37734, 9–CA–37795–1, –2, 9–CA–37875, and 9–
CA–38084–1, –2 alleging that Jackson Hospital Corporation
d/b/a Kentucky River Medical Center (the Respondent) has been
engaging in unfair labor practices as set forth in the Act. On July
10, Anita Turner, an individual, filed a charge in Case 9–CA–
37796, also alleging unfair labor practices by the Respondent.
Thereafter, the General Counsel of the National Labor Relations
Board (the Board) issued a series of complaints alleging that the
Respondent had violated Section 8(a)(1), (3), and (5) of the Act
by various acts and conduct. The Respondent filed answers to
those complaints admitting that this matter is properly before the
Board but denying the commission of any unfair labor practices.
Trial on those complaints was conducted on 11 dates from Janu-
ary 9 through February 15, 2001. On January 30, 2001, the Un-
ion filed the charge against the Respondent in Case 9–CA–
38237, and on May 9, 2001, the Union filed the charge against
the Respondent in Case 9–CA–38468. The General Counsel
issued two more complaints based on those latter charges, and
the Respondent filed answers, again admitting jurisdiction but
denying the commission of any unfair labor practices. The Gen-
eral Counsel thereafter submitted motions to consolidate the last
two complaints with the earlier complaints and to reopen the
hearing; the Respondent did not oppose those motions. The trial
on all of the complaints, as consolidated (the complaint), was
reopened on August 1, 2001, and it closed on August 2, 2001.
Upon the testimony and exhibits entered at trial,2 and after
consideration of the briefs that have been filed by the General
Counsel, the Charging Party Union, and the Respondent, I
make the following3
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
As it admits, the Respondent, a corporation, is engaged in the
operation of an acute care hospital at Jackson, Kentucky. Dur-
ing the 12 months immediately preceding the issuance of the
complaint, the Respondent, in conducting its business opera-
tions, received gross revenues in excess of $250,000, and dur-
ing that same period the Respondent purchased and received at
its Jackson facility goods valued in excess of $50,000 directly
from suppliers located at points outside Kentucky. At all mate-
rial times, the Respondent has been an employer engaged in
commerce within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of
the Act and a health care facility within the meaning of Section
2(14) of the Act. As the Respondent further admits, the Union
2 Certain passages of the transcript have been electronically repro-
duced; some corrections to punctuation have been entered. Where I
quote a witness who restarts an answer, and that restarting is meaning-
less, I sometimes eliminate words that have become extraneous; e.g.,
“Doe said, I mean, he asked . . .” becomes “Doe asked . . . .” In quota-
tions of exhibits, I have made some corrections of insignificant gram-
matical and punctuation errors rather than use “(sic).” Many extraneous
usages of “you know” and “like” have been omitted. Also in quotations
of exhibits, I have spelled out certain abbreviations that are peculiar to
the medical field such as “ح” for “with” and “$”for “without.” All
bracketed words within quotations are mine.
3 The General Counsel and the Union are in accord on all issues;
therefore, where I herein recite that the General Counsel takes a posi-
tion, I mean to include the Union as well.
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 539
is a labor organization within the meaning of Section 2(5) of
the Act.
II. ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. Background and Allegations
1. The Respondent’s operation and supervisory structure
The Respondent is one of several subsidiaries of Community
Health Systems, Inc. (CHS) which is located in Brentwood,
Tennessee. It operates a 55-bed hospital and, in doing so, em-
ploys about 170 employees in the collective-bargaining unit as
described below (the unit). The Respondent’s chief executive
officer is David Bevins. Reporting directly to Bevins are sev-
eral supervisors including Randy Cooper, chief financial offi-
cer, and Michele Obenchain, chief of nursing operations. Re-
porting directly to Obenchain at the time of the events herein
were coordinators of joint departments and heads of certain
departments that were not combined under coordinators. Robin
McGlothen was the coordinator for the Respondent’s combined
medical-surgery (floor) unit, and Patricia Hoover was the coor-
dinator for the combined operations of the emergency room and
intensive care unit. (Departments that were under coordinators
did not have separate department heads.) Majorie Fair was the
department head for the surgery department; other department
heads and other supervisory staff will be mentioned as the nar-
rative progresses. Phyllis Gibbs and Allena Hale were “house
supervisors”; they functioned as the chief nurse on duty when
Obenchain was not present. (The Respondent admitted the
supervisory status of, or stipulated to the relevant authorities of,
all personnel whom the General Counsel alleges to be supervi-
sors within Section 2(11) of the Act.)
In early 1998, the Respondent stipulated with the Union that
the following of its employees constitute a unit appropriate for
the purposes of collective bargaining within the meaning of
Section 9(b) of the Act:

All full-time and regular part-time registered nurses, the team
leader, and the continuing education coordinator; nonprofes-
sional employees, including the medical records employees,
admission employees and purchasing employees; and techni-
cal employees, including certified respiratory therapy techni-
cians, X-ray technicians, licensed practical nurses, the DRG
coordinator, medical lab technicians and the physical therapy
assistant employed by [the Respondent] at its 540 Jetts Drive,
Jackson, Kentucky, facility, but excluding the registered respi-
ratory therapist, medical technologist[s], utilization review
nurses, business office clerical employees, [and] confidential
employees, and all []professional employees, guards and su-
pervisors as defined in the Act.

On June 8, 1998, after a Board-conducted election, the Board
certified the Union as the collective-bargaining representative
of the unit employees. Thereafter, the parties engaged in 25
bargaining sessions, the last one of which occurred on Decem-
ber 1, 1999. No contract was entered.
On June 9, 1999, during the course of the bargaining that
was then being conducted, an employee filed a decertification
petition in Case 9–RD–1904. On November 5, 1999, the Re-
spondent, the petitioner in the decertification case, and the Un-
ion entered a stipulation that the above-quoted unit description
was (still) appropriate for bargaining and that a Board election
would be conducted for the employees in that unit on Decem-
ber 10, 1999 (a date which turned out to be 9 days after the date
of the last bargaining session between the parties). The election
was conducted as scheduled, but the ballots were impounded
because unfair labor practice charges had been filed. On March
30, 2000, the ballots were counted, and the Union was certified
for a second time on August 2 (the recertification or the second
certification).
2. Allegations of the complaint
The complaint alleges that on April 26, 2000, the Union re-
quested that the Respondent resume bargaining and that, since
May 15, in violation of Section 8(a)(5), the Respondent has
refused to meet and bargain with the Union. The Respondent
contends that any refusal on its part was excused by certain
conduct of the Union and because, since it is currently testing
the recertification in a court of appeals, it cannot now be law-
fully compelled to bargain with the Union pursuant to the first
certification.
The unit employees engaged in a strike from July 8 until Au-
gust 15 (the July 8 strike). The complaint alleges that, before
the July 8 strike began, in violation of Section 8(a)(1), supervi-
sors of the Respondent threatened several employees that they
would be discharged if they engaged in such a strike. Pursuant
to the Union’s August 15 offer to return to work, the Respon-
dent began reinstating some of the former strikers (the strikers)
on August 20. The Respondent, however, discharged four of
the strikers upon receiving the offer to return to work; those
discharged employees were Angie Gayheart, Melissa Turner,
Eileen Jewell, and Lois Noble. The Respondent contends that it
discharged Gayheart for strike activities that are not protected
by the Act (violence toward nonstriking employees); it con-
tends that it discharged Turner for conduct that occurred during
the strike, albeit not strike activity as such (being disruptive
while escorting a relative to the emergency room on a certain
night during the strike); it contends that it discharged Jewell for
conduct which preceded the strike but which was not discov-
ered by the Respondent until a date during the strike (failure to
properly clean operating room instruments); and it contends
that it discharged Noble because she had been an unsatisfactory
probationary employee at the beginning of the strike. The Re-
spondent discharged nine other strikers after they had been
reinstated; the Respondent contends that it did so solely be-
cause of their poststrike misconduct or unsatisfactory work
performance. The General Counsel denies that any of these 13
alleged discriminatees engaged in misconduct or unsatisfactory
work performance; the General Counsel contends that employ-
ees were discharged because of their protected concerted activi-
ties, or union activities, including (in the case of Gayheart) their
protected strike activities.4 Other 8(a)(3) allegations are that,
after the strike, the Respondent denied light duty to a 14th

4 The complaint alleges that the July 8 strike was caused by the Re-
spondent’s unfair labor practices. The evidence showed, however, that
the Respondent did not refuse reinstatement to any striker on the
ground that he or she had been permanently replaced. The unfair labor
practice strike allegation was therefore rendered moot. (The General
Counsel does not mention the allegation on brief.)
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 540
striker and that it unlawfully issued warnings to 2 of the strik-
ers whom it discharged.
On November 16, 2000, in Case 9–CA–37909, the General
Counsel issued an 8(a)(5) complaint alleging that the Union
had, since August 31, 2000 (or about 2 weeks after the Union’s
August 15, 2000 offer to return to work from the July 8 strike),
requested bargaining pursuant to the recertification and that,
since August 31, the Respondent was refusing to recognize and
bargain with the Union. On January 31, 2001 (i.e., during the
course of the trial before me), in Kentucky River Medical Cen-
ter, 333 NLRB No. 29 (2001) (not reported in Board volumes),
the Board addressed the November 16 complaint and held that
the Respondent had been refusing to bargain with the Union in
violation of Section 8(a)(5) since August 31, 2000. Again, the
complaint in this case alleges that the Respondent’s refusal to
meet and bargain began earlier, on May 15, 2000. In addition,
the complaint alleges that, in further violation of Section
8(a)(5), following the Union’s August 15 offer to return to
work from the July 8 strike, the Respondent engaged in certain
unilateral actions; to wit: changes in employees’ shift schedules
and breaktimes. As noted, the Respondent contends that it did
not have a duty to bargain with the Union at the time of the
alleged unilateral actions; additionally, the Respondent con-
tends that some of its actions were not significant enough to
require bargaining, even if it did have a duty to bargain at the
time.
B. The Alleged 8(a)(5) Violations
1. The alleged refusal to meet for purposes of bargaining
Facts
Randall Pidcock is a district organizing coordinator for the
Union, and he was the only witness called by the General
Counsel in support of the prestrike 8(a)(5) allegations. Attorney
Don T. Carmody represented the Respondent during the bar-
gaining that was conducted (and Carmody represented the Re-
spondent at the trial before me).
It is undisputed that, at the end of the final, December 1, bar-
gaining session, Pidcock told Carmody that he would submit
something, in writing, to the Respondent by the end of the next
day. Whether that something is properly categorized as “infor-
mation” or “a proposal” is a question of terminology, the par-
ties employing either term as it suits them. I find that what was
requested would properly be considered a proposal, but the
distinction is essentially meaningless. At any rate, it is further
undisputed that Pidcock failed to furnish Carmody with any-
thing as a putative fulfillment of his December 1 promise until
August 11 (or for over a month after the July 8 strike began).
On April 26, the Union requested the Respondent to resume
bargaining, and on May 15 the Respondent refused that request.
The General Counsel contends that the Respondent’s refusal,
which has continued, violated Section 8(a)(5). The Respondent
defends its refusal by arguing that: (1) because of Pidcock’s
failure to fulfill his December 1 promise, it was legally excused
from complying with the Union’s requests to bargain, at least
for the period from April 26 through August 11 and (2) the
Board’s August 2 recertification of the Union pursuant to the
results of the decertification election: (a) extinguished the 1998
certification of the Union and (b) is being tested before the
Sixth Circuit, thus excusing the Respondent from meeting with
the Union for purposes of collective bargaining, at least until
that test is complete.
The December 1, 1999 bargaining session. Pidcock testified
that he became the chief negotiator for the Union in May 1999,
or about a year after the Union’s bargaining with the Respon-
dent had begun. Pidcock identified the contract proposal that
other union representatives had presented to the Respondent at
the start of negotiations in the fall of 1998. The Union’s pro-
posal included: “A wage increase of 6% annually across the
board with the following inequities.” The remainder of the page
is blank; that is, no “inequities” were listed.
Carmody did not testify, and, except for a short redirect ex-
amination, the General Counsel did not examine Pidcock about
the content of the December 1 meeting. The record of what
happened at that meeting therefore consists of the Respondent’s
cross-examination of Pidcock, the Respondent’s cross-exami-
nation of alleged discriminatee Gayheart who was a member of
the Union’s bargaining committee, the Respondent’s direct
examination of Obenchain, who was a member of the Respon-
dent’s bargaining committee, and the cross-examination of
Obenchain. On brief, however, the parties rely only on the tes-
timony of Pidcock; therefore, I shall not detail the related testi-
monies of Obenchain and Gayheart.
Pidcock testified that at the conclusion of the December 1
bargaining session:

the only thing that was left, as I recall, was whether or not we
were going to amend our proposal. That was specifically re-
lated to the information about the six percent pay increase,
and whether or not the increases that had already been given
by Kentucky River Medical Center was going to be credited
as part of that six percent, or was it going to be six percent in
addition to. And the other items that we had talked about at
that time had been addressed on that day. Earlier in the day
there was questions and we said, “Okay, we will get that in-
formation to you.” However, later in that same session we
addressed those things and withdrew certain proposals.
Which automatically addressed and took care of those con-
cerns that you [Carmody, as the Respondent’s chief negotia-
tor] had.

Pidcock was then asked and he testified:

Q. So, is it your testimony that when the session con-
cluded on December 1 of 1999, you owed Kentucky River
Medical Center no information?
A. No. We owed them the decision on whether or not
we were going to modify our proposal on wages.
Q. And that’s the only information?
A. The only information that was left outstanding, as I
recall.

Pidcock freely admitted, however, that he did not get this in-
formation, or proposal, to the Respondent until he sent a letter
to Carmody on August 11, as discussed infra.
Pidcock testified that he was not a participant in the drafting
of the Union’s original proposal, and he did not know of any
wage “inequities” to which it referred, but he added that at the
December 1 bargaining session: “If I’m not mistaken, we
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 541
agreed to just withdraw that and just to delete that portion of
the proposal.”
Events after the December 1 meeting. As noted above, the
ballots of the December 10, 1999, decertification election were
not counted until March 30, 2000. On direct examination (i.e.,
before Pidcock gave the above testimony on cross-examina-
tion), Pidcock identified various pieces of correspondence be-
tween himself and Carmody. The correspondence started with a
letter from Pidcock dated April 26 which asks Carmody “to
submit dates you are available for contract negotiations up to
and including the time we can successfully reach an agree-
ment.” Carmody replied by letter dated May 15 stating:

I request that you explain to me, on behalf of Kentucky
River, how you expect me to provide you with proposed
negotiation dates, “. . . up to and including the time we can
successfully reach an agreement,” when you have contin-
ued to fail, amongst other things, to submit to us a com-
plete economic proposal since last fall. As you know,
when we last met this past December 1st, you promised to
fax a variety of information to my office by the close of
the next business day, including your complete economic
package. Instead, you thereafter abandoned negotiations,
and the first we have heard from you, nearly five months
later, is this self-serving, surrealistic letter of April 26th.
I insist that you inform me, in writing, about what your
intentions are in the circumstances, relative to the resump-
tion of bargaining. Then, I would be informed enough to
respond otherwise to your correspondence.

Although Carmody here (and in later correspondence) referred
to the Union’s promise to send its “complete economic pack-
age,” on brief, page 14, the Respondent argues only that: “At
this [the December 1] meeting, with an apparent appreciation
for the Hospital’s predicament in not being able to meaning-
fully address economic issues without a current wage proposal,
the Union agreed to fax a specific wage proposal to the Hospi-
tal the next day.” Also on brief, page 20, the Respondent states:
“The Union’s breach of its agreement to provide a current
wage proposal was a delay tactic on a fundamental economic
item that rendered meaningful bargaining progress futile.” (Em-
phasis in both quotations is added.) Moreover, the credible
testimony is that, by the end of the December 1 meeting, Pid-
cock promised only to send the Union’s answer of whether it
would give the Respondent credit for past wage increases in
computing the 6-percent wage increase that its original pro-
posal requested, not a “complete economic package.”
By letter dated May 17, Pidcock replied to Carmody’s May
15 letter by stating:

Please be advised that your obligation to bargaining is
not contingent upon any information requested in your let-
ter of May 15, 2000.
Therefore, if we do not receive dates that you will be
available to bargain within one week (7 days) from the re-
ceipt of this letter, I will proceed to file charges with the
NLRB for refusal to bargain.

By letter dated May 24, Carmody (whose law office is in
Woodstock, New York) replied:

Your letter is misguided in instructing me about an ob-
ligation to bargain. As if you didn’t already know, the in-
formation I sought in my May 15th correspondence con-
cerns, more directly, Kentucky River Medical Center’s
ability to bargain, irrespective of any obligation. I am not
going to waste time taking you, once again, through the
sordid history behind your promises to submit a complete
economic package, and how your failure to do so had hin-
dered meaningful bargaining. Moreover, I am not going to
travel to Jackson, Kentucky, again, simply to be told,
again, that you will be submitting your full economic
package to me via facsimile transmission by the close of
business the following day. We’ve been down that road
far too often, from our September 16th session, to our Oc-
tober 13th session, through our November 1st meeting,
into our December 1st session, and beyond.
As for your threat of filing yet another unfair labor
practice charge, as long as I simply promise you that I’ll
be faxing you proposed bargaining dates by the close of
business tomorrow, I can rest assured that I will not be
found guilty of refusing to bargain for at least one hundred
and forty-seven days (that being the hiatus from December
1, 1999, when you abandoned bargaining, to April 26,
2000, when you resurfaced), in light of the National Labor
Relations Board’s dismissal of Kentucky River’s compa-
rable charge against you for refusing to bargain. There-
fore, if what’s good for the goose is good for the gander,
you will hear from me again next fall, on October 18th.
In meantime, please either submit your complete eco-
nomic proposals, or explain why you remain so fearful of
doing so.

(Carmody’s reference to “comparable charges” is apparently a
reference to dismissed Section 8(b)(3), bad-faith bargaining,
charges that the Respondent had filed against the Union; see the
discussion in Kentucky River Medical Center, slip op. at 1 fn. 1.
On June 7, at a local hotel’s meeting room, Pidcock read
Carmody’s May 24 letter at a series of meetings of the unit
employees (who worked various shifts). Pidcock testified that,
at the conclusion of the meetings, the employees voted to au-
thorize the Union to call an unfair labor practice strike. As
noted above, the strike began on July 8 and ended with the
Union’s August 15 unconditional offer to return to work. (As
also noted above, because the Respondent did not deny rein-
statement to any striker on the ground that he or she had been
permanently replaced, it is unnecessary to decide herein if any
unfair labor practices caused or prolonged the July 8 strike.)
By letter dated July 15 (or 1 week after the strike had
started), Carmody wrote Pidcock:

I understand that you or other Steelworker representa-
tives have been showing a copy of my letter of May 24th
around, misrepresenting to Kentucky River employees that
what it means is that I am refusing to meet and bargain
with you until next October. Although my letter clearly
speak[s] for itself, I thought I might prove useful to re-
direct your attention to the main focus of my letter, which
you’ve chosen to overlook.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 542
As far as my reference to October was concerned, per-
haps now you can appreciate how Kentucky River felt
when you disappeared for nearly five months. What my
letter plainly communicated to you was, if Kentucky River
were to treat you the same, it would be October before
you’d hear from us again. However, my letter also closed
with the request that you either submit your complete eco-
nomic proposals, or explain why you remain so fearful of
doing so. I’m sure you would honestly admit that you
know that this was the true thrust of my letter: obtaining
either your full economic demands, or an explanation of
why you still insist on withholding them. However, it also
appears that you’ve chosen to ignore this renewed request,
since I haven’t received your complete economic package,
let alone any explanation or anything else. . . .
Kindly respond to my letter of May 24th, so that Ken-
tucky River will have some idea of what could be ex-
pected during further bargaining, such that any future ses-
sion could be more productive than you had rendered our
meetings since last fall, when you first began to duck your
obligation to precisely define your money demands.

(The May 31 Board proceeding to which Carmody referred
involved allegations of unilateral actions that are not involved
herein; according to the testimony of Pidcock, that matter was
the subject of a non-Board settlement agreement.)
As previously mentioned, on August 2, the Board certified
that the Union had won the decertification election and was
(still) the collective-bargaining representative of the union em-
ployees.
By letter dated August 11 (when the strike had continued for
over a month), Pidcock wrote Carmody:

In reviewing my notes from our last bargaining session
in December 1999, I realize that you had asked whether
the Union intended to modify its proposal in light of the
wage increase granted during 1999. I had hoped to discuss
this matter directly across the table with you and the
members of your committee, but, unfortunately, you have
rebuffed my numerous requests for a meeting date.
In response to your inquiry on this subject, the Union
is unwilling to modify its wage proposal at this time—the
proposal stands as originally submitted. The members of
the committee and I await your response and counter-
proposal on this and the many other proposals you have
not yet responded to.
I also request, once again, that you suggest dates on
which we might meet in order to discuss the employee’s
idea [i.e., the employees’ ideas] for improving the work-
place.

As noted above, the Union made its unconditional offer to re-
turn to work on behalf of the strikers on August 15.
By letter dated August 29, Carmody wrote Pidcock:

I am in receipt of your letter of August 11, 2000. Ken-
tucky River Medical Center does not intend to dignify
your letter with any response other than to inform you that
it is our position that your correspondence has been ne-
gated by the Decision and Certification of Representative
issued by the National Labor Relations Board on August
2nd. In this connection, Kentucky River does not consider
your correspondence, asking for the opportunity to “dis-
cuss the employee’s (sic) idea for improving the work-
place,” but perhaps even intending to perpetuate collective
bargaining negotiations arising out of your organization’s
certification from June of 1998, as a request to meet and
negotiate a collective bargaining agreement deriving from
the Board’s August 2nd certification.

By letter to Carmody dated August 31, Pidcock referred to
the August 2 recertification and again requested: “Please sug-
gest dates which you will be available to meet.” By letter dated
September 14, Carmody replied that, although he understood
that the Union was then requesting to bargain based on the
August 2 recertification, he nevertheless was refusing to bar-
gain with the Union in order to test that certification in the
courts because:

Kentucky River maintains that the election conducted on De-
cember 10th, underlying the Board’s August 2nd certification,
should have been set aside on account of your organization’s
objectionable and unlawful refusal to bargain, related to our
last negotiation session on December 1, 1999. Thus, you
failed both before and after the bargaining session of last De-
cember 1st to follow through on your promises to negotiate
economics and to provide relevant information germane and
conducive to such bargaining; instead, you simply disap-
peared for nearly five months, only to resurface precisely
where we had left off, while still refusing to provide the prom-
ised information.

(These last statements by Carmody foreshadow its defense, as
discussed, infra.)
While Pidcock was on cross-examination, the Respondent
referred him to his April 26 request to resume bargaining and
asked:

Q. Why did you wait so long [to request bargaining]
following the [decertification] election?
A. Well, we had made it known all throughout negotia-
tions that we were willing to bargain, and that we wanted
to bargain. We had made numerous requests prior to that.
During the period of time—I mean, it was obvious to me
at our December the 1st session that—I mean, both of us
knew that we had decert [i.e. the decertification election]
coming up on December the 10th. The ballots were im-
pounded and neither of us knew what the outcome of that
was going to be. And although there was a continuous ob-
ligation on your part to continue to bargain with us we just
chose not to pursue that obligation until such time as we
knew the outcome of the election.
Q. So, is the short answer to what you just testified to
that you were awaiting the outcome of the election before
attempting to contact Kentucky River Medical Center?
A. Before we attempted to pursue that, or force it, if
you will, whatever, yes, that’s the case.

Pidcock was further asked on cross-examination and he testi-
fied:

KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 543
Q. Is it fair to say that following the session of De-
cember 1 of 1999 that [there had been] some information
of an economic nature that you had promised to forward
on to the Kentucky River Medical Center, and that as time
went on you’d forgotten about that. Along comes about
August of 2000 and you in a meeting with Mr. Stuligross
[the Union’s attorney] to discuss the future of this case, as
you put it, you review your bargaining notes and you dis-
cover you had left something unattended as concerns pro-
viding economic information to the Kentucky River Medi-
cal Center. Is that fair to say?
A. I think it is, yes.
Q. Why hadn’t you checked your bargaining notes
sooner than August 11 of 2000?
A. Well, I don’t have an answer for that. We periodi-
cally discuss things relative to charges and look through
my notes, and all I can say is that we realized on that—at
that—at or about that time [August 11] that that had not
been done. And decided that should be done immediately.

In other words, Pidcock had simply forgotten about his Decem-
ber 1 promise, and he did not attempt to refresh his recollection,
even after Carmody’s May 24, June 15, and July 15 letters re-
fusing to meet with the Union until that promise was fulfilled.
Conclusions on the Refusal to Meet Allegations
The issues are: (1) whether the Respondent was excused
from responding to the Union’s April 26 request to bargain
because the Union had not requested bargaining between De-
cember 1 and April 26; (2) whether the Respondent was ex-
cused from bargaining from April 26 until August 11 because
of the Union’s admitted failure to provide the Respondent with
a complete wage proposal during that period; and (3) whether
the Respondent is excused from bargaining with the Union for
any period after August 2 because: (a) the August 2 recertifica-
tion extinguished the Union’s 1998 certification, or (b) because
the Respondent has been testing the Union’s August 2 re-
certification before a circuit court.
The Board has held that an employer is not excused from
meeting and bargaining with a certified union solely because a
decertification petition had been filed. Dresser Industries, 264
NLRB 1088 (1982). The Respondent, in fact, did continue to
bargain with the Union after the filing of the decertification
petition and through December 1. Obviously, the Union could
have requested bargaining to continue immediately after the
December 1 meeting. Moreover, the ballots of the December 10
decertification election were counted on March 30, and the
Union was then announced as the winner of that election, but
the Union still did not request bargaining sessions until April
26, or about a month later. I find unappealing Pidcock’s testi-
mony that he did not request bargaining between December 1
and the ballot count because he wanted to see what the election
results were; certainly, an employer who refused to bargain
until ballots were counted would run afoul of the principles of
Dresser. Moreover, Pidcock (and the General Counsel) offered
no reason for Pidcock’s not requesting bargaining for a month
after the election results were announced. Nevertheless, delays
in requesting bargaining such as the Union’s 4-month delay
here have never been held, alone, to constitute abandonment of
a union’s bargaining rights so that an employer is privileged to
refuse to bargain when such a request is finally made. In fact, in
Spillman Co., 311 NLRB 95 (1993), enfd. 41 F.3d 1507 (6th
Cir. 1994), where the employer argued that a union’s 6-month
failure to request bargaining constituted an objective considera-
tion that justified its refusal to meet with the union when the
request was finally made, the Board stated:

We have found union inactivity for much longer peri-
ods than the 6 months at issue here to be insufficient to
support an employer’s good-faith doubt. See Flex Plastics,
262 NLRB 651, 657 (1982), enfd. 726 F.2d 272 (6th Cir.
1984), and cases cited. Moreover, the Union’s reassertion
of its bargaining rights in January 1992[] negated any in-
ference to be drawn from the preceding period of inactiv-
ity. See Pioneer Inn & Pioneer Inn Casino, 228 NLRB
1263, 1264 (1977), enfd. 578 F.2d 835 (9th Cir. 1978).

That is, in Spillman the Board and the Sixth Circuit rejected the
defense of unpardonable inactivity by the union, and I do the
same here.
I do, however, accept the defense that the Respondent was
excused from meeting with the Union until the Union fulfilled
its December 1 promise.
The General Counsel cites Circuit-Wise, Inc., 309 NLRB
905 (1992), for the unqualified proposition that an employer
“cannot condition resumption of face-to-face meetings on [a]
union’s submission in writing of any changes in its bargaining
positions.” In that case, however, the union had not previously
promised to make another proposal before meeting again. In
this case, the Union did. The General Counsel states on brief,
page 5: “The Union admittedly failed to convey its response to
this request until August 2000. (GC Exh. 8.) However, a re-
quest that the Union modify its wage proposal is clearly distin-
guishable from a request for information.” The General Coun-
sel does not state what that distinction is, and she does not at-
tempt to excuse Pidcock’s failure on any account. But whether
the Respondent’s request to Pidcock is properly characterized
as a request for information, or as a request for a proposal, it
nevertheless was a request that Pidcock fulfill his December 1
promise to submit a new, or at least clarified, proposal before
further negotiation sessions.5
Further on brief, the General Counsel makes much of the
rhetoric of Carmody’s letters to Pidcock, especially the
goose/gander analogy in Carmody’s May 24 letter. It is clear,
however, that an analogy was all that Carmody was making.
Carmody did refer to October 18, but he was not refusing to
meet with the Union until that date; he was no more than stat-
ing that he felt that, if he did so, the Region would not issue a
complaint against the Respondent because the Region had re-
fused to issue a complaint against the Union even though the
Union had failed to request bargaining for a comparative pe-
riod. The analogy is, of course, false because a refusal to meet

5 At another point the General Counsel cites Capitol Steel & Iron
Co., 89 F.3d 692 (10th Cir. 1996), for the proposition that a “union’s
slow response to an information request does not excuse an employer’s
subsequent delay in providing requested information.” Here, however,
the Respondent is not charged with a delay in furnishing information;
the Respondent is charged with a refusal to meet with the Union.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 544
when requested is not comparable to a failure to make such a
request.6 Nevertheless, the analogy was employed only for the
purpose of securing the fulfillment by the Union of its Decem-
ber 1 promise, as the very next sentence of the May 24 letter
plainly states. It is true that that next sentence demanded the
Union’s “complete economic proposals” even though Pidcock
had promised only a wage proposal; until August 11, however,
Pidcock did not test Carmody’s broader demand by submitting,
at least, the Union’s promised wage proposal. The same may be
said of Pidcock’s ignoring Carmody’s extensive letter of July
15 which again asked for fulfillment of Pidcock’s December 1
promise to provide (at least) an answer of whether the Union’s
6-percent-wage-increase proposal included the last increases
that the Respondent had given before the December 1 bargain-
ing sessions.
Pidcock admitted that, at the close of the December 1 bar-
gaining session, the Union “owed them the decision on whether
or not we were going to modify our proposal on wages.” Pid-
cock also acknowledged that he forgot about that obligation
until August 11 when he and his attorney were going over their
notes. At that point, Pidcock sent Carmody a letter stating that
the Union’s wage proposal “stands as originally submitted.”
The Respondent accepted Pidcock’s August 11 letter as fulfill-
ment of Pidcock’s December 1 promise, but it continued to fail
to meet with the Union. The refusal to meet with the Union
after August 11 will be discussed below. But at this point, it is
appropriate to hold, as I do, that, because the Union did not
fulfill its December 1 promise to submit a wage proposal until
August 11, the Respondent did not violate Section 8(a)(5) by
refusing to meet with the Union between the April 26 request to
bargain and August 11.
The Respondent seeks to excuse its failure to meet and bar-
gain with the Union after August 11 on the ground that it is
testing the August 2 recertification at the circuit court level.
The Respondent cites Peabody Coal v. NLRB, 725 F.2d 357
(6th Cir. 1984), for the proposition that “the Board cannot rely
on a technical 8(a)(5) violation to support other unfair labor
practice charges.” Peabody holds no such thing. In Peabody,
the court held, as many courts have held, that, because a refusal
to bargain is the only way that an employer can test a certifica-
tion of a union, a test of certification cannot be used as evi-
dence of animus that would support an 8(a)(3) violation. As
well, the court in Peabody refused to enforce an 8(a)(5) order
that the Board had issued for an alleged unilateral action, but it
did not refuse enforcement because the respondent was testing
certification; the court refused to enforce the Board’s order
because it found that no unilateral action had occurred.7 The
court in Peabody certainly did not hold that the Board cannot
find 8(a)(5) violations if an employer is otherwise testing a
Board certification of a representative. And the law is just the
opposite; as succinctly stated by the General Counsel on brief:

6 See Spillman Co., supra, and cases cited therein.
7 The alleged unilateral action in Peabody was a withholding of a
wage increase; the court denied enforcement because it found that the
withholding, in absence of a past practice that would call for a grant,
was a maintenance of the status quo, not a unilateral action.
Indeed, it is well established that an employer’s duty to
bargain “relates back” to the date of the election if its ob-
jections to the election are rejected by the Board and, ulti-
mately, the courts. For this reason, an employer is consid-
ered to act “at its peril” if it makes any unilateral changes
in terms and conditions of employment following a union
election victory. See Dow Chemical Co. v. NLRB, 660
F.2d 637, 654 (5th Cir. 1981)[,] and cases cited therein;
Sundstrand Heat Transfer [, Inc.] v. NLRB, 538 F.2d
1257, 1259 (7th Cir. 1976); Mike O’Connor Chevrolet-
Buick-GMC Co., 209 NLRB 701, 703 (1974), enforcement
denied on other grounds, 512 F.2d 684 (8th Cir. 1975).
Moreover, if the union is an incumbent union, the em-
ployer is prohibited from making any unilateral changes
until such time as the union is declared the loser of the
election. W.A. Krueger Co., 299 NLRB 914 (1990); G.H.
Bass Caribbean, Inc., 306 NLRB 823 (1992). Thus, even
if the ballot count in a decertification election discloses a
majority of votes against the union, the employer’s duty to
bargain with the union before making any changes in em-
ployees’ terms and conditions of employment continues
while the Board considers any objections to the election
filed by the union, even if those objections are ultimately
overruled.

That is, the Respondent may be found to violate Section
8(a)(5), even if it is also testing a certification.
The Respondent on brief, pages 22–23, also states that:

As stated above, there are actually two certifications
relevant to Kentucky River’s alleged refusal to bargain.
The first involved Kentucky River’s conduct prior to Au-
gust 2, 2000, when Kentucky River was obligated to nego-
tiate with the Union pursuant to the Union’s original 1998
certification, and the second involves Kentucky River’s
obligation under the second certification of the Union after
the results of the decertification election were certified.
As of August 2d, the original certification no longer ex-
isted because it was superseded by the second certifica-
tion, which remains in effect until set aside.

Certainly, the second certification does not state that it super-
cedes the 1998 certification. And the Respondent cites no au-
thority for the proposition that a certification that issues pursu-
ant to a union victory in a decertification election supercedes a
certification that was outstanding at the time the decertification
election was held. Moreover, the Respondent’s position essen-
tially is that, because the employees selected the Union as their
collective-bargaining representative in the December 10, 2000
decertification election, they lose their rights to union represen-
tation that they earned pursuant to their choice in the 1998 elec-
tion, at least until the second certification is tested at the circuit
court level. This is a cynical interpretation of the statutory pro-
visions that are designed to insure, not defeat, the effectiveness
of the employees’ choice of a collective-bargaining representa-
tive. I reject that interpretation of the Act. I find and conclude
that, during the test of the Union’s August 2, 2000 recertifica-
tion, the Union’s 1998 certification has continued in effect. And
I therefore find and conclude that the Respondent’s failure to
meet and bargain with the Union as the statutory representative
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 545
of the unit employees after August 11, 2000, violated Section
8(a)(5) of the Act.
2. The alleged unilateral actions
The complaint alleges that in August, without prior notice to
or consultation with the Union, the Respondent changed the
break and lunch schedules of the housekeeping and mainte-
nance employees and that it changed the shift schedules of the
nursing employees, both in violation of Section 8(a)(5). The
Respondent does not deny making changes to the housekeeping
and maintenance employees’ break and lunch schedules. The
Respondent argues, however, that the changes in the lunch and
break periods are de minimis and do not warrant the finding of
a violation of Section 8(a)(5). The Respondent makes no such
argument regarding its changes in the nurses’ shift schedules.
(In fact, the Respondent does not mention the changed shift
schedules on brief.)
Donald and Geneva Jones, husband and wife, are, respec-
tively, employees of the Respondent’s maintenance and house-
keeping departments. Before the July 8 strike, employees in the
maintenance and housekeeping departments enjoyed the benefit
of being allowed to schedule their half-hour lunches and 15-
minute breaks when convenient. Taking advantage of this bene-
fit, the Joneses were often able to take their breaks and lunches
together. When they returned from the July 8 strike, however,
their respective supervisors gave them written schedules of
definite periods for lunches and breaks. The newly established
schedules thereafter made it impossible for the Joneses to take
lunches or breaks together.8 As well as the Joneses, all other
employees of the maintenance and housekeeping departments
had their lunch and break schedules changed from flexible to
definite times of the day. (The lengths of the break and lunch
periods were not changed.)
Polly Neace and Stella Strong are medical-surgery unit
nurses who live near each other. Strong and Neace testified that
before the strike they worked alternate weekends, and they
alternated working Tuesdays through Thursdays during some
weeks and Mondays through Fridays during the following
weeks. The identical schedules allowed Neace and Strong to
carpool together. After they returned from the July 8 strike,
they were given schedules that varied throughout the week and
on weekends, thus eliminating their chances to carpool. Emer-
gency room registered nurse, Janie Jenkins, testified that, be-
fore the July 8 strike, she was always scheduled to work from
Tuesdays through Fridays, with Saturdays through Mondays
off. Since she returned from the strike, she has regularly been
scheduled to work Mondays. Shirley White, an intensive care
unit nurse, testified that before the strike she worked 8-hour
shifts Wednesdays through Fridays, and 12-hour shifts on alter-
nate weekends; after she returned from strike, her scheduled
workdays varied throughout each week. Emergency room
nurse, Kim Watkins, testified to similar changes in her shift
schedules after she returned from strike. All of this testimony

8 Donald Jones testified that when his supervisor, Mike Thorpe, gave
him his poststrike lunch and break schedules, he “looked at it, and I
said, ‘Can I eat dinner with my wife, her lunch schedule?’ He said,
no.”
about changed schedules was supported by documentation, and
it was credible.
Strong and Neace jointly sent a letter to McGlothen, medi-
cal-surgery unit coordinator, asking that their hours be returned
to prestrike schedules. McGlothen replied:

We are in receipt of your August 29th request concern-
ing days off. The Unites Steelworkers of America, AFL–
CIO, CLC, has filed unfair labor practice charges with the
National Labor Relations Board which apparently relate to
your request. We must refer you to the Union.

Additionally, Watkins complained about the schedule changes
in a letter to Hoover, who was then the emergency room and
intensive care unit coordinator. Hoover replied to Watkins with
language that was identical to that of McGlothen’s letters to
Strong and Neace.
The Respondent does not dispute that, after the Union’s Au-
gust 15 offer to return to work, without prior notice to or con-
sultation with the Union, it changed the housekeeping and
maintenance employees’ lunch and break periods from flexible
times to fixed periods. Nor does the Respondent dispute that it
changed the nurses’ shift schedules without bargaining with the
Union. In defense, the Respondent cites Xidex Corp. v. NLRB,
924 F.2d 245, 253 (D.C. Cir. 1991), for the proposition that
“not every minor unilateral change in working conditions con-
stitutes an unfair labor practice. To violate Section 8(a)(5), the
change must be ‘material, substantial and significant.’”9 The
Respondent also cites Litton Systems, 300 NLRB 324 (1990),
enfd. 949 F.2d 249 (8th Cir. 1991), cert. denied 503 U.S. 985
(1992), which held that eliminating a grace period at the end of
employees’ breaks by installing a buzzer system was not a mat-
ter of sufficient materiality to warrant a bargaining order. From
these two cases, the Respondent (at Br. 27) advances the factual
conclusion and argument: “The slight alteration in break and
lunch schedules, without changing their duration, cannot be
considered the type of ‘material, substantial and significant’
change in working conditions needed to establish a violation of
Section 8(a)(5). Accordingly, it cannot be said that Kentucky
River committed an unfair labor practice by scheduling em-
ployee breaks and meal periods.”
The first thing to notice about the Respondent’s proffered
factual conclusion is that it is totally without support; the Re-
spondent offers no reason why the changes would have had no
significant impact on the employees. (Certainly, the Respon-
dent does not attempt to answer the Joneses, Watkins, Neace,
and Strong.) The first thing to notice about the argument is that,
again, it makes no attempt to defend the unilateral changes of
the nurses’ schedules. Moreover, in Litton Systems, the em-
ployees lost no more than moments for which they were being
paid anyway. And in Xidex, the employer had changed lunch
periods of employees for only 2 days, but the court still found a
violation of Section 8(a)(5) under its “material, substantial and
9 The interior quote is from Board cases that Xidex cites. The Re-
spondent does not mention it on brief, of course, but in Xidex the court
also enforced a Board finding of an 8(a)(5) violation because of the
employer’s refusal to bargain with its employees’ union during the
pendency of a decertification petition. The case is therefore further
authority for my conclusion in the previous section of this decision.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 546
significant” test. The court expressed reservation about
whether, standing alone, the 2-day change was material, but it
enforced the Board order because it agreed that the change was
made as a part of a pattern of conduct that was designed to
undermine the employees’ support for the Union. I would find
the same in this case, even if the unilateral changes had not
been as “material, substantial and significant” as they clearly
are. Rather than giving reasons for the schedule changes,
McGlothen and Hoover responded to the written appeals of
Strong, Neace, and Watkins with identical suggestions that they
consult the Union. Obviously, the only purpose of those callous
responses was to emphasize the inability of the Union to help
the employees out of their immediate predicaments and to
thereby undermine the Union’s support among the employees.
This conclusion is fortified by my findings, infra, that the Re-
spondent repeatedly threatened the employees with discharge or
other discrimination because of their strike activities, and that it
engaged in other unfair labor practices, in order to discourage
and undermine the Union’s support among the employees.
Therefore, even under Xidex, the Respondent must be held to
have violated Section 8(a)(5) by changing the employees’ shift
schedules and lunch and break periods.
Even without evidence of intent to undermine the Union,
however, the Respondent’s action had a substantial impact on
the unit employees, as demonstrated by the testimonies of the
Joneses, Strong, Neace, and Watkins. Therefore, the changes
were mandatory subjects of bargaining.10 Finally, the Respon-
dent contends that no violation can be found because the Union
did not request bargaining after it learned of the Respondent’s
break and shift schedule changes. This is another cynical argu-
ment; the Respondent was not even agreeing to meet with the
Union when the employees returned from strike, and a request
to bargain about the accomplished facts of the changes assur-
edly would have been futile. Moreover, a failure to request
bargaining has been held to be a defense to a unilateral action
allegation, but only where the union involved was given notice
prior to the action complained of.11
Accordingly, I find and conclude that the Respondent vio-
lated Section 8(a)(5) by changing the lunch and break sched-
ules, and the shift schedules, of the unit employees without
prior notice to or consultation with the Union.
C. The Alleged 8(a)(1) Violations
1. Threat by Hicks
Paragraph 8(a) of the complaint12 alleges that: “About April
2000, Respondent, by Ken Hicks . . . threatened an employee
that employees who went on strike would be discharged.”
Hicks is the supervisor of the X-ray department. Alleged dis-
criminatee Melissa Turner testified that in April, shortly after
the ballots of the decertification election were counted and it
appeared that the Union had won that election, she and Hicks

10 See Larsen Supply Co., 251 NLRB 1642 (1980) (unilaterally
changing break and lunch periods from flexible to fixed times held
violative); and Carbonex Coal Co., 262 NLRB 1306, 1313 (1982)
(unilaterally changing shift schedules held violative).
11 Cf. Citizens National Bank of Willmar, 245 NLRB 389 (1979).
12 Sec. 8(a)(1) complaint paragraph numbers are those of the com-
plaint that the General Counsel issued on December 21, 2000.
had a discussion that began with reference to a warning notice
that Turner had received.13 According to Turner:

He said that if we went on strike and it was ruled an
economic strike that we would be replaced and if when the
strike was over—they had a position open for us, we
would have a job; if there was no position for us, we
would not have a job.

The Respondent called Hicks who testified that several em-
ployees came to him and asked him what might happen if a
strike occurred. Hicks did not recall if Turner was one such
employee, but he testified:

The only response that I ever gave toward that was
this; [if] it had been ruled an economic strike, that the
Hospital could replace their positions, permanently replace
them, and that, if that were to happen, they could return to
their job if that replacement were to leave that position.
That would be the only way they would be able to come
back to that job. That’s the only thing that I ever said when
asked that question.

Under Laidlaw Corp., 171 NLRB 1366 (1968), enfd. 414
F.2d 99 (7th Cir. 1969), cert. denied 397 U.S. 920 (1969), em-
ployees who make an unconditional offer to return to work
from an economic strike may be denied reinstatement if their
employer has permanently replaced them, but those economic
strikers also have a right to be reinstated if and when the per-
manent replacements are terminated. Hicks’ testimony pre-
cisely fit the rule of Laidlaw, but that testimony sounded too
scripted to believe. On the other hand, Turner’s testimony ap-
peared to be a reflective, and an accurate, representation of
what Hicks had told her. I credit that testimony. I therefore find
that Hicks told Turner that if a future strike was ruled eco-
nomic, the strikers would be replaced (without specifying
whether replacements would be permanent or temporary) and
that the strikers would be reinstated only if the Respondent had
openings at the time that an offer to return to work was made,
but if the Respondent did not then have such openings the em-
ployees would lose their jobs.
The Respondent first contends that no violation can be
found, even if Hicks did make the statements that Turner attrib-
uted to him, because Turner did not testify that she felt coerced
or intimidated by Hicks’ statements. As the Board plainly
stated in Haines Hosiery, 219 NLRB 338 (1975):

We long have recognized that the test of interference,
restraint, and coercion under Section 8(a)(1) of the Act
does not turn on Respondent’s motive, courtesy, or gentle-
ness, or on whether the coercion succeeded or failed. The
test is whether Respondent has engaged in conduct which
reasonably tends to interfere with the free exercise of em-
ployee rights under the Act. [Footnote citing: N.L.R.B. v.
Illinois Tool Works, 153 F.2d 811 (C.A. 7, 1946), enfg. 61
NLRB 1129 (1945).]

13 The complaint does not allege that the issuance of the warning no-
tice violated the Act.
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 547
That is, to prove an 8(a)(1) violation the General Counsel need
not show that an unlawfully threatened employee subjectively
felt coerced by the employer’s conduct. The issue is whether a
reasonable employee would have felt threatened by the em-
ployer’s conduct. Contrary to the position of the Respondent on
brief, Kolkka Tables & Finnish-American Saunas, 335 NLRB
844 (2001), does not announce a new test that requires evidence
of a threat’s subjective impact on employees who hear it. The
issue in Kolkka Tables was not whether a threat in violation of
Section 8(a)(1) had occurred. The issue in Kolkka Tables was
whether an employer’s “admittedly unlawful threat” to a strik-
ing employee that he was discharged was, itself, a discharge of
that employee within Section 8(a)(3). Overruling prior cases
that had held that such a statement was only a tactical maneuver
to get a striking employee to return to work, the Board held that
such a statement was a discharge when a “reasonable employee
would reasonably believe” that he was being discharged. That
is, the legality of the “admittedly unlawful threat” under Sec-
tion 8(a)(1) was not in issue in Kolkka Tables, but, if anything,
Kolkka Tables reaffirmed primacy of the reasonable-employee
standard.
In Hicks Ponder Co., 186 NLRB 712, 726 (1970), enfd. 458
F.2d 19 (5th Cir. 1972), the employer sent to its employees
letters stating that it had the right to fill the jobs of the strikers
and that when the strike was over those employees whose jobs
had been filled while they were striking would lose their jobs.
The Board found that the statement misrepresented the employ-
ees’ Laidlaw rights and was a threat in violation of Section
8(a)(1). In George Webel Feed Mills & Pike Transit Co., 217
NLRB 815, 818 (1975), the Board found the same violation
where the employer told its employees in a meeting:

If the employees go on strike, and we hope this never
happens, they cannot get unemployment compensation.
The employees who do not want to strike will be able to
continue to work, and the law will protect them. Employ-
ees who go on strike can be replaced with other employ-
ees, and when they are replaced they have no job.14

Conversely, in Eagle Comtronics, Inc., 263 NLRB 515, 516
(1982), which is cited by the Respondent on brief, the employer
informed employees only that, if they went on strike, they
could be replaced by applicants who had applications on file.
The employer did not, however, indicate that, as a result, strik-
ing employees would lose their jobs. The Board found no viola-
tion because the statement did not contravene Laidlaw and was
only a simple description of the employer’s legal prerogative.
The Board stated:

Unless the statement may be fairly understood as a
threat of reprisal against employees or is explicitly cou-
pled with such threats, it is protected by Section 8(c) of the
Act. Therefore, we conclude that an employer may address
the subject of striker replacement without fully detailing
the protections enumerated in Laidlaw, so long as it does
not threaten that, as a result of a strike, employees will be
deprived of their rights in a manner inconsistent with those
detailed in Laidlaw.

14 Punctuation corrected.

In so reasoning, the Board, at its footnote 8, specifically distin-
guished the case before it from Hicks-Ponder and Webel Feed
Mills.
Unlike the employer in Eagle Comtronics, Hicks did not
simply state that economic strikers would be replaced in the
event of an economic strike. Hicks told Turner that the strikers
would be replaced and he added that the strikers would thereby
lose their jobs. This was not just an abbreviated statement of
the Respondent’s right to replace economic strikers; it was a
misrepresentation of the employees’ rights to strike without
fear of losing their rights of reinstatement to their jobs, either
immediately or ultimately after the departure of permanent
replacements. As such, Hicks’ statement to Turner would have
left with any reasonable employee the impression that his or her
job would be forever lost if he or she went on strike.
The Respondent cites Hankins Lumber Co., 316 NLRB 837
(1995), as a case in which the Board held that no violation oc-
curred where an employee testified that his supervisor told him
that he would “hate to lose” the employee but would put some-
one in his place if the employee went on strike. Such a holding
would have been consistent with Eagle Comtronics, because
the employer did not threaten that the employees would lose
their jobs when they were replaced. Indeed, the administrative
law judge in Hankins Lumber stated that he viewed the alleged
supervisory statements as nonviolative because they were as
consistent with lawful replacement as with unlawful discharge
for striking. The Board, however, did not dismiss the allegation
for that reason. The Board dismissed the allegation because the
judge had discredited the employee’s testimony that the super-
visor had made the statements in the first place. Therefore, the
expressed view of the judge was pure dictum that the Board
would have had no reason to review. Hankins Lumber, there-
fore, is no authority on this point.
Hick’s statement to Turner that the strikers would not have a
job after an economic strike, therefore, was a threat in violation
of Section 8(a)(1), as I find and conclude.15
2. Threat by Gibbs
Paragraph 8(b) of the complaint alleges that: “About June
25, 2000, Respondent, by Phyllis Gibbs . . . threatened employ-
ees that they would be discharged if they went out on strike and
that someone was going to get hurt.” Gibbs is a “House Super-
visor,” or the supervisor in charge of the nursing staff during
certain shifts when Obenchain, the chief of nursing operations,
is not present.
Current employee Polly Neace16 testified that in early July,
in the medical-surgery unit, she was present when Gibbs was
engaged in a conversation with several employees about the
impending July 8 strike. According to Neace:

What I remember is Tony Smith started asking . . .
“What would happen to our jobs if we went on strike?”
15 Santa Rosa Blueprint Service, 288 NLRB 762 (1988), cited by the
Respondent, also found a violation of Sec. 8(a)(1) where the employer
told the employees that by striking, “you risk loss of your jobs.”
16 By use of the term “current employee” I indicate that the em-
ployee was employed by the Respondent at the time of his or her testi-
mony.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 548
And Phyllis said, “Think about it. You don’t have a
contract. Think about it.” Then at that time I got up and
started to leave.

Neace further testified that, as she was leaving, employee Cla-
rence Combs approached Gibbs and the other employees who
were standing around. Neace testified that, as she did so, “I
heard Clarence say, ‘How do you get a contract, Phyllis?’ And I
walked on down the hall and I didn’t hear anything else.”
Combs, a currently employed X-ray technician, testified that,
as he approached the same gathering:

As I walked up to the desk, I heard Phyllis tell the
other nurses that: “If you all go on strike, you know you’ll
be fired.” . . .
And I asked her, “Well, Phyllis, how are you supposed
to get a contract then?”
She said, “I don’t know. I don’t know those things.”
She said, after that, “I’m afraid that if you go on strike it’s
going to get real ugly and somebody is going to get hurt.”

Strong, also a current employee, testified:

[E]veryone was not there during the whole time. Once the
conversation kind of got started, a few of us sort of left at dif-
ferent times. I didn’t hear everything that was said between all
the people, but . . . I do know for sure that I did hear Phyllis
Gibbs saying that if we went on strike that we would be fired.
And I do know that I heard Clarence Combs tell
Phyllis that, no, that was not true.
And she did say that if we did not have a contract that
we could be fired.
And I did hear Clarence say, “How do you get a con-
tract?”
Then I left. I went down the hallway. That’s all that I
heard.

Gibbs denied making any such statement (or statements).
She did testify on direct examination:

There was one night when they were sitting there and I
could have made the statement that there was no contract,
but in reference to [saying that] they would be dismissed
or people would get hurt, it was just not there.

On cross-examination Gibbs was asked if she remembered any
conversations with the employees about their not having a con-
tract. Gibbs testified:

[T]here could have been that one night when they were all sit-
ting there, and I was, I don’t know what I was doing. I don’t
remember the whole conversation, but I do remember think-
ing years ago when I was affiliated with a union and a union
member, you know, we had the contract and that’s, we went
on strike sometimes to settle the contract. And I knew that
they didn’t have a contract at Kentucky River Medical Center
yet, so the significance [of] that was, I didn’t know anything
about it.

Gibbs therefore did not deny that she was a party to the conver-
sation, and on direct examination she essentially admitted that
she was the first participant to bring up the nonexistence of a
contract. (Certainly, Gibbs did not testify that anyone else
brought up the topic.) The obvious question arises: Why would
Gibbs have brought up the subject of contract-existence in the
first place? On cross-examination Gibbs tried to convey the
impression that she innocently thought that employees must
have a collective-bargaining agreement before they went on
strike. I do not believe that testimony. Nor do I believe Gibbs’
testimony that “the significance of that was, I didn’t know any-
thing about it.” During the conversation in question, Gibbs did
not bring up to the topic just to display her ignorance. Also, she
did not ask the question in order to find out if the employees
had a contract; she already knew that they did not have a con-
tract. She brought up the fact of their lack of a contract, I find,
to premise a threat.
The testimonies of the employees are not in perfect symme-
try, but this is to be expected in accounts of any multipartici-
pant conversation, especially one in which the participants are
coming and going.17 Also, Strong, Neace and Combs are not
alleged discriminatees who have an interest in the outcome of
this case. Rather, they are current employees who, as the Board
has recognized, are subject to recriminations, especially if they
give false testimony. As stated in Federal Stainless Sink Divi-
sion of Unarco Industries, Inc., 197 NLRB 489, 491 (1972):

The average employee [who is providing information
in a proceeding to which his employer is a party] is keenly
aware of his dependence upon his employer’s good will,
not only to hold his job but also for the necessary job ref-
erences essential to employment elsewhere.12 Bearing this
truism in mind, it is plain to see that the employee wit-
nesses who testified against respondent, especially Carol
Maxwell and Winkler, did so knowing that they were in
considerable peril of economic reprisal. Having thus much
to lose, their testimony, adverse to respondent, was in a
sense contrary to their own interests and for this reason not
likely to be false.13
____________________
12 Wirtz v. B.A.C. Steel Products, Inc., et al., 312 F.2d 14, 16
(C.A. 4).
13 See, in this connection, Georgia Rug Mill, 131 NLRB
1304, 1305, modified on other grounds 308 F.2d 89 (C.A. 5).

Also, in Flexsteel Industries, 316 NLRB 745 (1995), the Board
stated that, although there is no presumption of credibility to be
afforded to their testimony, “the testimony of current employ-
ees which contradicts statements of their supervisors is likely to
be particularly reliable because these witnesses are testifying
adversely to their pecuniary interests.”
Strong, Neace, and Combs were credible in their testimonies
that Gibbs told them that, because they then had no contract, if
they engaged in the then-forthcoming July 8 strike things would
get “real ugly” and that they would be discharged or they would
otherwise be “hurt.” I therefore find and conclude that the Re-
spondent, by Gibbs, in violation of Section 8(a)(1), threatened

17 As is demonstrated by Neace’s above-quoted testimony about
leaving the conversation when Combs was arriving, the Respondent’s
statement on brief that Neace was present for the entire conversation is
false.
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 549
employees with discharge or other recriminations if they en-
gaged in a strike.18
3. Threat by Blankenship
Paragraph 8(c) of the complaint alleges that: “About June 30,
2000, Respondent, by Diane Blankenship . . . threatened em-
ployees that if the [July 8] strike was not ruled to be an unfair
labor practice strike, there would be people who would not be
returning to work.” Blankenship is the supervisor of the Re-
spondent’s laboratory.
Sally Dunn, a current laboratory employee19 who worked
under Blankenship, testified that during “the last of June” she
was present in the laboratory with fellow employees Elaine
Halsey, Sharon Sparks, Kevin Hamlin, and Cheri Napier20
when Blankenship entered. According to Dunn:

Elaine Halsey, a co-worker, asked her what would
happen if we went on strike.
[Blankenship] said “If you strike, you strike.”
. . .
And . . . we had talked about what their attorneys had
done. Diane [said] that she had saw a letter.
And I said “Diane, I don’t know what letter you saw,
but I saw one when we took our vote to go out on strike
that stated that they would not come back to the bargain-
ing table, meaning the Hospital, would not come back to
negotiate for 147 days.”
. . .
And then I made the remark to Diane: “I don’t under-
stand why they cannot get together, the Hospital and the
Union, and sit down and get this ironed out. We’ve been
two years. We voted this in twice. I don’t understand.”
She went on to say, “If this is not ruled an unfair labor
practice strike, some of you-all will not be coming back.”

Dunn testified that, among the employees present, she was the
only one wearing a union button and that Blankenship was
looking directly at her when she made the last comment.21

18 See Wilkie Metal Products, 333 NLRB 603 (2001) (statement that
“things could get ugly” if the employees engaged in protected activities
was a threat).
19 Dunn was, at the time that she gave this testimony, an alleged dis-
criminatee, but only to the extent of having received an allegedly
unlawful oral warning. I do not, however, believe that the prospect of
success in proving the unlawfulness of the warning was enough to
tempt Dunn to lie. As discussed infra, Dunn was subsequently in viola-
tion of Sec. 8(a)(3).
20 At various points, the transcript refers to a “Sharon” or “Sherry”
Napier. According to the Respondent’s records and Blankenship’s
testimony (Tr. 2835), however, the Respondent employees no “Sharon
Napier” in the laboratory. It does employ a “Cheri” Napier, and that is
the person whom Dunn apparently intended to refer.
21 This testimony was given on the fifth day of trial. Dunn testified
consistently on the third day of trial, but the reporter lost the recording
of part of the day. The reporter created vol. 4A of the transcript to
combine all testimony of all witnesses who were recalled, on various
days, to repeat the lost portions of their testimonies. (The Respondent’s
statement on brief that Dunn was not asked about this exchange with
Blankenship during her original direct examination on day 3 of trial is
incorrect. According to my notes, during her day-3 direct examination,
Dunn testified about this exchange just after her testimony about the
Alleged discriminatee Debbie Miller testified that, “three
weeks before we actually went on strike,” she was in the labo-
ratory when Elaine Halsey and Sharon Noble were also there.
Miller testified:

Well, Elaine had made the comment that if we went on
strike, you know, what was they going to do in the lab for
workers?
Diane had said that if we went on strike, if we didn’t
win the unfair labor practice, that some of us wouldn’t be
coming back to work.

The General Counsel did not specifically ask Dunn if Miller
was present during the occasion about which she testified, and
the General Counsel did not ask the corresponding question of
Miller.
Blankenship denied making the comment (or comments) that
Dunn and Miller attributed to her. Blankenship testified:

I believe the occasion that you’re referring to, I came
into the laboratory one morning and our laboratory secre-
tary Elaine Halsey seemed to be upset. . . . She wanted to
know what would happen to the people who went on
strike. . . . And she wanted to know if they would lose
their jobs.
And I said, you know, there was a possibility under my
understanding that they could be replaced if it was not
ruled an unfair labor practice. But I had no knowledge of
that. And I encouraged her to call the NLRB for informa-
tion as to what their stand on this issue was.

Blankenship testified that Dunn, Sharon Sparks, Kevin Hamlin,
and Cheri Napier were present at this exchange. Blankenship
testified that Miller was not present on “the occasion.” Neither
party called Halsey, Sparks, Hamlin, Napier, or Noble as a
witness.
The first question is whether the General Counsel has shown
that one event or two occurred. Counsel for the General Coun-
sel, of course, knew that she was calling both Dunn and Miller
to testify to the allegation, but she did not ask Dunn if Miller
was present, and she did not ask Miller if Dunn was present.
Without such specific questions, I can only find that there was
only one event, and that finding accords with Blankenship’s
testimony about “the occasion.” But I do not believe
Blankenship’s testimony that on that occasion she only stated to
the employees that she believed that economic strikers could be
replaced. Miller and Dunn, however, were credible in their
testimonies that they were present when Blankenship told a
group of laboratory employees that, if the coming July 8 strike
was not found to be an unfair labor practice strike, some of the
strikers would not be coming back, with no reference to the
Respondent’s rights to replace economic strikers. Blanken-
ship’s unqualified statement was therefore a threat that the Re-
spondent would deny reinstatement rights to economic strikers.
As such, it violated Section 8(a)(1), as I find and conclude.

Union’s delivery of a strike notice to the Respondent and just before
her testimony about seeing certain signs that were posted in the labora-
tory windows, as discussed infra.)
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 550
4. Threat by Burnette
Paragraph 8(d) of the complaint alleges that: “About June
2000, Respondent, by Edward Burnette, threatened employees
that if they went out on strike they would lose their jobs.” Bur-
nette, a physician, is the director of the Respondent’s emer-
gency room.22 Emergency room registered nurse Geneva Hut-
chinson testified that, during 1999, Chief Nursing Officer
Obenchain called her to Obenchain’s office and issued to Hut-
chinson an oral warning based on reports to Obenchain by Bur-
nette. This testimony was not disputed by the Respondent.
Moreover, the Respondent stipulated that “the Hospital warns
employees based on complaints about them from Dr. Burnette.”
Therefore, although the Respondent’s answer formally denies
that Burnette is its agent, I find that, as alleged by the com-
plaint, Burnette is an agent of the Respondent within Section
2(13) of the Act.
Hutchinson, a current employee, testified that shortly before
the July 8 strike began, at a moment when there were no pa-
tients in the emergency room, she and employees Anita Turner
(who is a charging party in this matter) and Brenda Brewer
engaged in a discussion with Burnette. According to Hutchin-
son:

Dr. Burnette said, “You know, you-all need to just talk
to me about this union business. What exactly are you all
hoping to accomplish? . . . We need to see what the prob-
lem is, see what we can do about it.”
So everybody gave their opinion. I was telling him,
you know, how unfair it is here. Favoritism. “It’s just not
done right.”
And he . . . listened to Anita and the others, and then
he kind of got mad and he said, “The only thing I can’t see
out of this is how you-all could even consider going on a
picket line with illiterate people and kitchen help. You’re
professional people. . . . The only thing [that] they’re do-
ing is hurting this Hospital and setting yourself up to be
fired.
. . . .
I said, “Dr. Burnette, you got your right to your opin-
ion, but, you know, we feel this way. We need help.” . . .
Then he said to me, “Well, you deserve to be fired.”

Turner testified consistently with Hutchinson. Brewer, an al-
leged discriminatee, testified, but she was not asked about this
alleged conduct of Burnette.
The Respondent did not call Burnette to testify. I found Hut-
chinson and Turner believable, and I do credit their testimonies.
Of course, Burnette’s statement to the emergency room group
that they were setting themselves up to be fired by going on
strike with other employees (including the illiterate ones) was a
blatant threat to discharge employees for their protected union
activities. Accordingly, I find that, in June, in violation of Sec-
tion 8(a)(1), the Respondent, by Burnette, threatened employ-
ees that they would be discharged if they engaged in a strike.

22 See R. Exh. 17 which lists Burnette as “ER Director.”
5. Threat by Hale
Paragraph 8(e) of the complaint alleges that: “About June
2000, Respondent, by Allena Hale . . . threatened employees
that if they went out on strike they would be discharged.” Hale
is a “house supervisor”; as such, she is in charge of the nursing
staff during certain shifts when Obenchain, chief of nursing
operations, is not present.
Janie Jenkins has been employed as a registered nurse in the
Respondent’s emergency room for about 12 years. The emer-
gency room is adjacent to the Respondent’s intensive care unit.
Jenkins testified that on June 18, a day that the Union held a
prestrike rally near the premises, she walked into the intensive
care unit where she saw Hale talking to employees Louise
Gross and Shirley White. According to Jenkins:

I said, “What are you-all talking about?”
Allena said, “We’re talking about the strike.”
I said, “What about it?”
She said, “Well, you know if you-all go on strike
without a contract you’ll be fired.”
I said, “Who told you that?”
She said, “Well, that’s just what I’ve been told.”
. . . .
I told her that I had called the Labor Board and they
had sent me a pamphlet and I was trying to study that for
myself because I didn’t want to take the Union’s word or
the Hospital’s word; I wanted it straight from the Labor
Board. The lady that sent the book to me highlighted about
unfair labor [practices]. And I [said to Hale that I] thought
it was unfair labor because they wouldn’t go back to the
table and talk.
. . . .
Well, she said that we were good friends and she hated
to see her friends fired.

Jenkins then left the area. White testified consistently with
Jenkins. In addition, White testified that, after Jenkins left the
intensive care unit, she continued the conversation about a pos-
sible strike with Hale. According to White:

I said, “Did they tell you that in the management meet-
ing?”
And she stated that, “No, they don’t tell me that stuff.”
Again she said, “I have been told that you will lose your
job, and I don’t want to see anyone lose their job because
you do not have a contract.”

Hale denied threatening any employee with discharge for
striking. She testified that on one occasion she came upon some
employees, including Shirley White and Louise Gross, who
were discussing the possibility of a strike. Hale testified:

And I said, “Girls, you—you’re striking, do you have a
contract?”
And they said, “That’s why we’re going on a strike is
to get a contract.”
And then they proceeded to tell me that if they went on
strike, that the Union was going to pay all their bills in-
cluding their house bills and buy their food and what have
you.
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 551
I said, “Well, I’ve never heard of that.”

(Hale testified that, if she had had any information that employ-
ees would be discharged for striking, she would have told her
sister-in-law, alleged discriminatee Beverly Clemons, which
she did not do.)
On cross-examination, Hale evaded questions of why she
asked the employees if they already had a contract until:

Q. Well, my question is about when you asked them,
“Do you have a contract?” when they were talking about
striking, why did you ask them that?
A. Well, they said they were going on a strike. I—I
didn’t know how they could, you know, what they were
striking for.

Hale obviously stopped herself from saying that she did not see
“how they could” strike without a contract. It appears to me
that Hale, like Gibbs, used professed ignorance of labor law to
premise a threat to employees that they would be discharged if
they went on a strike before they had a contract. At any rate, I
credit the employees’ testimony and find that Hale told the
employees that they would be discharged for engaging in a
strike.
On brief, the Respondent notes that Jenkins and White ac-
knowledged that they were friends of Hale, and it cites Alter-
man Transport Lines, 308 NLRB 1282 (1992), for the proposi-
tion that, if a supervisor is a friend of a threatened employee, no
violation may be found. The administrative law judge in Alter-
man did note that the employee who had allegedly been threat-
ened testified that his conversation with the supervisor was
friendly, but the judge did not dismiss the allegation on that
account. The judge dismissed the allegation because he discred-
ited the employee’s testimony that the threat had even occurred.
Because the critical testimony had been discredited, the Board
had no need to review the judge’s dictum that he did not be-
lieve that he could find a violation on the basis of a conversa-
tion that the employee had characterized as friendly. Moreover,
the Board in Haines Hosiery, supra, specifically rejected the
administrative law judge’s dismissal of an 8(a)(1) allegation on
the basis of “the longstanding and friendly work relationship”
between the supervisor and the employee.23
Accordingly, I find and conclude that the Respondent, by
Hale, threatened its employees with discharge if they went on
strike and thereby violated Section 8(a)(1).
6. Cooper’s discriminatory posting rule
Paragraph 8(f) of the complaint alleges that: “About July 4,
2000, Respondent, by Randy Cooper . . . informed employees
that they could not post union literature without the permission
of the human resource director and allowed anti-union literature
to remain posted while union literature was removed.” Cooper
is the Respondent’s chief financial officer.

23 The Respondent further cites House of Raeford Farms, Inc., 308
NLRB 568 (1992), enfd. 7 F.3d 223 (4th Cir. 1993), cert. denied 511
U.S. 1030 (1994), for the proposition that if a supervisor is expressing a
personal opinion, no violation may be found. In Raeford Farms, how-
ever, the Board did, in fact, find that the supervisor’s “out of a job”
threat was a violation.
The Respondent’s cafeteria and the surgery unit have doors
that face each other in the main hall of the facility. The door to
the cafeteria is usually open; the door to the surgery unit is
usually shut. Rita Neace, a housekeeping employee, testified
that on July 4 she ate lunch in the cafeteria with housekeeping
employee Geneva Jones. According to Neace, at the time that
she and Jones were eating lunch, there was posted on the sur-
gery-unit door a letter-size union handbill. As Jones and Neace
were seated in the cafeteria, Jones faced the cafeteria door
through which she could see the surgery unit door. Neace faced
Jones at the table, so her back was to the cafeteria doorway.
Neace and Jones testified that Jones told Neace that she had just
seen Gerri Hurst, an admitting clerk, removing the union hand-
bill from the surgery unit door. Neace left the table and went to
the hall where she met Hurst who was standing there with Coo-
per. Further according to Neace:

I asked Gerri, “Did you take down the Union notice?”
Her answer to me was, “Yes.”
. . . .
I said, “Well, I’ll go back and get another notice and
re-post it.”
Mr. Cooper said, “No. Those papers look ugly and un-
sightly and they [do] not need to be posted all over the
Hospital. They need to be posted in a special place.”
. . . .
I asked him where that “special place” was, and he
didn’t give me a place, but he said I would have to wait
until the next day and have the human resource director,
Naomi Mitchell, approve the paper before it could be
posted.
. . . .
I asked him did he think that the letter would be ap-
proved? And he said that he didn’t know; I’d just have to
wait till the next day.
. . . .
I said, “Well, that’s all right, there’s one posted at the
time clock.” So, I just went ahead on and went back and
finished my lunch.

Neace testified that there was, in fact, another copy of the union
handbill posted at a nearby timeclock.
When asked if other items had been posted on other doors in
the hallway, Neace referred only to Christmas-time decorations.
When asked if postings were made in other parts of the Hospi-
tal, Neace replied: “Yes, there are notices posted with direc-
tions to different departments on doors. On the windows at the
nurses’ station there’s Polaroid pictures, there’s Christmas
cards, photo Christmas cards that were posted this year, [and]
menus to restaurants.” Neace denied that, before this incident,
she had ever been told that she needed permission to post items
in the Hospital.
Hurst did not testify. Cooper testified that on July 4 he and
Hurst were in the hall, exchanging greetings, when Hurst turned
toward a union handbill that was on the surgery unit door.
Hurst removed the handbill and, shortly after she did so, Neace
came out of the dining room. Neace asked Hurst why she had
removed the handbill; Hurst replied that it looked “tacky.”
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 552
Neace replied that she would get another and repost it. Cooper
testified:

At that point, my comment to her was, “You can’t put
it up in that area.”
And she asked why not, and I told her that was a pa-
tient care area, that according to the solicitation and distri-
bution of literature policy in the Hospital handbook, that
literature could not be posted in areas of patient care, ther-
apy rooms, corridors, or areas where patients or family
members are counseled by physicians.
. . . .
Rita asked me how she went about posting some in-
formation, and I informed her that the policy is that you
submit it to get administrative approval.
And she asked me how she did that, and I told her she
could submit it to Naomi Mitchell, who was the human re-
source director, and that she would submit it to administra-
tion for approval, and if it was approved, it would be
placed in the employee bulletin board that is down [an-
other] corridor by the time clock.
. . . .
Rita said that that was okay, that she had another sign
posted by the nurse’s station.

To the extent that the testimonies of Neace and Cooper differ, I
credit Cooper.
The personnel policy manual of Community Health Systems,
the Respondent’s parent, has a no-distribution rule which spe-
cifically prohibits distribution of literature in immediate patient
care areas “such as corridors in the patient treatment areas.”
The General Counsel does not challenge the lawfulness of this
rule, and the corridor in question led to the surgery unit and
other patient care areas.
The complaint alleges that Cooper’s action toward Neace
violated Section 8(a)(1) because the Respondent “allowed anti-
union literature to remain posted” at the same time. I find infra,
that the Respondent allowed one piece of anti-union literature
to be posted in the business office area for a few days during
the July 8 strike, and there is undisputed employee testimony
that the Respondent allowed personal messages to be posted
about the nurses’ stations. There is, however, no evidence that
the Respondent allowed antiunion literature to be posted in
patient care areas such as the door to the surgery unit.24 The
General Counsel makes no argument on brief how this allega-
tion has been proved (by evidence of disparate enforcement or
otherwise). I shall therefore recommend that this allegation of
the complaint be dismissed.
7. Threat by Obenchain
Paragraph 8(g) of the complaint alleges that: “About July 7,
2000, Respondent, by Michele Obenchain, threatened to seek

24 There is also evidence by the uncontradicted testimony of em-
ployee Shirley White that once, in early 2000, Obenchain tore a union
leaflet from an employee bulletin board. At the time, the bulletin board
also contained nonwork-related materials such as babyshower an-
nouncements, but Obenchain left those other items undisturbed. The
employee bulletin board, however, was not in a patient care area. (The
complaint does not allege that Obenchain’s conduct violated the Act.)
the revocation of an employee’s nursing license if she joined
the [July 8] strike.” Obenchain is the Respondent’s chief nurs-
ing officer and, as such, she is subordinate only to Bevins, the
chief executive officer.
Anita Turner (a Charging Party in this matter) was an emer-
gency room registered nurse until she voluntarily resigned after
the July 8 strike was over. Turner was scheduled to work from
9 a.m. until 9 p.m. on July 8; the announced starting hour of the
strike on July 8 was 7 p.m. Turner testified that on July 7 she
met Supervisors McGlothen, Hoover, and Obenchain in
McGlothen’s office. At the time, according to Turner:

I said, “I guess you all know I will be leaving the facil-
ity at 7:00 tomorrow night.”
. . . .
Ms. Obenchain . . . looked very angry. Her whole fa-
cial features changed. Her voice was loud. And she told
me that if I left the facility she would . . . report it to the
[Kentucky] Board of Nursing [and that] she had done it
before and [that] people had lost [State nursing licenses
for] up to two years. And she would see that I lost my li-
cense.
I just told them, “I’ve already talked to the Board of
Nursing; I know my rights on this,” and I left.

Turner worked the next day until 8 p.m. (when the emergency
room was cleared of critical patients), and then she joined the
strike.
Obenchain essentially admitted the remarks that Turner at-
tributed to her. Obenchain testified that, after Turner told her
that she had already consulted the Kentucky nursing authority,
she also called the authority and found that the State would not
consider a nurse’s going on a strike to be patient abandonment,
in violation of the nurse’s license commitment, in cases where
the nurse had given prior notice of intent to join a strike.
A ground for immediate discharge that is listed in the per-
sonnel manual of Community Health Systems is “Failure to
maintain a required license, certification, registration or ac-
creditation.” Therefore, by Obenchain’s statement to Turner
that she would cause Turner to lose her nursing license if
Turner joined the July 8 strike at the hour that it started, the
Respondent necessarily violated Section 8(a)(1), as I find and
conclude.25
8. Security guards’ videotaping of strike activities
Paragraph 8(h) of the complaint alleges that: “About July 8,
2000, and throughout the strike, Respondent, by its security
service, videotaped or gave the impression of videotaping,
without any justification, employees engaged in lawful strike
activity.” The Respondent hired Storm Security Service during
the July 8 strike. George Snodgrass, who testified for the Re-
spondent, is the director of Storm Security’s special operations
unit. It is undisputed that, from at least the second week of the
strike through the end of the strike on August 15, officers of
Storm Security appeared in the areas around the Hospital where
25 The cases cited by the Respondent on brief are inapplicable; they
involved threats of discharge for nonprotected activities, not threats for
protected activities such as joining a strike.
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 553
the strikers had gathered and picketed carrying videotaping
cameras.
Alleged discriminatee Melissa Turner testified that during
the July 8 strike she joined the picketing about 4 days per week,
for about 6 hours per day. Turner testified that on one occasion
when she drove her automobile on the public road that borders
the Hospital and parked at the side of the road opposite the
Hospital, a security guard pointed a video camera at her, as if
videotaping. Turner also testified that the strikers maintained an
open tent just inside the Respondent’s property line. On several
occasions, Turner testified, she saw guards pointing video cam-
eras directly at the tent. On those occasions the strikers were
doing nothing more than talking or barbecuing. At other times,
the guards pointed video cameras at the strikers when they were
peacefully picketing or chanting slogans. Turner denied that, at
any of the times that the apparent videotaping activity was be-
ing conducted, confrontations were in progress.
Alleged discriminatee Leotta Sizemore also testified that
Storm Security’s guards would regularly videotape, or appear
to videotape, peaceful picketing activities and any activities that
the strikers engaged in under their tent, such as preparing and
consuming meals.
Current employee Sally Dunn26 testified that Storm’s guards
“would video us when we walked up and down the roadway”
with picket signs. Dunn further testified that Storm’s guards
would videotape activities in the strikers’ tent, including a
birthday party for one of the strikers. Dunn further testified that
the strikers’ lasts paychecks were distributed from a podium
that management placed at the front of the Hospital. The guards
videotaped the strikers as they approached the podium to re-
ceive the checks. The checks of nonstriking employees were
not distributed in this manner.
Alleged discriminatee Lois Noble testified: “If we [would]
walk with our picket signs, they would come up to the road to
follow us so they could get a good angle, I guess, with the cam-
era and they videotaped us. If we chanted, they’d videotape us.
If the Hospital’s bus, the white bus [that shuttled strike re-
placements between a remote parking lot to the Hospital],
would come, they’d always be videotaping us.”
None of the guards who did, or appeared to do, the videotap-
ing testified. When Snodgrass was called as the Respondent’s
witness, and he testified on direct examination:

Well, we only will actually turn the camcorder on and
make a videotape when we have cause to believe, or actu-
ally see something, again, improper, illegal occurring. At
that point, we’ll use the video camera to document that ac-
tivity.

Snodgrass testified that instances of trespassing and blocking
the public highway were “pretty much” the only times that the
security guards “had occasion to turn on the video cameras.”
Snodgrass testified that the Respondent used a bus to carry
nonstrikers from a remote parking lot to the Hospital, and, on a
“random basis” and “perhaps a half a dozen times” that he ob-
served during the strike, picketing employees would block the

26 Again, Dunn had not been discharged by the Respondent at the
time that she gave this testimony.
bus in the public road that bordered the Respondent’s property.
Snodgrass was asked and he testified:

Q. To your knowledge, did either you or any of your
security guards that you’ve testified about aim video cam-
eras at the pickets without actually recording the activity?
A. We always, whenever the bus was coming, or one
of our vehicles was coming, we were radio-equipped, we
were aware of the fact that they were coming. So we al-
ways had the video cameras up at that point and ready to
record. We did not always actually hit the record button. It
just depended on what the circumstance was.

Snodgrass testified that Storm Security’s guards began the
practice of holding the cameras at the ready after the first time
that pickets blocked the public road leading to the Hospital.
On cross-examination, Snodgrass was also asked and he tes-
tified:

Q. And is it also true that during times when the secu-
rity officer believed that there might be something unlaw-
ful that might occur, that those cameras were to be out and
ready for use?
A. Yes, sir.

At another point on cross-examination, Snodgrass was asked
and he testified:

Q. Now, to your knowledge, did the Hospital ever de-
mand that the pickets remove the—any of those tents from
the Hospital’s property?
. . . .
A. [M]y understanding is the police came to measure
it, and it was in agreement with the police to provide the
people with some safe area off the edge of the highway
[and] that the Hospital said, “Go ahead, do it.”
Q. So the Hospital basically said we don’t object to the
tents being there?
A. Well, I think they did object, but I think they had to
do it.
Q. They were persuaded by the police not to . . . de-
mand that the tents be removed?
A. Correct. I think that’s the best way to put it.

The Respondent did not offer any of the videotapes that it
made; however, Snodgrass testified that he reviewed all of the
videotapes and none showed strikers barbecuing “or anything
of that kind.”
All of the above employee testimony was credible, and the
Respondent does not deny that the guards appeared to record
peaceful protected concerted activities including employees’
walking the picket line on the public road that led to the Hospi-
tal, chanting, and preparing food for strikers. Most importantly,
the Respondent does not deny establishing a podium in front of
the Hospital from which it distributed paychecks to strikers and
then videotaping the strikers as they approached. The Respon-
dent attempts to justify only the videotaping, or the appearance
of videotaping, of activities that were conducted on the Re-
spondent’s property (i.e., the activities in the open tent) by ar-
guing that the employees were trespassers. Individuals who
have permission to be on the property can, in no sense of the
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 554
word, be considered “trespassers.” As Snodgrass’ cross-
examination makes clear, the Respondent permitted the strikers
tents to be placed on its property. (Again, the Respondent was
not too happy about it, but the police prevailed upon it to agree
to allow the strikers to be there.) Therefore, this defense is un-
availing.
The Board has long held that, absent proper justification,
photographing of employees engaged in protected concerted
activities violates the Act because it has a tendency to intimi-
date those employees. F. W. Woolworth, Co., 310 NLRB 1197
(1993). Pretending to take photographs can be just as coercive
as actually doing so. NLRB v. Rybold Heater Co., 408 F.2d 888,
891 (6th Cir. 1969). Moreover, the Board has held that photo-
graphing in the mere belief that “something ‘might’ happen
does not justify [an employer’s] conduct when balanced against
the tendency of that conduct to interfere with the employees’
right to engage in concerted activity.” Flambeau Plastics Corp.,
167 NLRB 735, 743 (1967), enfd. 401 F.2d 128, 136 (7th Cir.
1968), cert. denied 393 U.S. 1019 (1969). The same principles
apply to photography by videotaping. See, for example, Fron-
tier Hotel & Casino, 323 NLRB 815 (1997).
In the most recent case of Saia Motor Freight Line, 333
NLRB 784 (2001), the Board found no violation in the em-
ployer’s photographing of striking employees because the em-
ployer showed that: (1) those employees had actually impeded
traffic; (2) it did not begin photographing the employees until
the impeding of traffic began; and (3) it engaged in the photog-
raphy only after failure of appeals to police to take action to
minimize dangerous traffic congestion (including at least one
near-miss of a rear-end collision). In this case, the only evi-
dence about traffic blocking of the public road was Snodgrass’
testimony that “perhaps a half a dozen times” the pickets
blocked the bus that carried replacements from a remote park-
ing lot to the Hospital. Assuming the truth of this testimony, it
is to be noted that, if the blockages of the bus had been any
more than momentary, Snodgrass assuredly would have so
testified. If traffic other than the bus itself was blocked, or if
any dangerous conditions had been caused by the picketers,
Snodgrass would have so testified. Additionally, the Respon-
dent did the videotaping, and presumably it still had the video-
tapes at time of trial. If any of those videotapes had shown
blockages of traffic, the Respondent assuredly would have pro-
duced them. I draw an adverse inference against the Respon-
dent for its failure to produce any such tapes, and I would dis-
credit Snodgrass’ testimony on that account, alone. As well,
Snodgrass was particularly unconvincing in giving this unsup-
ported testimony, and I discredit it on that ground also. Other
factors distinguishing this case from Saia Motor Freight are
that the Respondent offered no evidence that the pickets on the
public road presented any danger to anyone, and the Respon-
dent offered no evidence that it complained to the police, with-
out results, before it began making videotapes of employees
who were picketing on the public road.
The Respondent cites Roadway Express, Inc., 271 NLRB
1238, 1240, 1244 (1984), for the proposition that: “Gathering
evidence for use in legal proceedings also constitutes a suffi-
cient justification for videotaping protected activities.” In
Roadway Express, the Board based its decision, in part, on the
fact that the employer proved a colorable basis for seeking
injunctive relief under Boys Markets, Inc. v. Retail Clerks Local
770, 398 U.S. 235 (1970). The Respondent here, however, does
not claim a colorable basis for any legal proceeding against the
Union, or against any picketing employees, for which its video-
tapes could have been evidence. (Also in Roadway Express the
employer demonstrated its intent to litigate by showing that it
had cataloged and preserved its photographs; again, if the Re-
spondent had preserved its videotapes for evidentiary purposes,
it would have presented them to me.)
The Respondent further cites NLRB v. Colonial Haven Nurs-
ing Home, 542 F.2d 691, 701 (7th Cir. 1976), for the proposi-
tion that “anticipatory photographing . . . does not violate §
8(a)(1) of the Act where the photographs are taken to establish,
for purposes of an injunction suit, that pickets engaged in vio-
lence.” This quote from Colonial Haven is correct as far as it
goes, but it is a purest dictum. The court enforced the Board’s
order in Colonial Haven, and it did so upon the reasoning:

Still, there can be little question that, under certain cir-
cumstances, picket-line photography can have a tendency
to interfere with, restrain, and coerce employees in their
efforts to engage in concerted activities. Here, there is ab-
solutely no evidence that [Colonial Haven Nursing] Home
even instituted proceedings seeking injunctive relief, much
less relied upon the photographs as necessary or vital evi-
dence. Nor was there evidence that Home employees were
engaged in violence, trespass or blocked ingress or egress
to the home. The evidence as to the stopping of delivery
vehicles on a few occasions never attempted to pinpoint an
exact date for such occurrences, so that there is nothing in
the record supporting an inference that such momentary
stoppages occurred at a time contemporaneous with the at-
tempted photo-taking by [the employer’s named agent].

In this case, again, there is no credible evidence of misconduct
by the picketing employees as they picketed on the public road,
and the Respondent did not institute any action against the Un-
ion, and the Respondent has made no attempt to show that its
videotapes could have been evidence in any theoretical litiga-
tion. At minimum, therefore, the Respondent’s citation of Co-
lonial Haven is unavailing.
In summary, the Respondent has not presented any credible
justification for its videotaping, or appearing to videotape, the
peaceful picketing and other strike activities of the employ-
ees.27 I therefore find and conclude that by videotaping striking
employees, and by creating the impression of videotaping strik-
ing employees, all without lawful justification, the Respondent
has violated Section 8(a)(1).
9. Posting of antiunion signs
Paragraph 8(i) of the complaint alleges that: “About July 8,
2000, and continuing throughout the [July 8] strike, Respon-
dent, by Diane Blankenship, threatened employees by allowing
to be displayed in a laboratory window and other places in the
Hospital signs stating, among other things, ‘GONE STEEL-

27 The General Counsel has not alleged a separate violation by the
Respondent’s establishing an outdoor podium and requiring the strikers
to appear before it to collect their post-July 8 paychecks.
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 555
WORKERS’ and ‘EX-KRMC EMPLOYEES.’” Blankenship is
the supervisor of the Respondent’s laboratory.
Current employee Sally Dunn28 identified photographs of
two signs that, at some point during the July 8 strike, were
taped in a laboratory window, facing outside. One of the signs
stated “GONE STEELWORKERS”; that sign had been created
by taking a sign that had originally said “GO STEEL-
WORKERS” and inserting “NE,” in a similar font, after “GO.”
The other sign that Dunn identified was headed “GO SCABS”;
following that heading was something of an acrostic:

S STUPID
T THICK-HEADED
R RUDE
I IGNORANT
K KOOKY
E EX-KRMC EMPLOYEES
R ROTTEN
S SLOBS

At the bottom of the “EX-KRMC EMPLOYEES” sign, “GO
SCABS” was again printed, but in much larger type. Dunn did
not testify during what portion of the strike she saw either of
the signs posted. (Capitalizations in this paragraph are original.)
Blankenship testified that nonstriking employee Toby Ar-
nold called her at home one evening during the strike and:

[H]e said, “I think I may be in trouble.” And I asked him what
he’d done. And he said he took one of the “Go Steelworkers”
signs. And he said, “I added an ‘NE,’ and I put it in the win-
dow, then someone came down from the strike line and took a
picture of it.”

Blankenship testified that she told Arnold to take down the sign
“immediately.” Blankenship further testified that she never saw
the “Gone Steelworkers” sign, or the “Ex-KRMC Employees”
sign, posted in a laboratory window.
On cross-examination, Blankenship admitted that, although
she never saw the signs posted in a laboratory window, she did
see the “Ex-KRMC Employees” sign posted on the door of the
Purchasing Office for “several days.” Blankenship further ad-
mitted that she saw the “Ex-KRMC Employees” sign posted on
a door to a conference room for “probably” more than 1 day.
Blankenship acknowledged that employees have access to the
areas of those doors.
There is no evidence that Blankenship, or any other supervi-
sor, ever saw the “Gone Steelworkers” sign, and the General
Counsel’s failure to ask Dunn (the only witness whom the Gen-
eral Counsel called on the allegation) over what time period it
was that she saw the sign posted causes me to credit
Blankenship that she told Arnold to take down the sign as soon
as she heard that it had been put up. I would therefore recom-
mend that the complaint be dismissed insofar as it relates to the
“Gone Steelworkers” sign. There is also no evidence that
Blankenship, or any other supervisor, saw the “Ex-KRMC Em-
ployees” sign posted in the laboratory window, and I shall also
recommend that that allegation of the complaint be dismissed.

28 Dunn had not been discharged at the time that this testimony was
given; moreover, it is not in dispute.
The “Ex-KRMC Employees” signs which were posted in the
interior of the Hospital, however, constitute a different matter.
For at least 2 days, according to Blankenship’s testimony, the
Respondent allowed the signs to be maintained. The signs
could have had no intended meaning other than that strikers
would lose their employment status solely because they were
striking employees. That is, the signs were threats, in writing,
to discharge strikers. To be sure, the employees who saw the
signs in the interior of the Hospital were nonstrikers, but the
signs would nevertheless have had the tendency to coerce the
choice of any such employee who may have considered joining
the strike.
I therefore find and conclude that the Respondent, in viola-
tion of Section 8(a)(1), by Blankenship, and by other supervi-
sors who did not remove the “Ex-KRMC Employees” signs
from the interior of the Respondent’s facility, threatened em-
ployees with discharge because they had engaged in the July 8
strike.
10. Trusty’s and Pelfrey’s removal of union literature
from Automobiles
Paragraph 8(j) of the complaint alleges that: “About July 9,
2000, Respondent, by Denice Trusty and Jan Pelfrey, in a retail
parking lot, removed union literature from automobile wind-
shields.” Trusty is the admitting and data processing supervisor
in the Respondent’s business office; Pelfrey is the Respon-
dent’s purchasing agent, and during the July 8 strike she also
served as the supervisor of the Respondent’s housekeeping
department.
Alleged discriminatee Debbie Miller testified that during the
July 8 strike she and employee Charlene Cochran placed union
handbills on the windshields of automobiles that were parked in
the lot of a local hardware store. She and Cochran then went to
a parking lot across the street to engage in further such distribu-
tions. While they were across the street, they looked back and
saw Trusty and Pelfrey in the hardware store’s parking lot.
According to Miller: “Denise was in the Blazer. She was
driving and Jan Pelfry was out taking the literature back off of
the cars.” Miller and Cochran went back to the hardware store’s
parking lot, and Cochran “replaced the flyers,” further accord-
ing to Miller. On cross-examination, Miller testified that Pel-
frey and Trusty appeared to see them come back to the hard-
ware store’s parking lot because Trusty’s Blazer “sped off.”
Cochran testified that Pelfrey took union literature from only
one automobile and that Trusty did not speed off when she and
Pelfrey left the parking lot.
Pelfrey testified that, beginning at some point after the incep-
tion of the July 8 strike, the Respondent’s attorney advised her
not to drive her personal vehicle to the Hospital. With permis-
sion, she sometimes parked in the hardware store’s lot and
Trusty (or others) picked her up there to take her to work. Pel-
frey further testified that, as the Respondent’s purchasing agent,
she also often goes to the hardware store during the day; she
further testified that Trusty sometimes drove her on such er-
rands during the strike. On one such occasion, she saw a union
handbill on her vehicle and removed it. Pelfrey testified that the
only vehicle from which she took a handbill was her own.
Trusty testified consistently with Pelfrey.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 556
I credit Trusty and Pelfrey (and Cochran) that Pelfrey re-
moved union literature from only one automobile; and I further
find that the automobile was owned by Pelfrey. This was no
violation of the Act, and I shall recommend dismissal of this
allegation of the complaint.
D. The Alleged 8(a)(3) Violations
The complaint alleges that the Respondent has violated Sec-
tion 8(a)(3) by denying light-duty work status to Brenda
Brewer, by issuing an oral warning to Sally Dunn, by discharg-
ing Dunn, and by discharging 12 other employees; to wit:

Vickie Bowling Debbie Miller
Beverly Clemons Lois Noble
Clara Gabbard Maxine Ritchie
Angie Gayheart Laotta Sizemore
Sandra (Barker) Hutton Diana Taulbee
Eileene Jewell Melissa Turner

The complaint also alleges that the Respondent issued two writ-
ten warning notices to Taulbee in violation of Section 8(a)(3).
Although not separately alleged in the complaint, I find infra,
that Miller was unlawfully suspended before being discharged.
The General Counsel contends that the Respondent dis-
charged, or otherwise disciplined, the above-named employees
because of their lawful strike activities. The Respondent con-
tends that it discharged all of the employees except Gayheart for
job misconduct or incompetence. The Respondent contends that
it discharged Gayheart for strike activities that exceeded the
protections of the Act; to wit: violence. The legal standards that
determine the disposition of Gayheart’s case will be discussed
separately below. The law that determines the dispositions of the
other 8(a)(3) allegations is stated in Wright Line, 251 NLRB
1083 (1980), enfd. 662 F.2d 899 (1st Cir. 1981), cert. denied
455 U.S. 989 (1982); approved in NLRB v. Transportation
Management Corp., 462 U.S. 393 (1983). Under Wright Line,
General Counsel has the initial burden of persuading the Board
that he has established a prima facie case sufficient to support an
inference that union activity that is protected by the Act was a
motivating factor in the employer’s action that is alleged to con-
stitute discrimination in violation of Section 8(a)(3).29 Once the
General Counsel has met his initial burden, the burden shifts to
the Respondent to demonstrate that the alleged discriminatory
conduct “would have taken place even in the absence of the
protected conduct.” Wright Line, supra at 1089. To meet its
burden under Wright Line, it is not enough for the employer to
show that an alleged discriminatee engaged in misconduct for
which he or she “could have” been discharged or otherwise
disciplined. The employer must demonstrate that it “would
have” discharged, or otherwise disciplined, the employee for the
misconduct in question. Structural Composites Industries, 304
NLRB 729, 730 (1991); the emphasis is original. Such an evi-

29 See also Manno Electric, 321 NLRB 278, 280 fn. 12 (1996),
which reaffirms that the General Counsel’s initial burden is one of
persuasion, not just production of some evidence which may create the
required inference.
dentiary demonstration must be made by a preponderance of the
evidence, and, if it is not, a violation will be found.30
Therefore, in the case of each alleged discriminatory act
against each alleged discriminatee (again, excluding Gayheart),
the first inquiry is whether the record contains a prima facie
case of discrimination that is proscribed by the Act. Such a
prima facie case is established by proof that: (1) the employee
engaged in union activities that are protected by the Act; (2) the
Respondent knew or suspected that the alleged discriminatee
had engaged in such activities at the time that the Respondent
decided to take the action alleged to be discriminatory; (3) the
acts alleged to be discriminatory, in fact, occurred; and (4) the
Respondent’s decision to discharge or otherwise discipline the
alleged discriminatee was motivated, at least in part, by animus
toward those activities. Chelsea Homes, 298 NLRB 813 (1990).
If such a prima facie case is held to have been established, any
defense that has been presented will then be addressed. The
defense will be held to preponderate unless the General Coun-
sel rebuts it by showing that it is pretextual, either by showing
that it is without factual basis or by showing that it was not in
fact relied upon. If the General Counsel does show that the
asserted defense is pretextual, the inference of wrongful motive
remains intact, and a violation will be found.31
The Respondent denies that Brewer participated in the July 8
strike, but it admits that it knew that each of the other alleged
discriminatees engaged in the strike. The Respondent denies
that it discharged Sizemore, but it admits taking all of the other
actions that the complaint alleges to have been discriminatorily
motivated within the prohibitions of Section 8(a)(3). Because
the relevant knowledge of union activities (except in Brewer’s
case) is admitted, and because the alleged discriminatory acts
(except in Sizemore’s case) are admitted, the remaining issue in
deciding whether the General Counsel has presented a prima
facie case for each of the alleged discriminatees is whether the
General Counsel has proved the necessary element of unlawful
animus, or motivation. Evidence of animus behind each of the
alleged discriminatory acts is found in the repeated threats by
supervisors (or by an agent, in the case of Dr. Edward Burnette)
that employees who engaged in a strike would be discharged
(or, at least, would not be reinstated). Specifically, as I have
found above: (1) Hicks told Melissa Turner that economic
strikers would lose their jobs; (2) Gibbs threatened employees
Strong, Neace, and Smith that, because they did not already
have a contract, they could be discharged, or otherwise “hurt”
for striking; (3) Blankenship told Miller and Dunn that, if the
July 8 strike was not ruled an unfair labor practices strike, some
employees would not be returning to their jobs; (4) Burnette
threatened emergency room employees that if they engaged in a
strike they would be discharged; (5) Hale threatened several
employees that they would be discharged for engaging in a
30 Wright Line, 251 NLRB at 1087; Roure Bertrand Dupont, Inc.,
271 NLRB 443 (1984).
31 As stated in Frank Black Mechanical Services, 271 NLRB 1302
fn. 2 (1984): “[A] finding of pretext necessarily means that the reasons
advanced by the employer either did not exist or were not in fact relied
upon, thereby leaving intact the inference of wrongful motive estab-
lished by the General Counsel.” See also Limestone Apparel Corp., 255
NLRB 722 (1981), enfd. 705 F.2d 799 (6th Cir. 1982).
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 557
strike because they did not already have a contract; (6) Oben-
chain threatened registered nurse Anita Turner that Obenchain
would cause Turner to lose her nursing license, and therefore be
subject to immediate discharge, if she went on strike; and (7)
Blankenship and other supervisors did not remove the “Ex-
KRMC Employees” signs from the interior of the Hospital and
thereby threatened employees with discharge because they had
engaged in the July 8 strike. Finally, as I find below in the dis-
cussion of the discharge of Bowling, houskeeping department
employee Patricia Nease heard Supervisor Pelfrey telling Su-
pervisor Faye Kipp that the strikers “had to go” and that, be-
cause Bowling was a leader of the employees, she should be
harassed until she reacted in a way that would provide a reason
to discharge her. This extreme level of expressed hostility by
Pelfrey and the other supervisors (or agents) clearly raises the
inference of unlawfulness in the subsequent adverse actions
against each of the alleged discriminatees. I will now discuss
the case of each of the 14 alleged discriminatees; in so doing, I
shall not recapitulate the extensive evidence of animus that
supports the prima facie cases except by noting that the Re-
spondent “repeatedly threatened” to discharge the July 8 strik-
ers.
(Each of the 14 disciplinary cases is introduced by a syllabus
that contains a summary of the allegations of the complaint, the
contentions of the parties, and my ultimate findings and conclu-
sions for the 8(a)(3) allegations of that case. These syllabuses
are designed only to provide an overview that will assist the
reviewer, and they are couched in most general terms. The full
and precise statements of the positions of the parties, and the
full and precise statements of my reasons for my findings and
conclusions, are contained in the texts that follow the sylla-
buses.)
1. Discharge of Vickie Bowling
Vickie Bowling was employed by the Respondent as a
housekeeping employee until she was discharged by letter
dated February 28, 2001.32 Bowling testified that she partici-
pated in the July 8 strike and picketed almost daily. The Gen-
eral Counsel contends that the Respondent discharged Bowling
because of her participation in the July 8 strike. The Respon-
dent answers that it discharged Bowling because, on January 24
she loudly cursed a fellow employee in a public area of the
Hospital. Ultimately, I find that Bowling did commit the mis-
conduct that the Respondent attributes to her and that the Re-
spondent did not violate the Act by discharging Bowling.
Bowling regularly worked from 3 until 11:30 p.m. Immedi-
ately before and after the July 8 strike, Jan Pelfrey supervised
the housekeeping department. (As noted above, Pelfrey’s usual
responsibility was the Purchasing Department.) About 2 weeks
after the strike was over, the Respondent hired Faye Kipp as
supervisor of the housekeeping employees.
The duties of housekeeping employees on the second shift
included cleaning rooms in a designated area and answering
pages for emergency cleaning duties (cleaning up spills and the
like) all over the Hospital. Bowling testified that at the start of

32 All dates in Bowling’s case are from July 8, 2000, until February
28, 2001, unless otherwise indicated.
her shift on January 24 Kipp told her that David Turner and
Pam Ritchie were to clean rooms in their designated areas until
6 p.m. and then go to the physical therapy department to strip
and wax the floors there. Kipp also told Bowling that, during
pauses in the stripping and waxing operations, Turner and
Ritchie were to return to their designated work areas to clean
rooms and to also answer emergency pages. (Bowling testified
that there were 30-minute pauses between coats of wax.)
It is undisputed that January 24 was an extremely busy day
for the housekeeping employees. Bowling further testified that
during the period from 3 until 6 p.m. on January 24, she saw
Turner and Ritchie working together at a very slow pace, even
though they had many rooms to clean in their designated areas
of the Hospital. After 6 p.m., Bowling saw Ritchie sitting on a
chair in the main corridor of the Hospital, doing nothing. Bowl-
ing told Ritchie that there were many rooms to clean in
Ritchie’s designated area and that there were many pages for
housekeeping assistance (which Ritchie would have heard).
Ritchie replied that Kipp had told her to do nothing but strip
and wax the physical therapy department’s floors, and Ritchie
remained seated. Bowling went on to other duties and a few
minutes later she returned to where Ritchie was sitting. Bowl-
ing testified that she got “mad” and:

I told her—basically I can’t be exactly [sure] what I
said. I told her that we needed some help on the damn
floor; I couldn’t do all the fucking work myself.

Bowling testified that Ritchie did not reply. Bowling was
asked, and she testified:

Q. Did you say anything else?
A. They had paged again, and I . . . think I said, “Well,
shit. There’s another damn page.”
. . . .
Q. Describe what your tone of voice was as you recall
when you said these things to Pam?
A. I wasn’t screaming, but I’m sure it was louder than
my normal voice.
Q. Did you see anyone else around during this encoun-
ter?
A. No, I did not.

Bowling testified that about 20 minutes later she called Kipp at
home. Bowling told Kipp that she and Turner needed help be-
cause Ritchie was doing nothing and that Ritchie had told her
(Bowling) that Kipp had told her (Ritchie) to do nothing during
pauses in the stripping and waxing processes. Kipp repeated
that Ritchie was to return to her regular duties during pauses in
the waxing processes. Kipp also stated in that telephone call
that she would call Ritchie and talk to her about the matter.
Further according to Bowling, she worked the full shift that
date and never heard a page for Ritchie to come to the tele-
phone.
On January 26, the next date that Bowling was scheduled to
work, Kipp met Bowling at the timeclock and took her to a
conference room. There Bowling met with Kipp, Pelfrey and
Human Resources Director Mitchell. Kipp asked Bowling for
her version of the encounter with Ritchie. According to Bowl-
ing:

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 558
I told her I got mad and I jumped Pam.
And she asked me if I had cussed Pam.
I told her I didn’t know, I was mad, I could have, I
won’t say I didn’t, and I won’t say I did. . . . And I told her
that if I did, I would apologize to Pam just as soon as I
seen her.
. . . .
She said that I had cussed Pam out very badly in front
of a whole bunch of people.

Kipp then showed Bowling a section of the Respondent’s em-
ployee handbook. The section of the handbook entitled “Stan-
dards of Conduct” states:

To uphold the standards of excellence in patient care
and services promised to the community, there are certain
standards of conduct which must be met by all employees
at all times. Employees who fail to maintain proper stan-
dards of conduct or whose behavior interferes with safe,
orderly or efficient operations will be subject to discipli-
nary action, up to and including discharge.
It is the Hospital’s expectation that you will conduct
yourself on the job in a professional manner, extending
courtesy, consideration and cooperation to patients, visi-
tors and other employees.
. . . .
The circumstances of the situation and an employee’s
overall work record are considered before deciding on a
course of disciplinary action. The Hospital will apply pro-
gressive disciplinary action which includes verbal or writ-
ten counseling, suspension, probation or immediate dis-
charge, depending on the nature of the conduct involved
and the circumstances of the situation. While it is not pos-
sible to anticipate every situation, the following are of-
fered as examples of unacceptable behavior.

After that, the handbook lists 16 examples of “unacceptable
behavior,” the 10th of which is: “Fighting or using obscene,
abusive or threatening languages or gestures.” Kipp then
handed Bowling another paper which said that Bowling was
suspended indefinitely, pending investigation of her alleged
misconduct. Bowling then left the premises.
On February 2, Bevins sent a letter to Bowling telling her to
schedule an investigatory interview with Mitchell. The inter-
view was held on February 6. Pelfrey and Kipp were also pre-
sent. Mitchell asked Bowling again what had happened be-
tween her and Ritchie on January 24. Bowling again described
the busy evening and what she had then observed of Ritchie.
Mitchell asked if Bowling had cursed Ritchie. Bowling further
testified:

I said, “I will not say that I did, and I will not say I
didn’t. . . . I was mad. I could have, but I will not sit here
and say I did or I didn’t because I’m not sure of my words.
I don’t really remember exactly what I might have said.”

On cross-examination, Bowling also claimed that she could
not recall what she had said to Ritchie, other than what she
admitted to during her direct examination. By letter dated Feb-
ruary 28, Bevins informed Bowling that “your employment
with KRMC is terminated based upon investigation undertaken
in connection with your suspension on 1–26–01.”
The General Counsel asked Bowling if she had ever heard
anyone else in the Hospital “cuss in an area where there were
members of the public and patients present.” Bowling replied
that, earlier in January, in a hall near a public waiting room, she
heard Pelfrey tell guard Gene Pelfrey, “the son-of-a-bitches
[are] taking me back to court.”33 Bowling testified that there
were “quite a few people” in a nearby waiting area at the time.
Also on direct examination, Bowling described exchanges be-
tween and among employees and supervisors, but she described
none that occurred in public areas, with loud voices, and with
the degree of demeaning curses that I ultimately find that Bowl-
ing directed at Ritchie on February 24. Also, the General Coun-
sel called former employee Ronald Oakes to give anecdotes of
cursing which do not reasonably compare with Bowling’s.
Moreover, Oakes was a most negatively impressive witness
who showed a clear bias to assist Bowling in any way that he
could (including gratuitously lacing his testimony with profan-
ity of his own, apparently just to show me how vulgar I should
expect the Respondent’s employees to be). For these reasons, I
need not recite the other examples of cursing that were given by
Bowling or any of the examples given by Oakes.
As further evidence of disparate treatment, the General
Counsel introduced records of three other employees: (1) On
June 12, 1997, Oakes was given a “Verbal Reprimand” because
he “reacted badly in front of several people when told B-shift
would have to clean clinics & business office.” Oakes’ conduct
was described by an accompanying memorandum as including
the word “damn.” (2) On June 13, 1997, a “First Reprimand”
warning notice was also given to Sarah Bowling (no known
relation to alleged discriminatee Bowling) for using an unstated
curse word while giving a report to other nurses. (3) On Octo-
ber 14, 1999, Chief Nursing Officer Obenchain issued Kathy
Little a 3-day suspension for “Attitude” and “Abusive Lan-
guage.” In a narrative that accompanied the order of suspen-
sion, Obenchain described repeated argumentativeness by Lit-
tle. Also Obenchain described two occasions where Little used
the “F-word” before witnesses. Obenchain does not describe
the circumstances of the first occasion, but for the precipitating
event Obenchain wrote:

On October 14, 1999, several complaints were re-
ceived that Kathy was argumentative and trying to get oth-
ers to do her work (hang blood, change IV’s, do an admis-
sion). She walked into the conference room, slammed the
door and stated “I hate this f—ing place; they treat me like
s—. I am having f—ing problems at home.” . . . the wit-
nesses to this were: [names of 4 other employees].

The General Counsel offered no other evidence to demonstrate
disparate treatment against Bowling.
In defense, Ritchie was called by the Respondent and asked:

Q. Would you please explain to the Administrative
Law Judge what happened on that occasion, as best you
can recall?

33 If Supervisor Jan Pelfrey is related to guard Gene Pelfrey, the fact
is not demonstrated in the record.
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 559
A. I had to strip and wax physical therapy and it had
to be done at night because of—no one was there to work.
And she was told to take up the slack for me because I
couldn’t be back on the floor if they needed me. And she
apparently didn’t want to do it because I had discharges
back there, and she came screaming in the hallway . . . and
cussing. Told me I needed to get back there and do my
“blank” work. That she wasn’t going to do my “blank”
work for me.
JUDGE EVANS: Was the word “fucking?”
THE WITNESS: Yeah.
JUDGE EVANS: Okay, thank you.

Ritchie testified that Patty Nease, another housekeeping em-
ployee, came into the hallway during the incident with Bowl-
ing. Ritchie testified that never before had Bowling, or any
other employee, used the type of language that Bowling di-
rected to her on January 24 or ever used that type of language
around her while she was working at the Hospital.
Ritchie testified that she then called Kipp at home and told
her what had happened. Kipp told Ritchie that she would call
Bowling and tell Bowling that she had to help Ritchie. Ritchie
further identified a written statement that she gave Kipp on
January 26. In that statement, Ritchie described Bowling’s
January 24 conduct and further stated that there were patients in
the hallway at the time. Ritchie testified that the written state-
ment was accurate.
The Respondent called Nease who testified consistently with
Ritchie. Nease also testified that, during the confrontation of
Ritchie by Bowling, one patient and one visitor were in a
nearby vending machine area. Nease further testified that she
noticed that the patient appeared upset by the incident. Nease
further identified a written statement that she gave to Kipp on
January 25, which statement was consistent with her testimony.
While Nease was on cross-examination the General Counsel
confronted her with a statement that she had signed and dated
on December 6, 2000. The statement, in full, is:

To whom it may concern:
I, Patricia Nease, on or about Sept. 7, 2000, overheard
a conversation between Jan Pelfrey and Faye Kipp while
standing outside her office at the building. Jan told Faye,
“they all had to go,” talking about the strikers. She told her
Vickie had to go one way or the other because, if they
could get rid of Vickie, the rest would quit. Faye said she
wanted no part of this because they all were good workers.
Jan said she would handle it by getting Michelle Noble
[another housekeeping employee] to dog and ride her, try-
ing to get Vickie to blow up, causing her to lose her job.
She said she wanted all the strikers ridden and written up 3
times so they would be terminated. She wanted Vickie to
be the first to go.

Nease affirmed that the factual representations in her December
6 statement were true, but she added (without being asked) that
Pelfrey later told Kipp that she would step down as supervisor
of the housekeeping department “because she said she knew
she couldn’t treat them fairly.”
The Respondent called Pelfrey who testified that, as well as
being the Respondent’s purchasing agent, she supervised the
housekeeping department for 3 or 4 weeks before the July 8
strike until about 2 weeks after that strike terminated on August
20. (Pelfrey testified that she agreed to temporarily assume the
additional responsibilities of the housekeeping department
when the former supervisor transferred to another department.)
The Respondent’s counsel showed Pelfrey Nease’s written
statement and asked if she had ever said such things. Pelfrey
answered that she had not. Pelfrey testified that she did tell
Kipp that she did not want to be over the housekeeping depart-
ment at that time, “because I just had a hard time, you know,
being over them and trying to be fair to them and not, making
sure that I did treat them all fair and stuff.” When asked why
she felt that way, Pelfrey replied: “Well, because during the
strike I was arrested; my nephew was arrested; I had a lot of
hard feelings there.” Pelfrey further denied that she was ever
asked for a recommendation about how to discipline Bowling
for her January 24 conduct.
On cross-examination, Pelfrey acknowledged that Kipp con-
tinued to report to her for “a couple of months” after the July 8
strike ended. Pelfrey testified that Kipp told her about the Janu-
ary 24 incident between Bowling and Ritchie, but she only told
Kipp to tell Bevins and Cooper about it. Pelfrey further testified
that she also reported the matter to Cooper, her immediate su-
perior, and to Bevins, but she did not make a recommendation
to them about what to do about the matter.
Kipp testified that in early September she interviewed with
Pelfrey for the position of supervisor of the housekeeping de-
partment; at the time, Pelfrey stated that she was looking for
someone to take over the direct supervision of the housekeep-
ing department “because of feelings that she [Pelfrey] had and
she realized that the feelings were hindering her with doing a
good job and that she was looking for somebody that she felt
would be fair and that would treat everybody the same to take
over.”
Kipp further testified on direct examination that Ritchie
called her at home during the night of January 24 and reported
that Bowling had cursed her because Ritchie was not helping
with room cleaning. Kipp testified that she told Ritchie to re-
turn to room cleaning as soon as the stripping and waxing job
was done. Kipp further identified the written statements that
Ritchie and Nease had given her about the incident. In describ-
ing the January 26 meeting in which Bowling was suspended,
Kipp identified Pelfrey as “my supervisor at the time.” Kipp
testified that she did not discuss suspending Bowling with
Bevins; she testified that she did report what she knew to Pel-
frey and Mitchell, and she believed that they had recommended
the suspension to Bevins. Kipp testified that she later recom-
mended to Bevins that Bowling be discharged based on the
written statements of Ritchie and Nease and the failure of
Bowling to deny her conduct during the meetings with Pelfrey
and Mitchell.
On cross-examination Kipp acknowledged that Bowling, as
well as Ritchie, had called her on the night of January 24. Kipp
testified that Bowling stated that she was overwhelmed with
work because Ritchie was not helping with room cleaning.
Kipp testified that she told Bowling that she would tell Ritchie
to help with the room cleaning when she was through with the
waxing job. Kipp further acknowledged that during the January
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 560
26 meeting Bowling argued that on January 24 she had been
upset because she had been overworked. Further on cross-
examination, Kipp admitted that, during her interview with
Pelfrey for the position of department head, she stated that she
would take the job only if “everybody would be treated the
same.” Kipp denied, however, that Pelfrey had said, at any
time, that she wanted to get rid of the strikers.34 Kipp also ac-
knowledged that the Respondent had a progressive disciplinary
system that included a warning, a second warning, and suspen-
sion before discharge. She further acknowledged that the pur-
pose of the system was to give employees a chance to correct
their conduct, and she acknowledged that she had never warned
Bowling about her improper language.
Bevins testified that he made the decision to suspend Bowl-
ing on Kipp’s recommendation and a review of the written
statements of Ritchie and Nease. (Bevins testified that he did
not receive a recommendation from Pelfrey to discharge Bowl-
ing, although he admitted that he was present when Pelfrey and
Cooper were discussing what Kipp had reported to them.)
Bevins testified that he decided to discharge Bowling, “for
profane and abusive language to an employee in a public area”
in accordance with the Respondent’s handbook section that is
quoted above and in accordance with the policy of Community
Health Systems. That manual (which was introduced in evi-
dence by the General Counsel) is prefaced by the statement:
“This manual contains policies and procedures relating to per-
sonnel management of employees of all hospital and medical
facility employees of Community Health Systems, Inc., and its
subsidiaries or affiliates.” The manual contains a 4-step pro-
gressive disciplinary system, and in a section entitled “Dis-
chargeable Offenses,” the manual states: “The following is a
partial listing of violations which may result in an employee’s
immediate discharge.” This is not a complete listing, and other
causes may result in discharge. Then follows a listing of 24
categories of offenses, the 11th of which is: “Threatening, in-
timidating, coercing, using abusive language, or otherwise in-
terfering with the job performance of fellow employees or visi-
tors.”
Conclusions on Bowling’s Discharge
On December 6, or well before the events of January 24,
Nease gave a written statement to the General Counsel that on
September 7, she overheard Pelfrey tell incoming Supervisor
Kipp that she wanted all the strikers to “go,” that Bowling
should be the first striker to “go” because, if she was dis-
charged, the remainder of the strikers in the housekeeping de-
partment would quit, that Kipp demurred, and that Pelfrey then
stated that she would, herself, employ the stratagem of having
another employee “dog and ride” Bowling “to get Vickie to
blow up, causing her to lose her job.” On direct examination,
Nease did not exhibit the slightest reluctance to testify ad-
versely to Bowling. On cross-examination, however, Nease
repeatedly expressed forgetfulness about things that one would
tend not to forget. Moreover, Nease’s eagerness to gratuitously
add putatively exculpatory material to her statement’s quote of

34 Counsel for the General Counsel elicited this denial, even though
the Respondent had not asked for it while Kipp was on direct examina-
tion.
Pelfrey (by testifying that Pelfrey also said that was stepping
down because she could not treat the strikers fairly) shows that
Nease held allegiance to the Respondent (or antipathy toward
Bowling or the Union), and her failure to repudiate her Decem-
ber 6 statement shows that that statement must be true. Also,
there is no other explanation for Kipp’s testimony that, during
her interview with Pelfrey, she told Pelfrey that she would in-
sist that all employees be treated equally. I therefore find that
Nease overheard Pelfrey tell Kipp that Bowling should be en-
trapped into precipitating her own discharge because she had
joined the July 8 strike. And I further find, as Nease’s written
statement also related, that Pelfrey told Kipp on September 7
that: “she wanted all the strikers ridden and written up 3 times
so they would be terminated.”35
Because of this credibility resolution, Bowling presents the
very strongest prima facie case of all of the alleged discrimina-
tees who were discharged for alleged job-related misconduct.
No other alleged discriminatee was shown to be the object of a
specific management intent to discharge an employee because
of his or her protected activities. Moreover, I firmly believe that
Pelfrey, as well as Kipp, recommended to Bevins that Bowling
be discharged. But even if only Kipp made the recommenda-
tion, Kipp testified that she was the subordinate of Pelfrey on
January 24; and, from at least September 7, Kipp clearly had
her marching orders in regard to Bowling.
However, even given this strongest evidence of unlawful
animus, the Respondent, under Wright Line, has presented a
defense to the allegation that its discharge of Bowling was
unlawful. Well before Wright Line, the Board stated in Klate-
Holt Co., 161 NLRB 1606, 1612 (1966):

The mere fact that an employer may desire to termi-
nate an employee because he engages in unwelcome con-
certed activities does not, of itself, establish the unlawful-
ness of a subsequent discharge. If an employee provides
an employer with a sufficient cause for his dismissal by
engaging in conduct for which he would have been termi-
nated in any event, and the employer discharges him for
that reason, the circumstance that the employer welcomed
the opportunity to discharge does not make it discrimina-
tory and therefore unlawful.36

Both the Respondent’s employee handbook and the policy
manual of Community Health Systems prohibit, on pain of
discharge, Bowling’s conduct of January 24. The Respondent’s
handbook lists as a possible first-offense discharge: “Fighting
or using obscene, abusive or threatening languages or ges-
tures.” The policy manual of Community Health Systems
(which the General Counsel placed in evidence and upon which
the General Counsel relies heavily in the presentation of the
cases of some of the other alleged discriminatees) lists as a
violation “which may result in an employee’s immediate dis-
charge”: “Threatening, intimidating, coercing, using abusive
language, or otherwise interfering with the job performance of
35 See Alvin J. Bart & Co., 236 NLRB 242 (1978).
36 An effective defense under Klate Holt, of course, is an effective
defense under Wright Line. See, for example, A&T Mfg. Co., 276
NLRB 808 (1985).
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 561
fellow employees or visitors.” Bowling admitted that, in a pub-
lic area of the Hospital, she loudly told Ritchie that “we needed
some help on the damn floor,” and “I couldn’t do all the fuck-
ing work myself,” and “Well, shit. There’s another damn page.”
As well, I credit the testimonies of Ritchie and Nease that
Bowling used the obscenity “fucking,” loudly, and more than
once, as she addressed Ritchie in that public area. I further
credit the testimony of Nease that at the time, well within hear-
ing distance, a patient and another member of the public were
present.37 These rules are crystal clear, and the General Counsel
does not deny that they apply directly to Bowling’s admitted
(and proved) conduct.
Even though Bowling violated a clearly stated policy of the
Respondent, because of the Respondent’s demonstrated ani-
mus, I would nevertheless find a violation in Bowling’s case if
the General Counsel has shown significant evidence of dispa-
rate treatment of other employees.38 On brief, however, the
only evidence of disparate treatment that the General Counsel
argues to have been established is the discredited testimony of
Oakes. Also, Oakes testified to no event that involved the same
degree of profanity as that employed by Bowling on January
24. Moreover, Oakes certainly did not testify that the profanity
that he had used (or witnessed) involved a public display of
confrontational, demeaning cursing of one employee by an-
other. And confrontational, demeaning (or “abusive” as the
Respondent’s rules read) cursing of one employee by another is
the conduct in which Bowling engaged. (Bowling did not just
engage in “cussing” as the General Counsel argues on brief.)
Finally on the point of disparate treatment, Bowling testified
that she once heard Pelfrey tell a guard: “the son-of-a-bitches
are taking me back to court.” Although that testimony was not
mentioned by the General Counsel on brief, I am constrained to
point out that I do not find it to be evidence of disparate treat-
ment. Although the event happened in a public area, it was not
a confrontational berating of one employee by another; more-
over, there is no evidence that patients or members of the pub-
lic were present or that Pelfrey’s comment to the guard was
brought to the attention of higher supervision.
Rather than showing disparate treatment of Bowling, the re-
cord shows consistent treatment of other employees similarly
situated. Evidence adduced by the General Counsel (but not
mentioned by the General Counsel on brief) shows that Oakes
received a warning notice just for using “damn.” And employee
Sarah Bowling received a warning notice for using an unspeci-
fied curse word in the company of only other employees. Em-
ployee Little, however, received a 3-day suspension for using
the F-word, not in a public area, but in a conference room. Sus-
pension is the penultimate penalty in Respondent’s progressive

37 The Charging Party’s statement on brief that Bowling testified that
there were “no patients present” is false; as quoted above, Bowling
testified only that she did not see “anyone else around” at the time.
38 Compare: Avondale Industries, 329 NLRB 1064, 1066 (1999),
where the Board rejected defenses that were based on published em-
ployee rules and evidence that other discharges were consistent with
those rules. In so doing, the Board stated: “The insurmountable prob-
lem for the Respondent’s defense in this case, however, is that the
General Counsel has presented significant countervailing evidence of
disparate treatment.”
disciplinary system; if that penalty was invoked for only curs-
ing in general, in a private area of the Hospital, then the Re-
spondent’s subjecting Bowling to the ultimate penalty for the
cursing of another employee, in a demeaning fashion, and in a
public area, seems entirely reasonable, especially in the absence
of credible evidence of disparate treatment.39
On September 7, Pelfrey told Kipp that Bowling could be
provoked into “blow[ing] up” and thereby lose her job. Appar-
ently Pelfrey knew that Bowling had a short fuse and a foul
mouth. And Pelfrey clearly hoped that these combined charac-
ter traits of Bowling would rid the Respondent of at least one
striker and possibly more. In view of the widespread evidence
of threats to discharge strikers that I have found above, it is
further fair to find, as I do, that Pelfrey’s attitude was reflective
of an antiunion policy that was held by the Respondent, not just
Pelfrey’s personal opinion based on her arrest during the July 8
strike, or her nephew’s arrest, or anything else. Nevertheless,
neither Bowling’s heavy workload on January 24 nor Ritchie’s
perceived loafing was a provocation by the Respondent that
would tend to excuse Bowling from loudly and abusively curs-
ing Ritchie in a public area of the Hospital. But Bowling did
exactly that, and she thereby presented the Respondent with a
sufficient reason for her discharge. And, as in Klate-Holt, the
fact that the Respondent welcomed the opportunity to discharge
the employee who had previously engaged in unwelcome pro-
tected activities does not, of itself, render that discharge unlaw-
ful. I therefore find that the Respondent has demonstrated by a
preponderance of the evidence that it would have discharged
Bowling because of her January 24 conduct, even absent her
protected activity of engaging in the July 8 strike. I shall rec-
ommend dismissal of this allegation of the complaint.
2. Denial of light-duty status to Brenda (Noble) Brewer
Brenda (Noble) Brewer40 is a registered nurse who works in
the Respondent’s emergency room. The General Counsel con-
tends that on August 21 the Respondent refused to place
Brewer on light-duty status because she “supported” the July 8
strike.41 As noted above, the General Counsel contends that
other alleged discriminatees were discriminated against because
they participated in the July 8 strike. The Respondent contends
that Brewer did not support the July 8 strike, or participate in it,
and the Respondent further contends that she was not eligible to
be placed on light-duty status because her request for light duty
was based on an injury that she incurred while she was working
for another employer. Ultimately, I find that the allegation for
Brewer must be dismissed because of the General Counsel’s
failure to present a prima facie case on her behalf.
39 In A&T Mfg. Co., supra, the Board dismissed the 8(a)(3) allegation
regarding the discharge of employee Jimmy Popp. There was even
stronger evidence of a specific, unlawful intent to discharge Popp;
nevertheless, Popp had committed an immediately dischargeable of-
fense under the employer’s written rules, and there was no evidence of
disparate treatment.
40 By time of trial, alleged discriminatee Brenda Noble’s surname
had changed to Brewer.
41 Br. 71.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 562
Brewer testified that for the 4 years prior to time of trial, she
worked 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. on Saturdays and Sundays. On direct
examination, Brewer was asked, and she testified:

Q. Did you actually participate in [the July 8] strike by
picketing?
A. No.
Q. Did you support that strike?
A. Yes.
Q. Did you ever indicate [to] anyone in supervision or
management your support of that strike?
A. At one point I wore a button on my lab coat that
said “Support Steelworkers.”
Q. When did you wear that button?
A. I don’t recall the exact days.
Q. Over what period of time?
A. A couple of months. . . . It was probably before the
strike started, and—I can’t remember if [I] wore it after
the strike or not.

Brewer further testified that a local radio advertisement that
was broadcast during the strike named emergency room nurses
who supported the strike; the advertisement did not name
Brewer, but the advertisement did state that there was another
nurse “who’s unable to stand on the picket line due to another
job.” Brewer, who worked full time elsewhere, testified that the
advertisement referred to her.
Brewer testified that she worked weekdays at a local phar-
macy. On June 27, she injured her neck while working there.
Brewer worked for the Respondent Saturday, July 3, and part of
July 4, but she had to leave work early that day because of the
pain. On July 7, the day before the strike commenced, Brewer
came to the Respondent’s facility and met with Pat Hoover, her
supervisor. Hoover was the coordinator (supervisor) for the
emergency room and intensive care unit.42 Brewer presented
Hoover with a note from Brewer’s personal physician stating
that Brewer would be unable to return to work for at least 2
weeks because of her injury. Brewer acknowledged at trial,
however, that her doctor told her at the end of that 2 weeks that
she should not work for “at least another month.”
As noted in the discussions of the cases of some of the other
alleged discriminatees, after the Union’s August 15 offer to
return to work, Bevins sent to strikers notices of the dates (and
shifts) that they were to report for work. If Brewer received
such a notice, the General Counsel did not offer a copy of it
into evidence. Nevertheless, on August 18 Brewer reappeared
at the Hospital with a doctor’s note that said that she could
return to work with a 20-pound lifting restriction. When she
presented the note to Hoover, Hoover said that there was no
problem because other nurses could help her if she needed to
lift things that she could not lift by herself. On August 25,
Brewer returned to the Hospital to view a training video. Af-
terwards, Brewer met with Director of Nursing Obenchain who

42 The complaint does not name Hoover as a supervisor within Sec.
2(11); however, as a coordinator of two departments, Hoover clearly
had supervisory authorities within the statute, and the Respondent did
not object to receipt of evidence about Hoover’s conduct on the ground
that her status was not alleged. Hoover did not testify.
told Brewer that, because she had not been injured at the Re-
spondent’s facility, she could not be placed on light duty be-
cause of “corporate policy.” Brewer asked from whom Oben-
chain had heard of such a corporate policy; Obenchain replied
that it was one Bruce Jones who worked at the headquarters of
Community Health Systems, the Respondent’s parent corpora-
tion. Obenchain further gave Jones’ telephone number to
Brewer. Brewer told Obenchain that she knew that employees
Anita Gabbard and Geneva Hutchinson had been injured while
working elsewhere but returned to light duty with the Respon-
dent and that one of them had precisely the same lifting restric-
tion that Brewer had. Brewer further testified that Obenchain
replied that, nevertheless, it was “her” (Obenchain’s) policy
that an employee could not be placed on light duty if he or she
had been injured while working for another employer.
Brewer testified that she did call Jones. Jones told her that
there was no corporate policy that prevents an employee from
being placed on light-duty status just because the employee had
been injured while working for another employer. Brewer ac-
knowledged, however, that Jones also told her that “there may
be a Hospital policy that does.” Brewer reported to Obenchain
the results of her call to Jones; Obenchain replied, according to
Brewer, “that her policy was I would not return to work with
restrictions.” Brewer remained on medical leave until Septem-
ber 9 when she secured a doctor’s release to return to work
without lifting restrictions.43
Alleged discriminatee Laotta Sizemore testified that, after
she had a stroke in 1997, she was left with limited use of her
left arm and leg. She, nevertheless, was placed on light duty in
the emergency room. Emergency room registered nurse Geneva
Hutchinson testified that in 1998 she injured her wrist while
working for another employer. Hutchinson called then-
Supervisor Allen Slosts and reported that she could not even
open an intravenous bag because of her injury. In a second
telephone call, Slosts told Hutchinson that he had conferred
with Obenchain and Obenchain had said that there was no rea-
son that Hutchinson could not be assigned light duty in the
emergency room. Hutchinson was thereafter allowed to work 3
weeks on light-duty status.
In the Respondent’s case, Obenchain testified that she did
not place Brewer on light-duty status because Jones told her
that she was not obligated to do so because Brewer had been
injured while working elsewhere. On cross-examination, Oben-
chain admitted that alleged discriminatee Mellisa Turner was
allowed light-duty status in X-ray when she had the nonwork-
related condition of cystitis. Obenchain further acknowledged
that the extensive personnel manual of Community Health Sys-
tems nowhere states that employees who are injured elsewhere
are to be denied light-duty status. On redirect examination, the
Respondent did not ask Obenchain why Turner, Hutchinson
and Sizemore were permitted to work on light-duty status and
Brewer was not.
43 Therefore, Brewer was denied work for a total of 2 weekends,
those of August 26–27 and September 2–3, by the Respondent’s refusal
to place her on light duty.
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 563
Conclusions on the Denial of Light-Duty Status to Brewer
The evidence of disparate treatment, which I find credible,
raises at least a suspicion that the Respondent discriminated
against Brewer by denying her the benefit of light-duty status.
Under Wright Line, however, the first question is whether the
General Counsel has presented a prima facie case of unlawful
discrimination against Brewer. Brewer testified that she wore
prounion insignia before the July 8 strike began, but she was
entirely vague as to when or how often she did so; moreover,
that vague testimony was uncorroborated. More importantly,
the only evidence of animus that the General Counsel has pre-
sented is the Respondent’s animus against strikers. Brewer
acknowledged that she did not participate in the strike “by
picketing.” I take this to mean that Brewer never appeared at
the picket line, not that she appeared on the line but that she
simply did not carry a picket sign. And, at minimum, if Brewer
had ever appeared on the picket line, the General Counsel as-
suredly would have brought out the fact. There is also no evi-
dence that any of the Respondent’s supervisors heard the radio
broadcast that supposedly referred to Brewer as a striker. Even
if all the Respondent’s supervisors heard the broadcast, and
even if they all believed that it referred to Brewer, none would
have had reason to believe that Brewer actually was not partici-
pating in the picketing because she worked at another job,
rather than because she had been injured as she had told them,
in writing, on July 7. Nor did the Respondent treat Brewer as a
striker; the employees who were known to have been on strike
received messages of when to report to work after the Union’s
August 15 offer to return to work. According to this record, the
Respondent sent no such message to Brewer.
Just before the July 8 strike began, Brewer presented the Re-
spondent with a note from her physician that she could not
work for at least a period of 2 weeks, and that 2-week period of
disability turned out to be at least a month more, as Brewer
acknowledged. I am therefore entirely suspicious that Brewer
would have been unable to work during the strike, even on light
duty. My suspicions are heightened by the failure of the Gen-
eral Counsel to ask Brewer if she did “actually participate”
(counsel’s words, as quoted above) in the concerted withhold-
ing of labor during the July 8 strike. At any rate, at no point
after July 8 did Brewer (or the Union on her behalf) notify the
Respondent that she was able to work (with or without restric-
tions) but that she was not going to do so because she had
joined the strike. It was not until August 18, 3 days after the
strike was over, that Brewer notified the Respondent that she
could return to work. For all that the Respondent then knew,
any prior absences of Brewer had been caused by her prestrike
injury.
In summary, the General Counsel contends that the Respon-
dent discriminated against Brewer because she wore prounion
insignia and thereby “supported” the July 8 strike. I have dis-
credited Brewer’s testimony that she wore prounion insignia;
moreover, wearing prounion insignia at some point does not, of
itself, prove support of any subsequent strike. Also, the General
Counsel has proved the Respondent’s animus only against the
employees’ protected activities of joining a strike; abstract
“support,” even if Brewer somehow gave it, was not shown to
be the object of the Respondent’s animus.44 The General Coun-
sel has failed to show, however, that Brewer participated in that
strike. Finally, if Brewer could somehow be said to have sup-
ported or participated in the strike, there is no evidence that the
Respondent knew it. Therefore, the General Counsel has not
presented a prima facie case that the Respondent unlawfully
discriminated against Brewer by denying her light-duty status.
I shall recommend that this allegation of the complaint be dis-
missed.
3. Discharge of Beverly Clemons
Beverly Clemons, a nurse’s aide, was hired by the Respon-
dent in 1995 and discharged on August 31. The General Coun-
sel contends that the Respondent discharged Clemons because
of her participation in the July 8 strike. The Respondent con-
tends that it discharged Clemons solely because of she was
extremely insubordinate to Obenchain and that she was guilty
of other conduct that constituted “violating patient confidential-
ity.”45 Ultimately, I find and conclude that the Respondent did
not reasonably believe that Clemons had violated patient confi-
dentiality, but Clemons was insubordinate toward Obenchain
and the Respondent lawfully discharged her for that reason.
As found above, the Respondent repeatedly threatened to
discharge employees such as Clemons who participated in the
July 8 strike; therefore, a prima facie case for Clemons’ dis-
charge has been proved, and, under Wright Line, the Respon-
dent’s defense for that discharge must be addressed.
On July 7, Clemons told Supervisor Allena Hale that she
would not be crossing the picket line during the strike that was
scheduled to begin the next day. Toward the end of Clemons’
shift, Obenchain called Clemons to her office. Present when
Clemons got there were Human Resources Department Man-
ager Mitchell and a secretary. According to Clemons’ undis-
puted testimony, Obenchain told her that patient complaints had
been lodged against her. Clemons asked that another employee
be allowed to be a witness to any further discussion of the mat-
ter, but Obenchain refused. Clemons then walked out of the
meeting.46
Clemons participated in the strike and returned to work on
August 20. When she returned, she carried a small tape re-
corder in a pocket of her uniform. Clemons further testified
that, early in the shift on August 20, she took the tape recorder
from her pocket and laid it momentarily on the nurses’ station
desk because: “I had heard people saying that you weren’t sup-
posed to hide the tape recorder; if I had it, I was supposed to let
them know that I had it.”

44 For this reason, I also find irrelevant the General Counsel’s evi-
dence that Brewer served as an observer for another union in a prior
Board election. (And it is to be further noted that the Union has partici-
pated in two subsequent Board elections for the Respondent’s employ-
ees; if Brewer had been a union observer in either, the General Counsel
assuredly would have brought out the fact.)
45 Br. 91.
46 The complaint contains no allegations of deprivations of employ-
ees’ Sec. 7 right to have a witness present during an interview that
might reasonably lead to discipline, as described in NLRB v. J. Wein-
garten, 420 U.S. 251 (1975), and its progeny.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 564
On August 24, Clemons’ next workday, Clemons again
brought the tape recorder to work. During the morning she was
paged to Obenchain’s office where Mitchell was again present.
Obenchain asked Clemons if she had her tape recorder with
her; Clemons replied that she did; Clemons took the recorder
from her pocket, turned it on, and stated that “I brought it in for
you.” Further according to Clemons:

And she [Obenchain] kept insisting that I was using
[the recorder] in the patients’ rooms, and I told her no, I
would not do that, and she kept insisting and kept insist-
ing, and I said that I would not do that because that’s pa-
tient confidentiality and I knew not to do that.

Clemons returned to work, but shortly thereafter she was again
paged to Obenchain’s office. Obenchain told Clemons to leave
the recorder in her office and that she would be suspended if
she did not. Clemons took the tape from the recorder, gave the
recorder to Obenchain, and then she left Obenchain’s office.
Shortly after that, Clemons was again paged to Obenchain’s
office. Clemons brought employee Grace McGuinn as a wit-
ness, but Obenchain refused to allow McGuinn to stay. Further
according to Clemons on direct examination, after McGuinn
left the office Obenchain asked Clemons if she intended to
bring the recorder back to the premises; Clemons replied that
she would when she felt that she needed to do so; Obenchain
responded that Clemons was indefinitely suspended and should
leave the premises.
Clemons testified that it was still not her quitting time, that
she was upset, and that she did not want the nurses seeing her
in an upset condition; she therefore went to the kitchen where
she knew that there was a readily available telephone. There
she called her husband to come and pick her up. (Clemons does
not drive.) Further according to Clemons, Obenchain followed
her to the kitchen and then back out to the nursing floor where
Clemons clocked out. Obenchain again told Clemons to leave
the premises; Clemons refused to do so until her husband ar-
rived to pick her up. By letter dated August 31, Obenchain
informed Clemons that she was discharged; no reason was
given.
On cross-examination Clemons admitted that she knew that
it would be improper to operate the recorder at any point where
patients might be, such as hallways. Clemons testified that she
brought the recorder to the facility: “Because I felt they were
harassing me and I thought it was because of the strike.”
Clemons was asked, and she testified:

Q. Let me ask you this, Mrs. Clemons; were you at any
time told by [Obenchain] that you could not use a tape re-
corder?
A. She didn’t really say I couldn’t use it. She just said
that . . . their lawyer said that it was against the law to
have it. She never did say that I couldn’t use it. She just
said that the lawyer said it was against the law to have it.

Clemons admitted that, had she not then been suspended, she
would have brought the recorder back to the facility on her next
workday “for security sake.”
On direct examination, Obenchain testified that, after
Clemons returned to work from strike, Supervisor McGlothen
(who did not testify) told her that another employee had told
McGlothen “that Ms. Clemens had a voice-activated tape re-
corder in her pocket and had taken and showed it to another
employee in a patient’s room.” Obenchain testified that she
then called Clemons to her office where Clemons admitted that
she had shown the recorder to another employee in a patient’s
room. Obenchain told Clemons that “that was a breech of pa-
tient confidentiality.” Obenchain thereafter conferred with
Bevins and counsel who advised Obenchain to ascertain if
Clemons intended to bring the recorder back. When Clemons
did confirm that she did intend to bring the recorder back:

I informed her at that point that I would have to put her
on investigative suspension.
At which point she picked up the tape recorder, shoved
it up to my mouth and said, “Would you repeat that into
this tape recorder?”
And I said, “No, ma’am, I will not.”
. . . .
I told her she was on investigative suspension and she
was to leave the building. She left my office.

Obenchain further testified that, when Clemons left her office:

I followed her to the dietary department, and I said,
“Beverly, I have requested that you leave the building at
this time. You’re to clock out and go home.”
She came back up to the med-surg unit. She clocked
herself out, she walked over to the counter and started
writing notes in the notebook.
I again informed her that she was to leave the building
at that time.
I notified security that it was my understanding her
husband was on his way to pick her up, that her husband,
per Mr. Bevins, was not to be allowed into the Hospital.
And I again told her that she was to leave the building. . . .
Finally, she did leave the building after the third request.

When Obenchain was asked what she reported and recom-
mended to Bevins, she testified:

I told him she had been insubordinate. I told him that
she had refused to leave the tape recorder home, that she
had been insubordinate to me both in shoving the recorder
up to my face to quote into the tape recorder. She had been
insubordinate three times in not leaving the building when
she was requested to leave.

On cross-examination, Obenchain agreed that Clemons told
her that she had brought, and would bring, the tape recorder “to
record the managers.” Obenchain also agreed that Clemons told
her that she had no intention of recording anything about pa-
tients, and she told Obenchain that she had not used the re-
corder in a patient care area. Obenchain admitted that she was
not aware of any breach of patient confidentiality that Clemons
committed with the tape recorder, but she then ventured that
Clemons’ possession of the recorder, “had the potential for it.”
Bevins testified that, upon receiving Obenchain’s recom-
mendation, he decided to discharge Clemons “for insubordina-
tion, for bringing a tape recorder to work, and [for] recording
conversations of employees which took time away from her
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 565
job, and when the recorder was taken from her and given back
to her and she was [asked], would she bring it back the next
day, she said yes, after being ordered not [to do so]. Then she
stuck the recorder in [Obenchain’s] face and asked her did she
want her to record her.” Bevins did not testify that Clemons’
failure to leave the Hospital immediately when told to do so by
Obenchain had anything to do with her discharge.
Clemons, during her cross-examination, was asked and she
testified:

Q. Is it your testimony that you did not take the tape
recorder back and attempt to tape record Michelle Oben-
chain, [and] say to her anything to the effect ‘will you say
that again to me’?
. . . .
A. Yes, I know I did not do that.
Conclusions on Clemons’ Discharge
Clemons admitted that during her August 24 interview with
Obenchain, Obenchain told her that the Respondent’s lawyer
had said that it was “against the law” for Clemons to possess
the recorder in the Hospital. Nevertheless, Clemons told Oben-
chain that she intended to bring the recorder back to the Hospi-
tal if she felt that she needed to. Further, Clemons admitted that
she, in fact, would have brought the recorder back the next day
if she had not been suspended. Obenchain testified that she
recommended to Bevins that Clemons be discharged, in part,
for this conduct, and Bevins testified that he acted on that rec-
ommendation.
The General Counsel does not contend that Clemons had a
statutory right to disobey an order not to bring the recorder
back to the Hospital.47 Instead, the General Counsel only argues
in a footnote that, although Clemons admitted that Obenchain
told her that it was illegal to have the recorder in the Hospital:

This . . . is not the same as telling Clemons that the Hospital
was prohibiting her from bringing it. If Clemons had been ad-
vised that it was not [“]against the law” for her to have it, then
there would be no operative rule prohibiting it. [Br. 61.]

The General Counsel’s logic escapes me. Certainly, as any
reasonable employee would know, if an employer tells an em-
ployee that his or her conduct is illegal, a fortiori the employer
is presumably telling the employee to stop engaging in that
conduct. Clemons is presumably a reasonable employee, and
her express refusal to agree to leave her recorder at home can
only be considered insubordination.
Moreover, Obenchain also testified that, after she told
Clemons that she was suspended for not agreeing to leave the
recorder at home, Clemons “shoved it up to my mouth and said,
‘Would you repeat that into this tape recorder?’” Although on
cross-examination Clemons denied asking Obenchain to repeat
her remarks into the recorder, the General Counsel did not call
Clemons on rebuttal to deny that she held the recorder close to
Obenchain’s face during their last office meeting. I credit

47 The General Counsel also does not contend that the order against
bringing a tape recorder to the Hospital was the announcement and
implementation of a new work rule that the Respondent established in
violation of Sec. 8(a)(5).
Obenchain on both accounts; I find that, as Obenchain testified,
Clemons placed the recorder close to Obenchain’s mouth and
asked her to repeat her words. That conduct was a separate, and
an egregious, act of insubordination.
The cross-examination of Obenchain showed that she did not
have reason to believe that Clemons had used her recorder to
violate patient confidentiality. And Obenchain’s testimony that
Clemons was insubordinate by refusing to leave the Hospital
immediately when told to do so on August 24 was proven to be
irrelevant because Bevins, who made the discharge decision,
did not cite Clemons’ slow departure as a reason for the dis-
charge. Nevertheless, Obenchain and Bevins testified that
Clemons was discharged for her insubordination as well as her
other alleged conduct, and the General Counsel has not shown
that other employees were permitted to engage in insubordina-
tion comparable to Clemons’ without being discharged.48 I
therefore find that the Respondent has demonstrated by a pre-
ponderance of the evidence that it would have discharged
Clemons for her insubordination, even absent her protected
activities of participating in the July 8 strike. I shall therefore
recommend dismissal of this allegation of the complaint.
4.Warning to, and discharge of, Sally Dunn
Sally Dunn was employed by the Respondent as a phleboto-
mist under Laboratory Supervisor Dianne Blankenship.49 The
principal responsibility of a phlebotomist is to draw blood from
patients and return it to the laboratory where it is tested by
technicians. The complaints allege that about August 22, 2000,
the Respondent issued an oral warning to Dunn and that on or
about June 4, 2001, it discharged Dunn, in both cases because
of her participation in the July 8 strike. The Respondent con-
tends that the warning was issued solely because of Dunn’s
misconduct of smoking while working and that her discharge
was imposed because Dunn had engaged in a theft of time.
Ultimately, I find and conclude that, under Wright Line, the
Respondent has proved by a preponderance of the evidence that
Dunn engaged in the conduct that it attributes to her and that
the Respondent did not violate the Act by either warning Dunn
or by discharging her.
Dunn was active for the Union before the strike in that she
wore union buttons, distributed union literature at the Hospital,
spoke out for the Union at work, and appeared in local radio
and television promotions by the Union. Dunn was also one of
only two employees who presented the 8(g) notice to the Re-
spondent before the July 8 strike, and Dunn regularly picketed
during the strike. Also, during the 11 trial sessions that I con-
ducted in this matter before her discharge, Dunn was the Gen-
eral Counsel’s assisting witness under Fed.R.Evid. 615.
As found above, the Respondent repeatedly threatened to
discharge employees such as Dunn who participated in the July
8 strike; therefore, a prima facie case for Dunn’s warnings and
discharge has been proved, and, under Wright Line, the Re-
spondent’s defenses must be addressed.
48 See Klate-Holt Co., supra.
49 As I have found above, Blankenship threatened the laboratory em-
ployees that strikers would lose their jobs if the July 8 strike was not
ruled an unfair labor practice strike.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 566
Warning to Dunn
Dunn testified that, early in the morning of August 22, her
second day back from strike, she took a fasting blood sample
from a patient. After the blood was drawn, she went to search
for the patient’s nurse to tell her that the blood had been drawn
and that the patient could have coffee, as he was then request-
ing. As she did so, she went to an outdoor area, taking her as-
signed tray of needles and supplies with her. While she was
doing that, she lit a cigarette and smoked it “for a minute and a
half.” Later in the morning, further according to Dunn, she took
a permitted 15-minute break from 10:35 to 10:50 a.m. When
she returned from break, she went to the nursing floor and drew
blood from another patient. When she returned from doing that,
Blankenship called her into the laboratory office. Denise Asher,
a laboratory technician who testified for the Respondent, was
also present. According to Dunn:

Diane said, “They said you took a 30 minute break.”
. . . .
I asked who ‘they’ was, [and] I said, “No, Diane, I
didn’t.” I said, “I took a 15 minute break, I left at 10:35,
got back at 10:50. I’ve been on the floor getting a stick and
doing an AccuCheck.” I said, “You can pull the tickets,”
which is a computer printout and you sign the time that
you do it, also your initials is put on that.
And she said, “It doesn’t matter [who had made the re-
port to Blankenship], they said you did; so consider this a
verbal warning.”
Diane went on to say, “Did you take a tray out[side]
this morning with a cigarette?”
. . . .
[I told Blankenship that] I went outside to find the
nurse and tell her that the blood test had been drawn, that
the patient was requesting coffee.
. . . .
She looked at me when I told her that, and she said,
“But did you smoke out there?”
I said, “Yes, I did, Diane. I lit a cigarette. I maybe
smoked for a minute and a half. Yes, I smoked outside and
found the nurse, but no, I did not, Diane, take a 30 minute
break. Why would I tell you I smoked and lie about a
break when you could go in and pull the lab slips?”
. . . .
She again repeated to consider that a verbal warning.

Alleged discriminatee Debbie Miller testified that, a few
months before the strike began, a rule was passed prohibiting
smoking on a porch outside the laboratory. When Miller asked
Blankenship where she could then smoke (without walking as
far as her parked automobile), Blankenship replied: “Well, just
do like Sally [Dunn] does, when you go get a stick take the
long way around and you can smoke as you go.”
Blankenship testified that she accepted Dunn’s denial of tak-
ing a too long break, but when Dunn admitted smoking when
she was not on break, “I told her then that I would have to give
her a verbal warning for that.” Blankenship testified that she
has never told any employee (presumably including Miller) that
smoking when also in possession of a tray is permissible.
Asher testified that Blankenship called Dunn and her to
Blankenship’s office where Blankenship told Dunn that she had
received reports that Dunn had smoked while she was in pos-
session of her phlebotomist’s tray and that she had taken a 30-
minute break. Dunn admitted that she had smoked a cigarette
when a nurse stopped her outside the building, but she denied
taking a break of more than 15 minutes. Blankenship told Dunn
that there was “[n]ot really any proof” of Dunn’s taking an
excessively long break but that she was giving Dunn an oral
warning for “smoking in the nonsmoking area” which Dunn
had admitted to Blankenship.
Conclusions on the Warning to Dunn
Asher and Blankenship were credible in their testimonies
that Blankenship warned Dunn only about her smoking while in
possession of a phlebotomist’s tray. The General Counsel has
not shown that other employees were permitted to smoke while
in possession of phlebotomists’ trays. Neither Dunn nor any
other employee credibly testified that Blankenship came to
know that such conduct had been engaged in without discipline
by Blankenship. Miller’s testimony that Blankenship told her to
follow Dunn’s example and smoke while returning to the labo-
ratory with a tray simply was not credible. Not even Dunn testi-
fied that she had engaged in such conduct before, and Miller’s
testimony therefore has no logical predicate. I shall therefore
recommend dismissal of the allegation that the Respondent
orally warned Dunn in violation of Section 8(a)(3).
Discharge of Dunn
The identification badges that the Respondent’s employees
wear are also used to electronically record the hour and minute
that they arrive and depart work. Employees who fail to bring
their badges to work sign “time audit sheets” attesting to their
arrival and departure times in order to get paid for their hours.
In April 2001, Dunn’s scheduled hours were from 3 a.m. until 1
p.m. Dunn testified that on April 28 she arrived at work at 3
a.m., but, she also testified, she had left her badge at home. At 1
p.m., Dunn completed a time audit sheet in order to claim her
work hours for that date. The Respondent contends that its su-
pervisors believed that Dunn arrived at work later than 3 a.m.
on April 28 and that Dunn falsified the time audit sheet that she
completed. The Respondent contends that it discharged Dunn
solely for that reason.
On April 14, Dunn clocked in at 7:28 a.m., or 4 hours and 28
minutes late. On April 27, Blankenship approached Dunn and
asked why she had been so late on April 14. After Dunn gave
her (personal) reason, Blankenship told Dunn that she was talk-
ing to all laboratory employees who had recently been late.
(Blankenship did not, however, issue a reprimand to Dunn at
that time.)
On April 28, Bill Moore was the phlebotomist who was
scheduled to work until 3 a.m., at which point he was to be
relieved by Dunn. Chuck Arnold is a phlebotomist who was
scheduled to work with Dunn from 5:30 a.m. until 1 p.m. on
April 28. A. J. Arrowood is a laboratory technician (and not a
phlebotomist). On the night of April 27–28, Arrowood was
scheduled to work from some point before midnight until 6:30
a.m. Dunn testified that when she arrived at the laboratory on
April 28, Moore was not there. She was met by Arrowood who
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 567
told her that she would be working her shift by herself because
Arnold had called in sick. Dunn went to the door to
Blankenship’s office where she saw a “Laboratory Call-In”
sheet that had been signed by Moore. The sheet recited that
Moore had called 4 other employees and Blankenship in an
attempt to find a substitute for Arnold. Three of the employees
had said, “no,” one claimed illness, and beside Blankenship’s
name, Moore had written “No Answer.”
Dunn further testified that the laboratory was very busy that
morning, with one “code-blue,” or life-threatening situation, in
the emergency room. Also, part of the problem with working as
the only phlebotomist that morning was that blood had to be
drawn from two patients at 5:30 a.m., and from two other pa-
tients at 6 a.m. Dunn testified that, although it was not his job,
Arrowood agreed to help her by doing one of the 5:30 a.m.
“sticks” and one of the 6 a.m. sticks. Arrowood’s shift was over
at 6:30 a.m. Dunn testified that she completed the 10-hour shift
without help from anyone else. Dunn completed a time audit
sheet that represented that she had worked from 3 a.m. until 1
p.m. on April 28, and she left it on Blankenship’s desk for
processing.
On Sunday, April 29, Dunn worked without incident. Dunn
testified that on April 30, Blankenship came to the laboratory
about 8 a.m., and the call-in sheet was still on her door. Dunn
did not speak to Blankenship at the time. At 9 a.m., Dunn went
to Cooper’s office. Dunn told Cooper that the laboratory had
been short-staffed on April 28 and that things could have been
perilous for patients, especially if there had been two code-
blues instead of only one. Cooper asked Dunn if Blankenship
knew of the situation. Dunn replied that she should because of
the indications on the call-in sheet that had been placed on her
office’s door. Cooper thanked Dunn for the information.
At 3 a.m. on May 7, Dunn’s next scheduled workday,
Blankenship met her at the timeclock. Blankenship told Dunn
not to clock in and handed her two letters, both from Bevins.
The first letter stated that Dunn was indefinitely suspended
“pending an investigation into your recent accounting of time.”
The second stated: “This is to inform you that we desire to
schedule an investigatory interview with you for the purpose of
inquiring into your explanation of recent tardiness and account-
ting of time.” The second letter also directed Dunn to contact
Mitchell to schedule an appointment.
On June 1 (after cancellation of three prior meetings by the
Respondent for reasons that the General Counsel does not ques-
tion) Dunn met with Mitchell and Blankenship. The meeting
consisted of only two questions by Mitchell and two answers
by Dunn. Mitchell asked Dunn if she had completed the time
audit sheet for April 28 that she had submitted and if the sheet
was accurate. Dunn replied affirmatively to both questions.
Mitchell thanked Dunn and told her that the meeting was over.
By letter dated June 4, Bevins informed Dunn that she was
discharged, “based upon the investigation undertaken in con-
nection with your suspension on May 6, 2001.” Dunn testified
that no one in the Respondent’s management con-fronted her
with any evidence that she appeared at work on April 28 later
than 3 a.m. Except for that which pertains to her time of arrival
on April 28, none of this testimony by Dunn was disputed by
the Respondent’s witnesses.
On cross-examination, Dunn testified that she may have ar-
rived at work a few minutes before 3 a.m. on April 28, but she
insisted that she was there at 3 a.m. Dunn agreed that April 28
was the first time that she had ever submitted a time audit sheet.
As will be discussed below, the Respondent contends that Dunn
could not have been at work by 3 a.m. because, inter alia, on
April 28 Moore saw Dunn driving toward the Hospital well
after 3 a.m. when he was driving home. Further on cross-
examination, Dunn denied that she saw Moore on April 28 after
she left work.
The Respondent called Blankenship, Toby Arnold (not
Chuck Arnold) and Bevins in defense of the allegations based
on Dunn’s discharge.
Blankenship testified that when she spoke to Dunn on April
27 about her 4-hour tardiness during the week before, she also
mentioned to Dunn that she had been tardy several times in the
recent past. Blankenship testified that she emphasized the im-
portance of being at work on time, but she agreed that she did
not issue any discipline to Dunn on April 27.
Blankenship further testified that Cooper called her to his of-
fice on April 30 and told her what Dunn had told him earlier in
the morning. Blankenship told Cooper that she would review
the computer printouts to see if the workload on April 28 really
had been dangerously high. Three things that the printouts
showed were: (1) the workload on April 28 had actually been
quite low; (2) Dunn showed no computer transactions until 3:28
a.m.; and (3) two blood-drawings that were scheduled for 3
a.m. were performed by Arrowood.50 Blankenship testified
(without contradiction by way of rebuttal) that blood-
collections that are scheduled for 3 a.m. are the responsibility
of the phlebotomist who begins his or her shift at 3 a.m., not the
laboratory technician.51 Blankenship further testified that these
three factors, combined with her having mentioned tardiness to
Dunn on April 27, and combined with the fact that Dunn had
never before April 28 submitted a time audit sheet, caused her
to become suspicious. She therefore secured the timeclock re-
cords for April 28. The records, as introduced in evidence,
show that Moore clocked out at 3:03 a.m.
Blankenship testified that, because Moore had remained at
the Hospital until after 3 a.m., she felt that checking with him
would be a good way to determine if Dunn had actually been
there by 3 a.m. Rather than contacting Moore directly, how-
ever, Blankenship (for reasons that went unexplained) asked
(antiunion) employee Toby Arnold52 to find out from Moore if
Moore had seen Dunn that morning. Arnold reported back that
Moore told him that he saw Dunn the morning of April 28, but
not at the Hospital; Arnold reported to Blankenship that Moore
had reported to him that, after Moore left the Hospital, his truck
broke down on the public road and that Dunn, then on her way
to the Hospital, had stopped to offer him help. Blankenship
then went to Bevins, the Respondent’s chief executive officer,
and recommended that Dunn be placed in investigatory suspen-
sion. Blankenship’s account of her meeting with Dunn on May

50 The Respondent produced these records at trial.
51 The Tr. 2821, L. 14, is corrected to change “done” to “Dunn.”
52 It was Toby Arnold who produced the “EX-KRMC
EMPLOYEES” antiunion sign discussed above.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 568
7, and her account of her meeting with Dunn and Mitchell on
June 1, do not materially differ from Dunns.53
On June 2,54 further according to Blankenship, she met with
Bevins, Toby Arnold, and Moore. At that meeting, Moore
stated that he saw Dunn on the public road after he left work on
April 28. Moore further stated that he had told Arnold that
Dunn had stopped to offer him help, but he stated that he, at
that point, did not recall Dunn offering to help him. Bevins then
caused a memorandum of the June 2 meeting to be created. The
memorandum concludes:

He [Moore] said that his truck had stopped several times that
morning after he left work. He said he did see Sally [Dunn] at
the time heading toward the Hospital. He said he could not re-
call the exact location at which he saw Sally Dunn but that it
was between the Hospital entrance and McDonald’s. He said
he could not remember whether she offered to help but he did
remember seeing her at the time. He said that this was some
time shortly after 3:05 a.m. and he had checked out from
work a few minutes after 3:00 a.m. himself.

Moore signed and dated the memorandum in Blankenship’s
presence. Although neither party called Moore to testify, the
Respondent called Arnold who testified consistently with
Blankenship about what Arnold had said at the June 2 meeting.
Bevins testified that, after the June 2 meeting, he decided to
discharge Dunn: “For falsification of a time card, edit sheet
which is related to the time card, accounting of time.”
Conclusions on Dunn’s Discharge
Contrary to her testimony, Dunn was not at work on April 28
by 3 a.m. Two simple facts compel this finding, neither of
which the General Counsel mentions on brief: (1) Dunn testi-
fied that Moore was not present when she arrived at work; and
(2) Moore’s time record shows that he did not clock out until
3:03 a.m. If Dunn had really been present at 3 a.m., the General
Counsel would have called her in rebuttal to testify how it
could have been that she did not see Moore before he left the
laboratory.
As well as ignoring Dunn’s testimony as it compares to
Moore’s time record, the General Counsel also ignores the fact
that, before it discharged Dunn, the Respondent had in hand a
signed statement by Moore that he had seen Dunn outside the
Hospital (between the entrance and McDonald’s) at some time
after 3:05 a.m. Rather than deal with these facts, the General
Counsel only faults the Respondent for bringing the antiunion
Toby Arnold into the matter, and the General Counsel only
argues that there is an inconsistency between Moore’s admis-
sion to Blankenship and Bevin that he had told Arnold that
Dunn offered to help him and Moore’s inability to recall that
offer. Apparently, Blankenship thought she could trust Arnold.
And, of course, one can remember representing a fact to an-
other and then later question if that representation had been
correct. (“Yes, I know I told you that, but now I’m beginning to
wonder, myself.”) At any rate, the Respondent’s case that relies
on the hard evidence of Moore’s timecard and Dunn’s testi-
mony that Moore was not at the Hospital when she arrived on

53 The Tr. 2843. L. 13, is corrected to change “didn’t” to “did.”
54 See the date of the signature on the R. Exh. 64.
April 28 preponderates over any argument that the General
Counsel can base on Moore’s self-questioning recollection of
such a tangential (to Moore) matter.
In summary, Moore represented to the Respondent in a
signed statement that he clearly remembered that on April 28
he saw Dunn after 3 a.m. on the public road. And Moore’s
statement was corroborated by: (1) Moore’s timecard; (2) the
computer printout that showed that Dunn had made no entry
until 3:28;55 (3) the fact that a technician had made a 3 a.m.
blood-collection that Dunn should have made; and (4) the fact
that Dunn’s claim of a heavy workload was unsupported by the
computer records. The Respondent’s proof of Moore’s state-
ment and its corroboration is sufficient proof that, before it
discharged her, the Respondent possessed a reasonable (and, I
am confident, accurate) belief that Dunn had not come to work
by 3 a.m. and that she had committed a theft of time by submit-
ting a false time audit sheet.56 I therefore find and conclude that
the Respondent has shown by a preponderance of the evidence
that it would have discharged Dunn even absent her protected
activities.57 Accordingly, I shall recommend dismissal of this
allegation of the complaint.58
5. Discharge of Clara Gabbard
Clara Gabbard, a ward clerk, was hired by the Respondent in
1990 and discharged on August 31. The General Counsel con-
tends that the Respondent discharged Gabbard because of her
participation in the July 8 strike. The Respondent contends that
it discharged Gabbard because she failed to appear for a sched-
uled work shift. Ultimately, I find and conclude that the Re-
spondent treated Gabbard disparately and that she was unlaw-
fully discharged.
As found above, the Respondent repeatedly threatened to
discharge employees such as Gabbard who participated in the
July 8 strike; therefore, a prima facie case for Gabbard’s dis-
charge has been proved, and, under Wright Line, the Respon-
dent’s defense for that discharge must be addressed.
Before 2000, Gabbard worked every weekend, from 7 a.m.
until 3:30 p.m. From the beginning of 2000 until the strike be-
gan, Gabbard was scheduled to work only on alternate week-
ends. Gabbard testified that she did participate in the strike and
that she appeared on the picket line nearly every day. Gabbard
also testified that she identified herself on two audiotapes that
she made for the Union and that the tapes were played by a
local radio station multiple times during the strike.
55 The General Counsel did not call Dunn in rebuttal to testify about
what activities, other than those that required computer entries, she
engaged in between 3 and 3:28 a.m.
56 Acts of theft are specifically excluded from the operation of the
Respondent’s published progressive disciplinary system.
57 Wright Line, supra; Klate-Holt Co., supra.
58 Although not mentioned by the General Counsel, the Charging
Party on brief argues that, in 1997, the Respondent disparately con-
fronted another employee with the evidence of her theft of time. The
prior case, however, involved a physical alteration of records (era-
sures), and there was a legitimate question of who had done it. Also, the
Charging Party makes no suggestion of how Dunn could have meaning-
fully responded, even if she had been confronted with the Respondent’s
evidence. (The Charging Party, as well as the General Counsel, does
not address that evidence on brief.)
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 569
The Honey Festival is a 2-weekend county fair type of event
that is held in Jackson each year during the weekend before the
Labor Day weekend and during the Labor Day weekend itself.
In 2000, those weekends were Saturday and Sunday, August 26
and 27, and Saturday and Sunday, September 2 and 3. For sev-
eral years Gabbard has been the chairperson and principal or-
ganizer of the Honey Festival. As such, she attempts to be at
each major event of the festival. In the years before 2000, the
events of each first weekend of the Honey Festival occurred
after the first shift, and Gabbard was able to attend those events
without asking for permission to be off. Therefore, in previous
years, Gabbard asked to be excused from work only during
each Labor Day weekend. According to Gabbard, that permis-
sion was always given. In 2000, however, events were sched-
uled for hours that conflicted with Gabbard’s shift schedule for
August 26 and 27.
Gabbard testified that on August 17, Supervisor Robin
McGlothen called her to give her the poststrike schedule.
McGlothen told Gabbard that her first workday would be Sun-
day, August 20. (No mention of August 19 was made; August
20 was the first day that any strikers were returned to work.)
According to Gabbard:

I said, “Robin, just a reminder,59 I will not be there the
next two weekends because of the Honey Festival.
She said, “We’ll talk about that later.”
And I said, “Robin, there’s nothing to talk about; it’s
the Honey Festival, I will not be working the next two
weekends.”

(McGlothen, who is no longer employed by the Respondent,
did not testify.) Gabbard did work August 20. The schedule for
the remainder of August was posted at the time, and on that
schedule Gabbard was slated to work the weekend of August
26 and 27. Gabbard testified that during her August 20 shift she
left a note for McGlothen stating: “Just a reminder. As we had
talked earlier, I have Honey Festival the next 2 weekends, Au-
gust 26th and 27th [and] Sept. [2nd and 3rd]. I will not be
working here any of those days.” Gabbard further testified that
on Friday, August 25, fellow employee “Anita” (whose last
name is not indicated in the record) told her that she was, in
fact, scheduled to work August 26 and 27. Upon hearing that,
Gabbard telephoned Allena Hale, the house supervisor (or the
supervisor of the nursing staff during a shift for which Oben-
chain is not present). According to Gabbard:

I said, “I can’t work the weekend Saturday and Sun-
day, it’s the Honey Festival.”
And she said, “Are you scheduled?”
I said, “I don’t know. I don’t know whether I’m
scheduled or not. Anita says that I’m on the schedule, but I
can’t work, it’s the Honey Festival. . . . And I said, but I

59 Gabbard’s reference to a “reminder” is explained by other testi-
mony by Gabbard that in April she sent a note through another em-
ployee to McGlothen that stated: “Be off the Honey Festival and the
weekend before.” There is, however, no evidence that McGlothen
received this note or that, if she did, she understood what dates Gabbard
was referring to.
won’t be there this weekend or next weekend, because it’s
the Honey Festival.”
And she said, “Okay, talk to you later.”

On Friday, September 1, Gabbard again called Hale. According
to Gabbard:

I said, “Allena, this is Clara. Will you please put a note
in the supervisor’s book that I’m not working this week-
end because it’s the Honey Festival?”
And again she said, “Are you scheduled?”
I said, “I don’t know whether I’m scheduled or not,
honey, I’m just telling you, I won’t be there. I’m at the
Honey Festival.”
[Hale said,] “Okay.”

Hale testified for the Respondent, but she was not asked any-
thing about Gabbard; specifically, Hale was not asked to deny
this testimony. In fact, by September 1 Gabbard was not sched-
uled to work September 2 and 3. By letter dated August 31 (and
apparently not received by Gabbard until after her September 1
telephone call to Hale), Obenchain informed Gabbard that she
was discharged. Obenchain stated no reason for the discharge.
Bevins testified that he made the decision to discharge Gab-
bard “for failing to honor, failing to serve her schedule in ac-
cordance with the way that it was presented to her and posted.”
When Obenchain was on direct examination, she was not
asked why Gabbard was discharged; rather, she was asked what
she knew of Gabbard’s change of “employment status.” Oben-
chain replied:

It’s our policy within the nursing department that, in
order to request the day off for the next month, you must
have that request into our office by the 15th of the month
at 7:00 a.m. for us to make out the schedule for the next
month. When Ms. Gabbard came back to work [from
strike] on approximately the 20th, she brought in a note
dated August 20th, requesting the last weekend in August
off and the first weekend in September. For us to have ar-
ranged her coverage for the last weekend in August, she
would have had to have that in my office by the 15th of
July. And to have the first weekend in September off, she
would have had to have that in my office by August 15th. .
. . .
At that point [August 20], when the med-surg coordi-
nator, Robin McGlothen, told me this [Gabbard’s August
20 note] had come in, I said that we need to inform Ms.
Gabbard what the policy is.
For times when that happens [i.e., when an employee
has not given notice sufficiently in advance to not be
scheduled for a certain date], an employee is allowed to
use a policy called “trade and cover.” They get someone to
take their shift, in trade; they will work another shift or
they just give their shift away to somebody of equal status
to be able to work that shift. We mailed a certified letter to
Ms. Gabbard’s house with the trade and cover policy in it,
explaining that she would be responsible to find her own
replacement for those two weekends because the request
had not come in at the appropriate time. The letter was re-
turned back to us undelivered.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 570
On the Friday evening before the first weekend off
[i.e., August 25], she called the [House] Supervisor [Hale]
after I had left the facility, and said, “I’m just calling to
tell you I won’t be in.” . . . The same thing happened on
the second weekend in which she should have gotten her
own coverage. She just picked up the phone and called,
said, “I won’t be there,” and [Gabbard] made no attempt to
get her own coverage for that shift.

Although the Respondent did not ask Obenchain specifically
why Gabbard was discharged, on cross-examination, Oben-
chain was asked the reason. Obenchain testified: “Ms. Gabbard
violated [the Respondent’s attendance policy by] not covering
her own shift when she knew she had not asked for those days
off in adequate time.”
Obenchain identified a copy of the certified letter dated Au-
gust 21 that McGlothen sent to Gabbard in response to Gab-
bard’s note of August 20. McGlothen’s letter states: “Our pol-
icy requires requests-off to be in by 7:00 a.m. the 15th of the
previous month (i.e., July 15 for days off in August). Attached
is a copy of the Trade & Cover policy. You will be required to
find your own coverage for the dates requested off.” A copy of
the policy, which is summarized by Obenchain’s above-quoted
testimony, was enclosed; also a form for trading shifts was
enclosed. The written policy is captioned “Trade/Coverage.” It
is introduced by:

Provision is made for all employees to be off or trade
shifts when unexpected events arise in their personal lives
and they are unable to give a thirty-day notice.

Following that statement is one section that lists steps for two
employees to get supervisory approval to “trade” shifts and
another section that lists steps for one employee to have another
employee “cover” her assigned shift (with no trade involved).
Both sections conclude with statements that indicate that trad-
ing employees have, or the covering employee has, the respon-
sibility for the shift that they have agreed to work.
On cross-examination, Obenchain admitted that she consid-
ered no penalty other than discharge for Gabbard. Obenchain
testified that she considered no lesser penalty because: “She did
not come to work. She did not cover her shift.” Obenchain was
shown the personnel file of Jerri Howard (who is presently a
supervisor). The file reflects that Howard received a verbal
warning for being a no-call, no-show on January 20, 1999,
because Howard had agreed to cover a shift for another em-
ployee, apparently under the trade-and-cover policy, and then
“called in and said she was going to refuse to work that shift.”
Obenchain admitted that Gabbard was “not a no-call, no-show”
because she did call (and write) that she was not going to be
there for the August 26 and 27 weekend. Obenchain was asked
and she testified:

Q. Now according to your way of thinking regarding
Ms. Gabbard, she [Howard] should have been discharged,
shouldn’t she?
A. No, ma’am.
Q. She violated your policy, didn’t she?
A. Yes, ma’am. On[ly] a different policy. . . .
Q. The question is, what’s the difference?
A. One, the trade and cover policy applied to Ms.
Gabbard. Trade and cover does not apply to that [How-
ard’s] particular incident. That was also done by a differ-
ent manager.
. . . .
Q. The distinction that you’ve made between Jerri
Howard’s situation when she received the verbal warning
and Clara Gabbard’s situation when she was discharged, is
that the only distinction you can think of?
A. Clara violated the trade and cover policy.
JUDGE EVANS: No, that’s not the question. . . . Tell
us again, what’s the reason that Howard only received a
verbal warning and Gabbard was discharged?
THE WITNESS: I honestly don’t know at this point.

When further asked on cross-examination if employees are
always discharged if they fail to cover their shifts, Obenchain
answered that Gabbard was the only such employee of whom
she knew. When asked how she had known that Gabbard had
not attempted to find someone to cover her shifts, Obenchain
replied, “I assume she didn’t because she sure didn’t get it.”
When asked if an employee would be discharged if she tried to
find someone to cover her shift but could not, Obenchain testi-
fied that she did not know. Further on cross-examination,
Obenchain also agreed that it was a greater disadvantage to the
Hospital for an employee to be a no-call, no-show than to give
notice of intended absence but not comply with the trade-and-
cover policy. Obenchain further admitted that the Respondent’s
records reflect that, in September 1998, Gabbard and employee
Billie Sheffel did trade shifts; neither covered one of the shifts,
and neither was discharged. (The record does not show what, if
any, punishment Gabbard and Sheffel received for this of-
fense.)
Gabbard, during her cross-examination, acknowledged that
she received notice of a certified letter, but she went to the Post
Office on a Wednesday, and it was closed. She admitted that
she was “not in any hurry” to get the letter and that she made
no further effort to get the letter because: “after August the
20th, I was busy with the Honey Festival and “with life.” Gab-
bard further admitted that she had previously used the trade-
and-cover policy to cover her planned absences.
Conclusions on Gabbard’s Discharge
Without a doubt, Gabbard arrogantly refused to follow the
trade-and-cover policy; she announced, orally and in writing,
that she just was not going to be at work on August 25 and 26,
and September 2 and 3, no matter what shifts she was sched-
uled for. Moreover, Gabbard most probably knew the import of
the certified letter that the Respondent had addressed to her,
and she arrogantly refused even to pick it up. And Obenchain’s
assumption that Gabbard made no attempt to get another em-
ployee to cover her shift appears entirely reasonable. (If Gab-
bard had made such attempts, she assuredly would have told
someone in supervision.) Gabbard’s case, therefore, does not
present a sympathetic employee. Nevertheless, Gabbard’s arro-
gance, of itself, does not divest her of the protections of the
Act.
On brief, the Respondent states that “Obenchain recom-
mended Gabbard’s termination for failure to follow the trade-
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 571
and-cover policy.” Obenchain did not testify what recommen-
dation that she made to Bevins, but assuming that the Respon-
dent’s statement on brief is true, the immediate question is: Is
there a penalty for failing to follow the trade-and-cover policy?
The trade-and-cover policy itself contains no express penalty
for failing to follow it in the case of intended absence. The
policy, rather, appears to be no more than a permissive
“[p]rovision” which allows an employee to avoid an “incident
of absence” under the Respondent’s progressive-discipline
absenteeism rules. Pursuant to those rules, two unexcused ab-
sences warrant only the first-stage penalty of a verbal warning,
not discharge. That is, the trade-and-cover policy is simply not
a disciplinary policy, but, even if it were, the penalty for its
violation is not immediate discharge.
On brief, the Respondent cites the section of the personnel
manual of Community Health Systems which does state that a
no-call, no-show offense is punishable by immediate discharge.
Obenchain, however, did not testify that she considered Gab-
bard to be a no-call, no-show employee. Obenchain also admit-
ted that an employee such as Gabbard, who gives advance no-
tice of an absence, presents a lesser disadvantage to the Re-
spondent that a no-call, no-show employee. And Obenchain did
not testify that Gabbard’s absences on August 25 and 26 pre-
sented any disadvantage to the Respondent. (Apparently, the
Respondent found a substitute ward clerk, or just did without a
ward clerk, without disruption of patient care.) Nevertheless,
even if Gabbard’s situation could have been the equivalent of a
no-call, no-show situation, Obenchain could not explain why,
during the year before, Howard was let off with a verbal (first-
step) warning but Gabbard was discharged. At most, Obenchain
testified that she was not involved in Howard’s discipline, but
the fact remains that Gabbard was treated disparately compared
to Howard. And poststrike-Gabbard was treated disparately
compared to prestrike-Gabbard. In September 1998, Gabbard
and employee Billie Sheffel did trade shifts; neither covered
one of the shifts, and neither was discharged. On brief, the Re-
spondent attempts to distinguish that case by arguing that the
trade-and-cover policy was introduced in “2/16/99.” The copy
of the policy that the Respondent placed in evidence does bear
that date, but it also states that the “[o]riginal” date of the pol-
icy was “May 2, 1995,” and at another point the 1999 policy
states that the rules for requesting days off “are still the same.”
In summary, the Respondent defends the discharge of Gab-
bard on the basis of her transgression of the nondisciplinary
trade-and-cover policy, but, even assuming that that policy was
disciplinary, the General Counsel has shown that Gabbard was
treated disparately. Therefore, under Wright Line the inference
of unlawful discrimination against Gabbard remains intact, and
I find and conclude that the Respondent discharged Gabbard
because of her protected activity of participating in the July 8
strike in violation of Section 8(a)(3).60

60 It is further to be noted that Obenchain predicated the necessity of
Gabbard’s following the trade-and-cover policy on Gabbard’s failure to
give written notice of her planned August absences by July 15, or her
planned September absences by August 15. On July 15, however, Gab-
bard was still engaged in the July 8 strike, and she could not have then
known when the strike would end. Also, the Union made its offer to
return to work on precisely August 15, but there is no evidence that
6. Discharge of Angie Gayheart
Angie Gayheart, who was a clerical employee in the Re-
spondent’s admitting office, was hired by the Respondent in
1995, and she was discharged at the termination of the July 8
strike. As previously noted, Gayheart was one of five em-
ployee-members of the Union’s negotiating committee. The
General Counsel contends that the Respondent discharged
Gayheart because of her activities as a negotiating committee
member and because of her participation in statutorily protected
activities during the July 8 strike. The Respondent contends
that it discharged Gayheart solely because of certain of her
strike activities that were unprotected. Ultimately, I find and
conclude that the Respondent lawfully discharged Gayheart for
strike violence.
Defenses of strike violence are not addressed under Wright
Line, supra. Where action is taken with respect to an em-
ployee’s tenure of employment on the employer’s claim of
misconduct arising out of a course of protected activity (such as
strike activity), under NLRB v. Burnup & Sims, 379 U.S. 21
(1964), an unfair labor practice finding is called for unless the
employer has sustained the burden of showing that it held an
honest belief that the employee engaged in serious misconduct;
379 U.S. at 23. Once the employer establishes that it had such
an honest belief, the burden shifts to the General Counsel to
affirmatively show that the misconduct did not in fact occur.
Rubin Bros. Footwear, 99 NLRB 610, 611 (1952), enf. denied
on other grounds 203 F.2d 486 (5th Cir. 1953). See also Tele-
dyne Industries v. NLRB, 911 F.2d 1214, 1222 (6th Cir. 1990).
Bevins testified that he personally made the decision to dis-
charge Gayheart “for threatening and intimidation of two em-
ployees, one of which was an employee’s child during the
strike and the second was an employee in the admitting de-
partment.” Respondent did go forward with evidence in support
of that defense.
Gayheart’s Alleged Threats to Kimberly Howard
Shortly before the July 8 strike began, Kimberly Howard
was hired by the Respondent to work in its admitting office.
Howard testified that during the week before the strike began:

I was doing the training at the Hospital, and Angie
Gayheart and another one of the workers were . . . sup-
posed to be training me. And they were talking about the
strike. They were both going . . . out on the picket line,
and they were asking me and the other girl that was train-
ing that day if we were going to go out with them, or if we
were going to cross.
And we both said that we didn’t know, because we
[were] informed by Ms. Trusty [the office supervisor] not
to talk about, anything about the strike, so we didn’t tell
them yes, we were, or no, we’re not.
And they were talking about the strike that had hap-
pened previously at one of the coal companies here. They
had a strike a few years earlier. . . . Angie Gayheart was
talking about some of the houses that were burned of the

Gabbard knew of that fact by that date. Therefore, Obenchain’s inter-
pretations of the Respondent’s rules also directly penalized Gabbard for
her protected activity of striking.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 572
people that crossed the picket line at the coal company.
And the other girl started laughing that was working with
her, and Angie started laughing, too, and [Gayheart] said
that, “Matches accidentally get dropped like that some-
times.” And then she said, “I know where you live.
Don’t—don’t you live up near where I do?”61
She said, “I pass your house all the time.”
And I said, “Well, I don’t know. Where do you live?”
And she did say that she lived up the same road that I
do.
And I said, “Yes, I’ve just lived up there for about a
year.”
She said, “Yeah, I thought that’s where you lived. I’ve
seen you there before.”

Howard testified that she filed a complaint with the local police
against Gayheart for this conduct, but, after some time passed
without any action by Gayheart, she decided that Gayheart had
not been serious. Howard therefore did not serve Gayheart with
a copy of the complaint and the matter was dismissed.
As previously noted, the Respondent provided bus service
between the Hospital and a remote parking lot so that the non-
strikers would not be required to drive their personal automo-
biles across the picket line. Howard further testified that, at
some point during the strike, after work, Gayheart and other
strikers followed the bus to the lot. Howard testified:

And when we [the nonstrikers, in our personal automobiles]
came down the hill from the parking lot, they were yelling
threatening things again, and she [Gayheart] kept saying stuff
about burning houses down. And . . . Angie kept saying stuff
about that when I drove by them. She kept yelling at me.

Howard testified that she thereafter reported both of these inci-
dents to Trusty.62
Gayheart’s Alleged Threat to Marilyn Turner’s Son
Marilyn Turner, a nonunit business office employee who did
not join the July 8 strike, is the mother of an adult daughter and
a 3-year-old son.63 Turner’s daughter, Angela Haddix, is a bar-
gaining unit employee who also did not join the strike. Turner’s
son, Matthew, daily attends a Montessori school whose prop-
erty is adjacent to the Respondent’s. Turner had a practice of
driving Haddix to work with her, and, on the way, she would
drop Matthew at the school. Turner testified that on July 10,
after dropping Matthew at the school, she drove with Hadix
through the picket line and parked her automobile in the Re-
spondent’s parking lot which is at the front of the Hospital.
Then Turner and Haddix began walking across the parking lot
toward the front entrance of the Hospital. Turner testified that,

61 The Tr. 1507, LL. 11 and 12, is corrected to change “I know
where you live, Donna. Don’t you live up near where I do.” to “I know
where you live. Don’t—don’t you live up near where I do.”
62 Howard further testified to later being followed to her driveway by
someone who was driving a vehicle that looked like one that she knew
to belong to Gayheart’s husband; Howard, however, could not identify
Gayheart as the driver.
63 Marilyn Turner is no relation to alleged discriminatee Melissa
Turner who is also mentioned in the following discussion of Gayheart’s
strike conduct.
as she and Haddix were walking, she heard, and saw, Gayheart
speaking through a bullhorn (amplified megaphone). According
to Turner, Gayheart:

. . . told her [Haddix], at that time, not to go on into work, to
join them. And [Haddix] just didn’t respond to that. So [Gay-
heart] told her to go right on ahead and go on in; she knew
where she lived, and she knew that she would have to go
home at night.

Turner did not report Gayheart’s July 10 remark to supervision
at that time (and she did not report the matter to the local police
at any point). Haddix did not testify.
Marilyn Turner further testified that, about 7:30 a.m. on July
12, she again dropped Matthew off at the Montessori school;
then, with Haddix, she again drove across the picket line on to
the Respondent’s property. Before she drove into the parking
lot, however, she drove to a rear entrance of the building, out of
sight and earshot of the strikers who were at the picket line. At
the rear entrance, Turner let Haddix out of the automobile.
Turner then drove back around to the front of the Hospital and
to the parking lot. Turner parked, got out of her automobile,
and walked into the front entrance of the Hospital. Turner testi-
fied that, as she walked across the parking lot toward the build-
ing, she heard, and saw, Gayheart speaking on the bullhorn
again. According to Turner:

And she [Gayheart] said, “I saw you let your baby out,
Marilyn.” Well, I thought she was just being sarcastic be-
cause I had let Angie, my daughter, out around back. So I
didn’t really pay attention to that.
And as I walked on, she said, “I know Matthew is at
the daycare, and I know Matthew will be coming out to
play later, and I’ll be watching for him.”

Turner testified that she became so upset and so fearful for her
son’s safety that she immediately telephoned the Montessori
school and told his teacher that no one but she was to pick up
Matthew. Turner then went to the local police and filed a com-
plaint in which she named Gayheart and described Gayheart’s
conduct of that date. There is no evidence of the disposition of
the State charges that Turner filed against Gayheart. On cross-
examination, Turner acknowledged that she continued to send
Matthew to the Montessori school during the remainder of the
strike.
Trusty testified that Turner told her of Gayheart’s July 12
conduct; Trusty escorted Turner to the police department on
July 12 to make her report. Trusty further testified that she
reported to Bevins what Turner had reported to her. Trusty also
testified that she relayed to Bevins that Howard had told her
that Gayheart had said that “matches can be dropped; houses
can be easily burned.”
Denials of Gayheart’s Misconduct
In rebuttal, the General Counsel called Gayheart who denied
saying anything to Marilyn Turner over the bullhorn on July 10
or 12. Gayheart testified that on July 12 fellow striker (and
alleged discriminatee) Melissa Turner had possession of the
bullhorn and that only Melissa Turner was using it on that date.
Gayheart further testified that Melissa Turner attempted to get
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 573
Gayheart to take the bullhorn and say something to Marilyn
Turner. According to Gayheart:

[A]nd Missy [Melissa Turner] tried to get me to holler at
Marilyn and I wouldn’t. I told her if she wanted to holler she
would have to do it. So, she [Melissa Turner] got the bull horn
and said, “Mommy took her baby to the back door and
dropped her off.” And that was all that was said. Marilyn
went on in toward the back of the building.

Gayheart further specifically denied saying anything to Marilyn
Turner about her son Matthew, and she denied that she heard
anyone else on the picket line doing so.
Melissa Turner testified in rebuttal that she was with Gay-
heart on the picket line on July 12; Melissa Turner testified that
she saw Marilyn Turner drive Haddix to the rear of the Hospi-
tal; Melissa Turner testified:

And then she [Marilyn Turner] came back out and
parked in the parking [lot], and I got on the bullhorn, and I
hollered and asked her if her daughter was afraid to be
called any names from the people on the picket line. [And
I asked Marilyn Turner over the bullhorn] why she took
her [Haddix] to the back of the building.

Melissa Turner denied that she said anything over the bull horn
about Marilyn Turner’s son or that she heard anyone else say
anything about him.
Further in rebuttal, Gayheart denied stating in Howard’s
presence that she knew of houses being burned during a coal
strike and that matches “could be dropped.” Gayheart further
denied knowing the “actual house” that Howard lived in. Gay-
heart further denied saying anything to Howard when she
crossed the picket line, and Gayheart denied ever going to the
parking lot where the bus discharged nonstrikers.
Credibility Resolutions and Conclusions
I believe, and credit, Marilyn Turner’s testimony about Gay-
heart’s conduct of July 10 and 12. I specifically find that, on
July 12, Gayheart told Turner, through a bullhorn, that she
(Gayheart) would be watching for Turner’s son Matthew at the
daycare center throughout the day. Marilyn Turner was com-
pletely credible that she saw, as well as heard, who was speak-
ing on the bullhorn, and I do not believe the rebuttal testimo-
nies of Gayheart and Melissa Turner to the effect that the bull-
horn was used only by Melissa Turner to address Marilyn
Turner. Therefore, the General Counsel has failed to meet his
burden under Rubin Bros. Footwear, supra, which holds that,
where an employer has shown that the allegedly unprotected
conduct has occurred, the General Counsel must prove that the
accused employee was, in fact, innocent.64
I further believe, and find, that Gayheart told Howard that
she knew where Howard lived and that “matches can be
dropped” when employees such as Howard fail to honor a

64 Because proof of Gayheart’s innocence was required under Rubin
Bros. Footwear, the General Counsel would not have satisfied his
burden if the testimonies of Melissa Turner and Gayheart had only
created the possibility that it was Melissa Turner, not Gayheart, who
had threatened Marilyn Turner on July 12. See Axelson, Inc., 285
NLRB 862, 864 (1987).
picket line. Howard was credible in her testimony, and Gay-
heart (who, while testifying, assumed a demeanor too meek to
believe) was not.
Before 1984, the Board’s position was that verbal state-
ments, as opposed to physical acts of intimidation and coercion,
would generally not be sufficient acts of misconduct to warrant
the employer’s refusal to reinstate a striker. The Board changed
that position in Clear Pine Mouldings, 268 NLRB 1044 (1984),
affd. 765 F.2d 148 (9th Cir. 1985), cert. denied 474 U.S. 1105
(1986). The Board stated:

In the past, the Board has held that verbal threats by
strikers, “not accompanied by any physical acts or gestures
that would provide added emphasis or meaning to [the]
words,” do not constitute serious strike misconduct war-
ranting an employer’s refusal to reinstate the strikers. On
the other hand, the Board has held that verbal threats
which are accompanied by physical movements or con-
tracts such as hitting cars, do constitute serious strike mis-
conduct. The Board summarized its standard . . . in Coro-
net Casuals [207 NLRB 304 (1973)], where it stated that
“absent violence . . . a picket is not disqualified from rein-
statement despite . . . making abusive threats against non-
strikers.”
We disagree with this standard because actions such as
the making of abusive threats against nonstriking employ-
ees equate to “restraint and coercion” prohibited elsewhere
in the Act and are not privileged by Section 8(c) of the
Act. [Footnote omitted.] Although we agree that the pres-
ence of physical gestures accompanying a verbal threat
may increase the gravity of verbal conduct, we reject the
per se rule that words alone can never warrant a denial of
reinstatement in the absence of physical acts. Rather, we
agree with the . . . First Circuit that “[a] serious threat may
draw its credibility from the surrounding circumstances
and not from the physical gestures of the speaker.” We
also agree with the . . . Third Circuit that an employer need
not “countenance conduct that amounts to intimidation and
threats of bodily harm.”

In Georgia Kraft Co., 275 NLRB 636 (1985), strikers went to
the home of a nonstriking employee and told him “we’ll take
care of you [if you return to work].” The Board noted that the
surrounding circumstances were that the strikers were drunk,
they cursed in front of the nonstriker’s pregnant wife and young
daughter, and they refused repeated requests to leave. Upon
considering such circumstances, the Board found that the “take
care of you” remark was coercive and intimidating because it
was, in effect, a threat of bodily harm. In this case, the relevant
surrounding circumstance was that Marilyn Turner had just
dropped off her child at the daycare center in full view of Gay-
heart. Turner was going into a building where she could not
protect her child, and Gayheart was staying outside where she
could possibly harm him. Gayheart’s mentioning of Matthew
therefore could only have been designed to instill fear of such
harm in his mother, and it reasonably would have done so.
Turner was not a unit employee and had no immediate interest
in the strike, but whether Gayheart was attempting to coerce
Turner into joining the strike, or whether Gayheart was at-
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 574
tempting to coerce Turner into persuading Haddix to join the
strike, Gayheart’s conduct was coercive, and it was unpro-
tected. Because the Respondent discharged Gayheart solely for
those coercive remarks, it did not violate the Act. I shall there-
fore recommend dismissal of this allegation of the complaint.
7. Discharge of Sandra (Barker) Hutton
Sandra (Barker) Hutton65 was an admitting office employee
who was hired by the Respondent in 1996 and discharged by
letter dated September 6. Hutton testified that she wore union
buttons regularly until the strike began, and during the strike
she engaged in some picketing. The General Counsel contends
that the Respondent discharged Hutton because she participated
in the July 8 strike and because she otherwise supported the
Union. The Respondent answers that it discharged Hutton be-
cause she failed to attend compulsory training sessions. Ulti-
mately, I find and conclude that the Respondent treated Hutton
disparately and that she was unlawfully discharged.
During the 2 years before the strike began, Hutton was clas-
sified as a PRN (pro re nata, or, as needed) employee, but she
regularly worked from 1 a.m. until 7 a.m. Also, during the sev-
eral years before the strike and continuing after the strike ended
on August 15, Hutton worked from 8 a.m. until 4 p.m. in the
local county attorney’s office. Hutton testified that, before the
strike, when a member of the Respondent’s management
needed to contact her, he or she would usually call her at the
county attorney’s office. That testimony was not disputed.
After the Union’s August 15 offer to return to work, Bevins
sent a form memorandum, dated August 17, to each striker. The
memorandum stated that the Union’s offer had been received
and that: “Accordingly, we have scheduled you, and we expect
that you will report back to work on [blank space] to the shift
beginning at [blank space].” The expected dates and shifts for
most recipients were handwritten into the blanks. The memo-
randum that went to Hutton, however, did not; instead, the
blanks in the memorandum to Hutton were completed: “a PRN
basis” and “unknown,” respectively. Additionally, Bevins’
memorandum to Hutton indicated that before she returned to
work she needed to report to a named administrative employee
to receive an annual PPD (tuberculin) test for which Hutton
was then (admittedly) due. The PPD test is an injection which,
after about 48 hours, discolors the immediate epidermal area in
a certain way if it is positive for tuberculosis. On August 21,
Hutton took the PPD test, and on or about August 23 it was
“read” as negative.
As will be detailed below, in 2000 the Respondent undertook
a program to ensure that employees acted in compliance with
certain Federal regulations that deal with hospital billing prac-
tices. The Respondent contends that (with a few exceptions like
the housekeeping department employees) all of its employees
were required to view a 1-hour “compliance” video by Septem-
ber 1 and that some employees were also required to take a 4-
hour “compliance” computer training class by September 6 (as
well as view the compliance video). The Respondent contends
that Hutton was one employee who was required to both view

65 By time of trial, alleged discriminatee Sandra Barker had resumed
her maiden name of Hutton.
the compliance video and take the computer class. The Re-
spondent further contends that Hutton failed to view the com-
pliance video by September 1 and that she was discharged for
that reason. Hutton also did not undergo the 4-hour compliance
computer training by September 6; the Respondent, however,
does not mention her failing to do so as a factor in the decision
to discharge her.
Hutton testified that, about August 28, while she was at work
at the county attorney’s office, she received a telephone call
from Karen Howard, another employee in the business office.
Howard told Hutton that she was calling on behalf of Denise
Trusty, the business office’s admitting and data processing
supervisor, to tell Hutton that she would need to view the 1-
hour compliance video and attend the 4-hour computer training
class before she would be eligible to return to work and that
Howard would call Hutton during “the next couple of days to
schedule it.” Hutton testified that within 2 days she was called
by business office employee Pat Warren who also said that she
was calling on behalf of Trusty. Warren scheduled Hutton for
the video and computer training classes at 3 p.m. on August 30.
Hutton took time off from her job at the county attorney’s of-
fice and appeared at the appointed hour. Warren met Hutton
and stated that “the computers were down” and that the video
and computer training sessions would have to be rescheduled.
Hutton went to the office of Trusty who told Hutton that she
would contact Hutton “in the next couple of days” to let her
know when she was scheduled for the compliance video and
the computer training. Hutton further testified, “She did inform
me at that time that I couldn’t return back to work until I did
the training.” On September 6, after hearing nothing from
Trusty, Hutton called Trusty; Trusty told Hutton that no more
training sessions were then scheduled and that Hutton should
call Trusty back on September 11. On September 11, Hutton
called Trusty’s office; Trusty was not there and Hutton left a
message with Howard to have Trusty call her. Further accord-
ing to Hutton, in none of her telephone calls with Trusty or her
staff did anyone tell her that there was a deadline for reviewing
the compliance video or receiving the computer training.
On September 12 Hutton received a letter from Cooper.
Dated September 6, the letter stated:

All employees were required to view the General
Compliance Video by HCFA [Health Care Financial Ad-
ministration, a branch of the United States Department of
Health and Human Services] and corporate [i.e., the Re-
spondent’s parent corporation] no later than August 27,
2000. Because you changed your telephone number, we
were not able to reach you until August 21st. You were in-
formed that the video would be shown sixteen times
scheduled during all shifts from the time you were notified
until the end of the cycle. You made no effort to attend
any video session.
This serves as notice that you are purged from our
PRN listing. If you have any questions, please contact
Naomi Mitchell at [telephone number].

Cooper signed the discharge letter as “Chief Financial Offi-
cer/Facility Compliance Chair.” (Mitchell, again, is the Re-
spondent’s human resources director.) As well as denying that
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 575
she was ever told that there was a deadline for viewing the
compliance video, Hutton denied ever being “informed” that
the video would be shown 16 times before August 27. Hutton
did acknowledge that her home telephone number had been
changed and that she had not notified the Respondent of the
fact.
As found above, the Respondent repeatedly threatened to
discharge employees such as Hutton who participated in the
July 8 strike; therefore, a prima facie case for Hutton’s dis-
charge has been proved, and, under Wright Line, the Respon-
dent’s defense for that discharge must be addressed.
According to Cooper, in April 2000 he and other chief finan-
cial officers of Community Health Systems’ subsidiaries met at
the parent corporation’s headquarters in Tennessee. There they
were told that an agreement with the Federal Government was
in the making that would require certain billing-related training
for the subsidiaries’ employees. Cooper testified that on May 9,
Community Health Systems did sign a formal agreement with
the Office of Inspector General and the Health Care Financing
Administration (“which is Medicare and Medicaid,” as Cooper
put it). The agreement was designed to insure that the billing
practices of the staffs of Community Health Systems’ subsidi-
aries complied with certain Federal regulations. The agreement
was therefore called the “Compliance Agreement.” Cooper was
designated (apparently by Community Health Systems) as the
“Compliance Chair” for the Respondent. As the compliance
chair, Cooper was given the responsibility of seeing to it that
the Respondent fulfilled the requirements of the Compliance
Agreement. One “component” (Cooper’s word) of the Compli-
ance Agreement required that employees who were in “reve-
nue-producing” departments (such as nursing and business
office employees) view a 1-hour video about how charges were
to be recorded. (No records of who viewed the compliance
video, and when, were offered; Mitchell, however, testified that
there were about 250 of such employees and supervisors.) A
second component of the Compliance Agreement, Cooper fur-
ther testified, required that employees who were directly in-
volved in bill handling (herein, “bill handling employees”)
undergo both the compliance video and a 4-hour interactive
Internet computer training course. (Respondent introduced
records of who underwent the computer training, and when;
those records reflect that there were about 70 of such employees
and supervisors.) Further according to Cooper, the Compliance
Agreement required that the two training components were to be
completed by all designated employees within 120 days after the
May 9 signing of the agreement.66 Cooper testified that, al-
though a deadline of September 9 was set for the viewing of the
1-hour video by the Compliance Agreement,67 Community
Health Systems set a deadline of September 1 for employees to
complete the 1-hour video compliance training and a deadline of

66 No copy of the Compliance Agreement was produced for the re-
cord, and Cooper acknowledged that he had never seen it. Nevertheless,
the General Counsel did not object to Cooper’s testimony about its
terms.
67 One hundred twenty days from May 9 would have been Septem-
ber 6, but, apparently, Cooper, or Community Health Systems, just
counted the period as being an even 4 months from the signing of the
Compliance Agreement.
September 6 for employees to complete the 4-hour computer
training. Cooper testified that Community Health Systems set
the earlier dates as deadlines so that it could report to the appro-
priate authorities by September 9. Cooper testified that he un-
derstood that any failure to have the specified employees view
the compliance video and/or the computer training in the time
allotted would have meant “[l]oss of my job.”
Under the Compliance Agreement, Hutton, as an admitting
office employee, was one of the employees who was required
both to view the 1-hour compliance video and to undergo the 4-
hour computer training. Cooper testified that he was told (ap-
parently by someone at Community Health Systems) that any
employee who did not view the video by September 1 was to be
terminated. (Cooper did not testify that he was instructed that
any bill handling employee who did not receive the computer
training by September 6 was to be terminated. As will be seen,
several employees who did not meet that deadline were not
terminated.)
Cooper testified that he did not receive the compliance video
from Community Health Systems until August 9 (or about a
week before the Union’s August 15 offer to return to work from
the July 8 strike and 11 days before the beginning of the rein-
statement of strikers on August 20). Cooper testified that in
early August he conducted a meeting of all department heads;
in that meeting he told the department heads that any employee
who did not complete the training that was required by the
Compliance Agreement would be discharged. Cooper identified
a memorandum that he sent to all department heads on August
9. The memorandum refers to an accompanying schedule of 1-
hour meetings for the showing of the compliance video; the
memorandum concludes that all employees in the respective
departments must attend, “NO EXCEPTIONS.” (Cooper did
not mention any document that may have contained instructions
to department heads about scheduling the computer training
that was required of the bill handling employees by the Com-
pliance Agreement.) The schedule for video showings was from
Monday, August 14 through midnight, Saturday, August 26.68
Cooper testified that the only employees exempted from view-
ing the compliance video by September 1 were those who were
on FMLA leave. Cooper was not asked if the bill handling em-
ployees were excused from the computer training component of
the Compliance Agreement’s requirements if they were on
FMLA leave or if they could have been excused from the com-
puter training for any other reason. The Respondent’s records
show that the first computer training of employees began on
August 28, and they show that no computer training was con-
ducted on August 30, the date that Hutton was told that the
computers were down.
Cooper testified that, upon learning of the Union’s August
15 offer to return to work, he met with department heads and
told them to immediately contact returning strikers to schedule
the compliance video training for them. (Cooper did not testify
what instructions he may have given the department heads,
68 Six showings per day were scheduled for the weekdays of those 2
weeks, and showings were scheduled twice each day for the Saturdays
that fell on August 18 and 25 and for the Sundays that fell on August
19 and 26.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 576
before or after the computer training began on August 28, about
scheduling of that training for the bill handling employees who
were returning from strike.) Cooper further testified that he
established a system of signin sheets which assured that each
employee attended at least one of the compliance video ses-
sions. Cooper testified that he sent Hutton’s letter of discharge
after reviewing the signin sheets and discovering that she had
not viewed the compliance video. As is uncontested, Hutton
was the only employee who failed to view the compliance
video by September 1.
When Cooper was on cross-examination, he reaffirmed that
there were two components of the training that were required
by the Compliance Agreement, the compliance video (for virtu-
ally all employees) and the computer training (for bill handling
employees). Cooper further re-affirmed that he was told by
Community Health Systems that any employee who failed to
complete the compliance training that was specified for him or
her was to be discharged. He was also asked, however, why the
records that the Respondent had introduced show, as they do,
that business office employee Jamie Bradley failed to receive
the 4-hour computer training until September 11; Cooper re-
plied that Bradley was a “weekend” worker and that “she did
not work prior to viewing this 4-hour training.” Also, the Re-
spondent’s records reflect that Drs. Usman, Burnette, and
Khalid, received the computer training on September 12, Octo-
ber 28 and December 6, respectively. When asked on redirect
examination why Usman was allowed more time to complete
the computer training component of the Compliance Agree-
ment, Cooper replied:

He’s an ER physician, and the physician compliance
training is a separate four-hour—the computer training is a
separate four-hour from the employee, and there were de-
velopment problems, and the physicians were not a man-
datory in the four-hour, except for those employed, and
there was a date extension on those.

When asked why Khalid and Burnette were allowed more time
to complete the computer training, Cooper replied:

Those people have to have a number put into a system
and get confirmation, and those were in the pipeline await-
ing information back from corporate with the sign-in or
log-in information for them to get credit for doing that
four-hour training. There was an issue of CME’s, continu-
ing [medical] education credit, for the physicians.

(Although Burnette is not an employee under Section 2(3) of
the Act, he was treated as an employee under the Compliance
Agreement, as indicated by the Respondent’s records of who
took the computer training and by Cooper’s failure to use non-
employee status as a reason for exempting Burnett from the
requirements of the agreement.)
Trusty testified on direct examination that on August 17 she
spoke by telephone with Hutton and told Hutton that, before
returning to work, she would have to test negative on a tubercu-
lin test and, after she did so, she would have to come for a
“mandatory” 1-hour compliance video. Trusty testified that she
did not then mention the computer training to Hutton because,
by August 17, “the PC wasn’t ready.” (Again, the Respondent’s
records show that no one completed the computer training be-
fore August 28.) Trusty testified that Hutton agreed to come in
for the PPD and to call her when the results were read. Hutton,
however, did not call. Trusty testified that she found out that
Hutton’s PPD had tested negative, and:

I called Sandy on the 22nd of August and told her that
the PPD was fine, and that she could come for the compli-
ance training on the video. I told her from August the 22nd
to, I think, August 27th, that there would be six showings
a day, and I told her the times, and she chose August the
23rd at three o’clock. We didn’t have a viewing showing
at that time; there was nobody scheduled to do it, or they
would have been in the middle of one. So, because she
worked, I told her I would do it at three, myself.

Trusty testified that although Hutton agreed to be there for the
video at 3 p.m. on August 23, she did not appear at that time.
Trusty testified that her assistant, Pat Warren, reported to her
on August 30 that she had spoken to Hutton and she had told
Hutton that she could come at 3 p.m. on that date for both the
computer training and the compliance video.
Trusty agreed that Hutton appeared at the Hospital on Au-
gust 30 and that she was told that the computers were down.
Trusty did not testify to any reason why Hutton was not shown
the compliance video on August 30. Trusty testified that War-
ren scheduled Hutton for the computer training on August 31,
but Hutton again did not appear. (If Warren also scheduled
Hutton for the compliance video on August 31, Trusty did not
mention it.)
Further, according to Trusty:

[Hutton] called on September the 6th and wanted to
know when’s the next viewing and PC compliance was. I
told her it had to be done that day, and I was willing to
stay late and do it for her, with her, if she wanted to. She
said, “I’ll get back with you on it,” because [she] works,
and I guess she had to see what time she would get off,
that type of stuff. I stayed until seven thirty that night, and
she did not come.

Trusty further testified that she told Cooper that Hutton had
failed to appear for the video and computer components of the
compliance training.
On cross-examination Trusty agreed that, when she had
wanted to reach Hutton by telephone, she would call the county
attorney’s office first, rather than her home, because she knew
that Hutton worked 40 hours per week there. Trusty also testi-
fied that she sometimes had trouble reaching Hutton at the
county attorney’s office and that she sometimes tried many
numbers for Hutton without success, but she did not testify that
she had difficulty in reaching Hutton at the county attorney’s
office in either August or September.
As noted above, on direct examination Trusty testified that
she told Hutton on August 17 that viewing the compliance
video was “mandatory.” On cross-examination, however,
Trusty testified that she did not mention the compliance video
(or the computer training) to returning strikers who did not
have current PPD (tuberculin test) clearance. Specifically,
Trusty testified that she did not mention the compliance train-
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 577
ing to those, such as Hutton, who did not have a current PPD
because a PPD clearance was required before the compliance
training could be given. Also, Trusty’s notes of her calls to the
strikers do not include any reference to the compliance video,
but they do include references to the PPD requirement that
some returning strikers, including Hutton, had.
The Respondent called Karen Howard who testified that she
was “pretty sure” that she once called Hutton to tell her when
one “middle of the night” compliance video viewing was avail-
able. The Respondent did not ask Howard if she received any
telephone calls from Hutton when Hutton was attempting to
reach Trusty.
The Respondent called Warren who was a member of the
Respondent’s “Compliance Committee.” Warren testified that
she was responsible for scheduling all employees for the com-
pliance video. Although Trusty had testified that employees
who had not received a negative PPD could not watch the com-
pliance video, Warren testified that they could but they could
not work until their PPD test results were received. Warren
further testified that she witnessed Trusty’s calling all business
office employees on August 17 and that Trusty told each, in-
cluding Hutton, that they were required to undergo the 4-hour
computer training as well as the 1-hour video training (even
though Trusty on cross-examination testified that she did not,
and Trusty’s notes indicate nothing about the training). Warren
further testified that she met Hutton when she appeared for the
training on August 30 and told her to return the next day be-
cause the computer server was down. Warren testified, specifi-
cally, that she told Hutton : “We have to have it done by tomor-
row evening. The 31st was our deadline.” Warren testified that
on August 31 Hutton called her and said that she could not
come that day; Warren told Hutton to call back when she knew
that she could come and schedule a session for the training. A
few minutes later, Hutton called again; Trusty took the call on a
speaker telephone, and Warren listened. Trusty told Hutton to
come to take the training the next day (September 1) after her
work at the county attorney’s office and that she (Trusty) would
wait for Hutton. Hutton agreed to do so. Warren testified that
she told about 200 employees, including Hutton, that viewing
the 1-hour compliance video was mandatory. Warren testified
that two other employees had not completed the compliance
training by September 1, “and we were trying to give them a
couple more days, and I think we extended it until the 6th. We
gave like a five-day leeway.” On cross-examination, Warren
repeated that the deadline for watching the video “was ex-
tended, though, until the 6th [of September].” Warren further
testified that when she and Trusty gave times to Hutton to come
to the Hospital to do the computer training, “We had informed
her that if she had the time after the four-hour training, we
could do the one-hour video.”
Hutton acknowledged that in late July her home telephone
number changed (because she was then going through a di-
vorce). Hutton also testified, however, that she regularly
worked at the county attorney’s office during the weeks follow-
ing the strike, that Trusty did not call her there regarding the
scheduling of the compliance video or the computer training,
that she answers the telephone at the county attorney’s office,
and that she received no messages at the county attorney’s of-
fice that anyone at the Hospital was trying to reach her. Hutton
denied that she told anyone at the Hospital that she would call
to schedule, or reschedule, an appointment for the compliance
video and then not do so. Hutton also denied that on September
6 Trusty offered to stay late for her to view the compliance
video or undergo the compliance computer training.
The General Counsel introduced a copy of a memorandum
dated September 1 from Human Resources Manager Mitchell
to one Ira Hartman. According to Cooper, Hartman is a mem-
ber of Community Health Systems’ compliance department.
Mitchell testified that it was her responsibility to report the
Respondent’s compliance status to Hartman. In that memoran-
dum Mitchell recites that: (1) all employees of the Respondent
have completed the compliance video except Trish Gross and
Joyce Elam, both of whom were on FMLA leave; (2) only two
employees have not completed the computer training, Bradley
and Lisa Terrill; (3) Terrill was on vacation until September 5,
and “she will complete the training upon returning to work”;
and (4) “Janie Bradley lives out of town through the week and
[is] home on weekends. [She] will not be working until she has
completed it which is scheduled for next weekend.” As noted,
the Respondent’s records show that Bradley completed the
computer component of the compliance training on September
11.
Conclusions on Hutton’s Discharge
By his letter of September 6, Cooper told Hutton that she
was being purged from the Respondent’s PRN roster (i.e., dis-
charged) because all employees had been required to view the
compliance video “no later than August 27, 2000” and that she
had failed to do so. Cooper acknowledged the falsity of his
premise, however, by testifying that the real deadline for view-
ing the video was September 1. Even that date was not the real
deadline; both Trusty and Warren testified that the deadline for
viewing the video was September 6 (Warren did so by testify-
ing that the deadline for watching the video was “extended” to
September 6, and Trusty did so by testifying that she set an
appointment for Hutton on September 6.)
More importantly, according to the testimonies of Trusty and
Warren, the last day for completion of the compliance program
by Hutton was shifted from August 27 to 30, to August 31 to
September 1 to 6. Those changes would have required at least
three telephone calls, but in none of them, even according to
Trusty’s and Warren’s accounts, was Hutton told that she
would be discharged if she failed to complete the compliance
training by some deadline. Additionally, both Trusty and War-
ren met with Hutton on August 30; each then had another ex-
cellent opportunity to tell Hutton that she needed to complete
the compliance training by some certain date or be discharged.
It is therefore apparent that, as Hutton testified, she was only
told by Trusty and Warren that she could not work until she did
complete the training; she was not told that she would be dis-
charged if she did not complete the training by some deadline.
Cooper testified that he had told members of the Compliance
Committee, which included Trusty and Warren, that employees
who did not complete the compliance training on time would be
discharged. Trusty’s and Warren’s failure to pass that informa-
tion along to Hutton is a strong indication that the Respondent
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 578
was more interested in securing Hutton’s discharge than in
having her view the compliance video.
Another strong indication that the Respondent did not want
Hutton to view the compliance video lies in the events of Au-
gust 30. In his September 6 letter of discharge, Cooper falsely
premises the discharge on the assertion that: “You made no
effort to attend any video session.” Hutton did appear on Au-
gust 30, and Cooper’s statement is simply false. Moreover,
according to Trusty, Hutton came to the Hospital on August 30
for the purposes of both viewing the video and undergoing the
computer training. Warren, however, met Hutton at the ap-
pointed hour on August 30 with the news that the server was
down and the computer training was not available that day. The
computer training was an internet-based interactive program;
the compliance video was a videotape that would require no
computer function. The Respondent offers not the slightest
suggestion of why, if the viewing of the compliance video was
separately so important, Hutton could not have then been of-
fered a chance to view it. The failure of the Respondent to offer
the compliance video to Hutton on August 30 is further evi-
dence that the Respondent was more interested in discharging
Hutton than in having her view the compliance video.
Another false premise of Cooper’s letter of discharge to
Hutton is his implication that she was given little time to view
the compliance video because she had changed her telephone
number. Hutton had moved without telling the Respondent of
her new home telephone number, but the Respondent had sel-
dom called her there before. Hutton worked 8 hours a day at the
county attorney’s office, and whenever anyone really wanted to
talk to her they called here there, as Trusty admitted. More
importantly, neither Trusty nor Warren (nor Karen Howard)
testified that they attempted to call Hutton at her old home tele-
phone number to tell her that she would need to view the com-
pliance video, or to do the computer training, by some deadline.
Therefore, Cooper’s false implication that the currency of
Hutton’s telephone number somehow caused her discharge is
another strong indication that Hutton’s discharge, not her com-
portment with a bona fide employment condition, was the Re-
spondent’s true objective.
Further belying the Respondent’s assertion of a legitimate
reason for discharging Hutton is the existence of significant
evidence of disparate treatment. It is true that Hutton was the
only employee who did not complete the viewing of the com-
pliance video by the deadline of August 27 (as Cooper’s dis-
charge letter states), or September 1 (as Cooper testified), or
September 6 (as Trusty and Warren testified). Nevertheless, the
compliance video viewing was only one component of the
compliance training, at least for bill handling employees such
as Hutton. The other component, presumably coequal in sig-
nificance,69 was the computer training. Other bill handling em-
ployees, however, were allowed to delay the coequal computer
training until well after September 6. Drs. Usman, Burnette,
and Khalid, received the computer training on September 12,
October 28, and December 6, respectively. Cooper offered

69 At no point did Cooper testify that, under the Compliance Agree-
ment, the computer training was somehow less important than the com-
pliance video viewing requirement.
three different reasons for Usman’s delay: (1) there were devel-
opment problems in the computer training for physicians, (2)
the computer training for the physicians was “not mandatory,”
and (3) “there was an extension on those.” Just why an exten-
sion would have been necessary for a “not mandatory” program
went unexplained. And the multiplicity of excuses shows that
the truth lies elsewhere. For Khalid and Burnette, Cooper came
up with two more excuses: (1) they had not received their log-
in numbers, and (2) “there was an issue” of CME credit. If it
was so compelling that the Respondent have all employees
complete the compliance training by September 6, it seems that
the Respondent would have gotten Burnette and Khalid their
log-in numbers well before October 28 or December 6. Also,
Cooper made no suggestion of why Burnette’s and Khalid’s
CME credit “issues” needed to be resolved before the Respon-
dent could comply with the Com-pliance Agreement.
More direct evidence of disparate treatment lies in the indul-
gence the Respondent afforded to business office employee
Jamie Bradley. Bradley failed to receive the 4-hour computer
training until September 11. When asked why she was allowed
to wait so long after September 6, Cooper replied that Bradley
was a “weekend” worker and “she did not work prior to view-
ing this four-hour training.” This treatment of Bradley is pre-
cisely how Hutton testified that she was told she would be
treated until she completed the compliance training. (Again,
Hutton credibly testified that Trusty and Warren told her only
that she would not be allowed to work until she completed the
training.) The Respondent suggests no reason that Bradley was
allowed to continue her failure to take the computer training
past September 6 without suffering any penalty, other than a
loss of some paid work hours, but Hutton was discharged for
her failure to view the compliance video by August 27 (or Sep-
tember 1 or 6). The disparity of the Respondent’s treatment of
Bradley becomes especially glaring when one recalls Cooper’s
testimony that he understood that any failure to have the em-
ployees complete the compliance training on time would have
meant “loss of my job.”
The comparative treatment of Bradley is important in an ad-
ditional way. On September 1, Mitchell told Hartman: “Janie
Bradley lives out of town through the week and is home on
weekends. She will not be working until she has completed it
which is scheduled for next weekend.” September 1 was a Fri-
day; that weekend was September 2 and 3; the “next weekend”
was September 9 and 10. Therefore, as of September 1, Bradley
had permission to delay the computer training component of the
compliance training until September 9, 10, or (as it turned out)
11. This is the apparent reason that Cooper’s September 6 letter
did not cite Hutton’s failure to undergo the computer training,
as well as her failure to view the compliance video, as a reason
that she was being discharged. Cooper must have realized that
he could not have referred to the computer training component
of the compliance training in his September 6 letter because, at
the same time, another business office employee, Bradley, was
being allowed to delay the completion of that component of the
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 579
compliance training until well after September 6.70 The element
of disparate treatment therefore is manifest.
Finally, as the General Counsel points out, Mitchell’s Sep-
tember 1 memorandum to Hartman states that only two em-
ployees had not viewed the compliance video, Gross and Elam
who were on FMLA leave. There is no explanation for
Mitchell’s failure to mention Hutton unless the Respondent
already considered Hutton to be a nonemployee by September
1. That is, the Respondent had already determined to discharge
Hutton by September 1, even though, only 2 days before, on
August 30, Hutton had appeared at the Hospital to view the
compliance video (as well as to undergo the computer training)
and was turned away. And the Respondent had determined to
discharge Hutton by September 1 even though, according to
Trusty and Warren, the deadline for viewing the compliance
video had been extended until September 6. The manifest dis-
position to discharge Hutton, as well as the disparate treatment
of Bradley and the others, is further evidence that the reason
advanced for the discharge of Hutton is false.
In conclusion, the Respondent’s defense for the discharge of
Hutton is so replete with falsehoods and with obvious and un-
explained inconsistencies that I credit Hutton’s testimony
wherever it conflicts with that of Warren or Trusty. Respon-
dent’s presentation of its false defenses, moreover, is a failure
under Wright Line to demonstrate that it would have discharged
Hutton even absent her participation in the July 8 strike. I there-
fore find that Hutton’s discharge was an implementation of the
Respondent’s repeated threats to discharge employees, such as
Hutton, who had engaged in the July 8 strike. Accordingly, I
conclude that the Respondent discharged Hutton in violation of
Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act.
8. Discharge of Eileene Jewell
Eileene Jewell was employed by the Respondent from about
2 months after the Hospital opened in 1987 until she was dis-
charged on August 17, 2000.71 Jewell was first employed as a
nurses’ aide, and at some point thereafter she was transferred to
be a housekeeping employee in the surgery department. For her
last 6 or 7 years, Jewell was employed as an operating room
technician whose duty it was to clean, dry, and sterilize surgical
instruments and to keep records of the sterilization procedures
that she conducted. The General Counsel contends that the
Respondent discharged Jewell because she wore prounion in-
signia before the July 8 strike and because she participated in
that strike. The Respondent contends that it discharged Jewell
because it discovered during the strike that, before she went on
strike, Jewell had failed to properly clean and sterilize some
surgical instruments. Ultimately, I find and conclude that the
Respondent treated Jewell disparately by not affording her the
benefits of its progressive disciplinary system and that it there-
fore unlawfully discharged Jewell.

70 The indulgences afforded to Bradley, Usman, Burnette, and
Khalid further explain why Cooper’s, Trusty’s, and Warren’s direct
examinations skirt, as they do, the computer training component of the
requirements of the Compliance Agreement.
71As noted above, Jewell is one of four employees who were not re-
instated pursuant to the Union’s August 15 offer to return to work from
the July 8 strike.
As found above, the Respondent repeatedly threatened to
discharge employees such as Jewell who participated in the
July 8 strike; therefore, a prima facie case for Jewell’s dis-
charge has been proved, and, under Wright Line, the Respon-
dent’s defense for that discharge must be addressed.
Marjorie Fair is the Respondent’s operating room director,
and, as such, she was Jewell’s supervisor at the inception of the
July 8 strike. (Jewell also wore pro-union insignia before the
strike and, on at least one occasion before the strike, Fair ac-
knowledged to Jewell that she knew that Jewell was a pro-
union employee.) By letter dated August 17, without stating a
reason, Hospital Administrator Bevins informed Jewell that she
was discharged. Bevins testified that, after consulting with Fair
and Chief Nursing Officer Obenchain, he made the decision to
discharge Jewell “for failure to apply proper procedures to the
cleaning of instruments used within the operating room. The
instruments came back with tissue and blood after cleaning,
which will be a serious threat to patients on which these in-
struments may be used and could result in serious infections as
a result of those instruments being unsterile.”
Fair, who became the Respondent’s operating room director
on June 19, testified that she did an inventory of surgical in-
struments while Jewell and other employees were on strike. She
noticed several trays of surgical instruments that had been im-
properly sterilized; she noticed that some of the instruments had
not been cared for properly; and she noticed lapses in, and ap-
parent falsification of, records of sterilizing procedures. Those
records are required for continued accreditation of the Hospital
by the Joint Commission of Accreditation for Hospitals
(JCAHO).
Fair testified that she drafted four warning notices for Jewell
during the July 8 strike, none of which she delivered because
Jewell was participating in the strike. (1) Fair’s first warning
for Jewell, dated July 26, states that it is for the disciplinary
violation of “unsat[isfactory] work performance.” In the form’s
section for “Action Taken,” Fair checked “Written Warning.”
(Other disciplinary options were “Verbal Reprimand,” “Termi-
nation,” “Disciplinary Suspension,” and “Investigative Suspen-
sion.”) In an area for “Discussion,” Fair wrote:

Instrumentation not cared for in an appropriate manner. Deli-
cate and very expensive instruments thrown in tray without
care. Rust evident in ratchet mechanisms—proves instru-
ments were not dried prior to sterilization—EJ initials on tape.
Employee on strike line.

(The reference to initials is a reference to a procedure that re-
quires any technician who packs items for sterilization to initial
the tape that is used on the packing.) (1) On the notice form
there is also a space for “Corrective Action Recommended,”
but Fair wrote nothing for that space. (2) The second written
warning that Fair drafted for Jewell is not dated, but Fair testi-
fied that she signed it in late July. The notice states that Jewell
had engaged in “substandard work.” In the section for “Discus-
sion,” Fair wrote: “Did not maintain sterilization record as re-
quired by hospital standards, policies, and procedures, as well
as JCAHO standards.” In the form’s space for “Corrective Ac-
tion Recommended,” Fair wrote: “Recommend termi-nation—
poor work ethic. This is third writeup in short period.” In fact, it
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 580
was only the second warning notice that Fair had drafted by
that point. (3) Fair did draft a third warning notice for Jewell
which she signed on August 9; that notice recites that it is is-
sued for “Substandard Work” and “Heckling of patient.” Under
“Discussion,” Fair wrote: “Ortho[pedic] tray—dried blood
found in tray & on instruments. Patient [name]—heckl-ing of
patient from strike line when being dc’d [discharged?] from CP
[cardiopulmonary?] surgery. No [number?] identified
[Jewell].”72 (4) The fourth warning notice that Fair drafted for
Jewell is also dated August 9. It states that Jewell is being is-
sued a warning for “Substandard Work.” As “Discussion,” Fair
wrote: “Improper and inadequate cleaning of orthopedic in-
struments. Cannulated [i.e., cylindrical] instruments found to be
retaining human tissue and rust—handwriting on tape as well as
misspellings [were] consistent with [Jewell’s] handwriting.”
For the third and fourth warning notices, Fair wrote nothing in
the spaces for “Corrective Action Recommended.”
The Respondent asked Fair, and she testified:

Q. Ms. Fair, would it be fair to say that you detected
two types of errors, documentation and sterilization?
A. Yes.
Q. Did you make any recommendations regarding Ms.
Jewell’s employment on the basis of the documentation er-
rors alone?
A. Yes, I did.
Q. What was that recommendation?
A. I recommended termination.
Q. And who did you make that recommendation to?
A. Michelle Obenchain, the CNO.
Q. Okay. The final decision to terminate was not made
by you, was it?
A. No, it was not. It was an administrative decision.

The Respondent also introduced voluminous records to show
that Jewell had falsified records or neglected her recordkeeping
responsibilities.73 The Respondent also called one Debbie
Gross to testify that she witnessed Jewell engaging in record-
keeping derelictions. And the Respondent also inquired of
Obenchain about what Fair had reported to her about Jewell’s
recordkeeping practices. On cross-examination of Fair, how-
ever, it was demonstrated that at least one other employee,
Martha Jackson, could have been responsible for the record-
keeping problems, to the extent they may have existed. Fair
also admitted that she “must have” also discovered errors by
Jackson, but she did not discipline Jackson.
On further cross-examination by counsel for the General
Counsel, Fair was asked and she testified:

Q. Now you didn’t talk to Eileene Jewell about any of
this, did you?

72 Fair was not asked to explain the notice’s abbreviations. Also, the
General Counsel did not ask Fair on cross-examination to explain her
reference to “Heckling of patient.” (Of course, if Jewell’s alleged
“heckling” of a discharged patient had proved to be no more than an
appeal not to patronize the Respondent further, additional discussion on
that point would be required.)
73 R. Exh. 30, as corrected by a posthearing stipulation and submis-
sion, consists of 118 pps.
A. Well, I didn’t have an opportunity to. But, had she
been at work, I would have. Yes.
Q. Had she been at work, would you have talked to her
about it, warned her about it, and then given her an oppor-
tunity to improve?
A. I don’t know. After eight years of being in there,
those are—that’s kind of basic stuff. You know. Her job—
that was her job. And if she’d been in there that long and
didn’t know how to do it, I don’t know how much of a
chance I’d have given her. If I had talked to her once and
the problem had persisted, I may not have been that toler-
ant.
Q. But you would have talked to her at least once?
A. Well, yes, at least once.

Immediately, counsel for the Union asked, and Fair testified:

Q. Ms. Fair, you testified, I believe, that you would
have talked to [Jewell] at least once to give her an oppor-
tunity to correct the problems that you found, is that right?
A. Yes, I would have.
Q. And in general it’s true that Kentucky River Medi-
cal Center believes in a progressive discipline process,
right?
A. Correct.
Q. And so I guess the reason that Ms. Jewell didn’t
hear about these warnings is because she’s on strike, right?
A. Correct.
Q. And because she was on strike, she didn’t have an
opportunity to correct the errors that you found, isn’t that
right?
A. No, she didn’t have that opportunity, but this was
her job.

Obenchain testified that during the July 8 strike, over a pe-
riod of several days, Fair brought to her examples of Jewell’s
lapses in recordkeeping. Fair also brought to her trays of surgi-
cal instruments that Jewell had not properly cleaned before
sterilization, and Fair brought to her instruments that Jewell had
allowed to rust. Additionally, Obenchain described other surgi-
cal instruments that Fair had showed her as having been proc-
essed by Jewell:

I’m not an OR nurse, let me clarify. But what it was,
was a bone [surgery instrument] tray. And [Fair] ex-
plained to me that this one piece of tubing was a hollow
tubing I believe to use as a drill into the long bones. And it
was occluded with tissue—fatty tissue that was still in it.
And on the outside of that same instrument where the
grooves were, were caked with tissue. This would have
been a massive infection if that instrument had ever been
used on another patient. You cannot sterilize that kind of
tissue.

(The “hollow” instrument that Obenchain described apparently
was of the type of “cannulated” instrument that Fair described
in the second August 9 warning notice that she issued to
Jewell.) Obenchain testified: “I recommended to Mr. Bevins
that Ms. Jewell be terminated based on the fact that she did not
do her job. There were many instances of this and that this
could have been life-threatening to a patient if these instru-
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 581
ments had been used.” On cross-examination, Obenchain testi-
fied that Jewell had been discharged for her failures in record-
keeping, as well as failures to properly clean surgical instru-
ments; Obenchain insisted that Jewell’s recordkeeping respon-
sibilities were “equally important” as her responsibilities for
cleaning surgical instruments.
Conclusions on Jewell’s Discharge
As noted, Bevins testified that he made the decision to dis-
charge Jewell and that he made that decision because of
Jewell’s failure to properly clean surgical instruments. Bevins
did not mention Jewell’s alleged recordkeeping problems in his
testimony, and on brief the Respondent expressly disavows any
suggestions that Jewell’s recordkeeping practices played any
part in her discharge. In so doing, the Respondent does not
mention its leading of Fair to testify that she recommended the
discharge of Jewell because of her recordkeeping practices
“alone.” The Respondent does not mention the voluminous
exhibits that it introduced to support Fair’s testimony in regard
to Jewell’s recordkeeping practices. And the Respondent does
not mention the testimonies of Obenchain and Gross that it
introduced in further support of a defense that it discharged
Jewell, at least in part, for her recordkeeping practices. The
Respondent’s attorney is a highly sophisticated labor law attor-
ney. I simply do not believe that he advanced all of this evi-
dence because, before doing so, he had failed to ask Bevins
why he discharged Jewell. Moreover, Obenchain testified on
cross-examination that Jewell was discharged, in part, because
of her recordkeeping lapses; Obenchain would not have done so
unless, at some point, Bevins had told her that that was the
case. It is obvious that the Respondent simply abandoned its
recordkeeping defense for Jewell’s discharge at some point
between the time that that defense was destroyed by the cross-
examination of Fair and the time that Bevins testified. The ad-
vancement of this sham defense, at least, casts a suspicion on
the remaining defense that the Respondent offers for Jewell’s
discharge.
The sole reason the Respondent now assigns for the dis-
charge of Jewell is that “she left blood and human tissue on
surgical instruments [that] she supposedly had cleaned.”74 The
General Counsel did not call Jewell in rebuttal to deny that she
had, at least once, failed to clean from a tray of surgical instru-
ments matter that could not be sterilized, blood and human
tissue. Nor does the General Counsel dispute the testimonies of
Obenchain and Bevins that such unclean instruments could
cause a patient serious infection. Nevertheless, the General
Counsel and the Charging Party argue on brief that a violation
of Section 8(a)(3) has been proved in Jewell’s case because of
the Respondent’s demonstrated animus (i.e., its repeated threats
to discharge strikers such as Jewell), the Respondent’s knowl-
edge of Jewell’s union sympathies and strike activities, and the
failure of the Respondent to afford Jewell the benefit of its
progressive disciplinary system which calls for oral and written

74 Br. 70.
warnings, and a disciplinary suspension, before a discharge.75 I
agree.
In a context of animus, a finding that an employer has failed
to follow its own established disciplinary procedures will sup-
port an inference of discriminatory motivation. See, for exam-
ple, Ingles Markets, Inc., 322 NLRB 122, 125 (1996); Florida
Tile Co., 300 NLRB 739, 741 (1990), enfd. 946 F.2d 1547
(11th Cir. 1991). Such a context of animus was demonstrated
by the Respondent’s repeated threats to discharge employees
who engaged in the July 8 strike.
The Respondent’s written disciplinary policy does contain 25
categories of immediately dischargeable offenses, and the pro-
gressive disciplinary system does not apply to those listed in-
fractions.76 The only one of those 25 categories that arguably
applies to Jewell’s job misconduct is “failure to perform rea-
sonable assigned tasks.” Strictly read, any employee’s failure to
do any job satisfactorily would fall within that rule. The Re-
spondent, however, does not argue that it has ever applied such
a harsh interpretation of that disciplinary rule, and it does not
argue that Jewell’s case represents its first such interpretation.
Moreover, the fact that Fair issued warning notices demon-
strates that Jewell’s misconduct was less than that which would
ordinarily cause a discharge without the employee being given
the chances to improve that are afforded by the Respondent’s
published progressive disciplinary system.
Fair, during her cross-examination, admitted that, had Jewell
not been on strike, she would have delivered the warning no-
tices to Jewell and allowed her to have chances to improve her
performance. The Respondent argues: “Whether Fair would
have counseled Jewell if she had not been on strike is irrelevant
since Bevins, rather than Fair, made the decision to terminate
Jewell.”77 Bevins, however, did not testify as to why he disre-
garded the Respondent’s established progressive disciplinary
system in deciding to discharge Jewell; nor did he testify that
he told Fair that, if she ever found another unclean tray of sur-
gical instruments, she should discharge the guilty employee on
the spot, without giving the employee the benefit of the prior
delivered warnings and disciplinary suspension that are re-
quired by the Respondent’s progressive disciplinary system.
I do not minimize the peril that a tray of unclean surgical in-
struments may present to a patient. Nevertheless, I must note
that Respondent’s defense for the discharge of Jewell assumes
that a surgeon, or a nurse who was assisting a surgeon, would
not notice the blood and tissue that Fair claims to have noticed.
I am further skeptical of Fair’s testimony that she, in fact, found
multiple contaminated trays of instruments that had been
packed by Jewell. Certainly, any employer could meet a return-
ing striker with claims of prestrike job errors, thus seriously
undermining the striker’s right to reinstatement under NLRB v.
Erie Resistor Corp., 373 U.S. 321 (1963), and its progeny.
Assuming, however, the truthfulness of Fair’s testimony, it is
to be noted that her (undelivered) warning notices categorized
75 See sec. B.7 of Community Health Systems’s policy manual, as
contained in GC Exh. 57, which lists the four steps of the Respondent’s
progressive disciplinary system.
76 Id.
77 Br. 75.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 582
Jewell’s failures only as “substandard work,” and the Respon-
dent’s listing of immediately dischargeable offenses does not
include mere “substandard work.” Again, I appreciate that
Jewell’s substandard work may have endangered a patient (or
patients—the number of affected surgical instrument trays was
not proved by the Respondent). There are, however, innumer-
able opportunities in the daily workings of a hospital for life
threatening endangerments of patients by simple failures by
employees to do their routine jobs according to the standards of
their employers.78 Common logic, as well as the existence of
the Respondent’s published progressive disciplinary system,
indicates that the Respondent would not necessarily discharge
an employee for nonintentional mistakes about which that em-
ployee had not received warnings, even if the life of a patient is
endangered by those mistakes. This is especially true for long-
service employees such as Jewell who had worked for the Re-
spondent almost from its opening in 1987.79 These factors
cause me to find, as I do, that the Respondent has not demon-
strated by a preponderance of the evidence that, even absent her
protected strike activities, it would have discharged Jewell.80 I
therefore find and conclude that the Respondent violated Sec-
tion 8(a)(3) by discharging Jewell.
9. Suspension and discharge of Debbie Miller
Debbie Miller was hired by the Respondent in 1993 and dis-
charged on August 22. Miller was a phlebotomist who worked
under Laboratory Supervisor Dianne Blankenship. As I have
found above, Blankenship threatened the laboratory employees,
including Miller, that strikers would lose their jobs. The Gen-
eral Counsel contends that the Respondent carried out that
threat by discharging Miller because of her participation in the
strike. The Respondent contends that it discharged Miller solely
because of her insubordination which consisted of her telling
Blankenship to “take this job and stick it in your ass,” which
remark Miller admits making. Ultimately, I find and conclude
that the Respondent not only discharged Miller unlawfully, but
before doing so it also suspended her in violation of Section
8(a)(3).81

78 For example, Laboratory Supervisor Blankenship acknowledged
that, in January 1999, phlebotomist Patricia Bailey knowingly collected
a sample from the wrong patient. Blankenship further acknowledged
that Bailey’s error “could have been fatal,” but her punishment of Bai-
ley was only a 5-day suspension.
79 If the Respondent employed any employee longer than Jewell, it
certainly did not mention the fact at trial. Also, if Jewell had received
any other discipline during her long service, the Respondent did not
mention the fact at trial.
80 I further note the Respondent’s strategic abandonment of its de-
fense that it discharged Jewell, at least in part, because of her record-
keeping deficiencies. The Respondent’s extensive effort to adduce that
defense upon which it ultimately does not rely smacks of a “shifting
defense” that the Board has always held to be evidence of pretext. See,
for example, NLRB v. Future Ambulette, 903 F.2d 140 (2d Cir. 1990),
enfg. as modified 293 NLRB 884 (1989).
81 On August 21, Blankenship sent Miller home before Miller’s shift
had ended. Although the complaint does not allege that act as an unlaw-
ful suspension, the matter was fully litigated. As the Board states in
Poly-America, Inc., 328 NLRB 667 (1999): “It is well established that
the Board may find and remedy a violation, even in the absence of a
As found above, the Respondent repeatedly threatened to
discharge employees such as Miller who participated in the July
8 strike; therefore, a prima facie case for Miller’s suspension
and discharge has been proved, and, under Wright Line, the
Respondent’s defenses must be addressed.
The Breathitt County Voice is a local newspaper that has a
running column called “A Piece of Your Mind.” Individuals are
allowed to make anonymous telephone calls to the newspaper
and, with certain restrictions, leave brief recordings of their
points of view on sundry topics. One of the restrictions is that
individuals’ names may not be used. The August 16 column
contains such pearls as: “The restaurant needs to call Orkin”
and “I don’t want your man. If I did, I would come and get
him.” The August 16 column also contains many comments (all
negative) about the strike and the strikers. Two of the com-
ments, in immediate succession, are: “Is your mother still pay-
ing your bills now that you’re on the picket line?” and “Why
would anyone use their 15-year-old daughter to gain ground for
the Union? Maybe we should call child services.” Miller’s 15-
year-old daughter Amanda participated in some of the picketing
during the July 8 strike.
On August 21, Miller returned from strike to work on the
second shift. Also working that shift were several laboratory
employees who had not participated in the strike, including
Toby Arnold, an antiunion employee.82 During the shift, ac-
cording to Miller, the former nonstrikers refused to speak to her
and grabbed incoming orders in order to prevent her from an-
swering any of them herself. At a time that she, as a result of
these tactics, had nothing else to do, Miller picked up a copy of
the August 16 newspaper and read the “A Piece of Your Mind”
column. Miller testified that she believed that the second
quoted comment referred to her because she was the only
striker whose 15-year-old daughter had engaged in the picket-
ing during the July 8 strike. Miller testified that, upon reading
the comment:

I asked them all which one of them had put that in the
paper. And they wouldn’t answer. So I asked Toby, did he
do it. And he said “No.”
And I told him, “Well, I would hate to think that you
all would be so low to bring my child into this. You have a
child. How would you feel if somebody would put that in
the paper about your child?”
And he says, “Well, that sounds like a threat to me.”
And I said, “I didn’t threaten you, Toby.” I said “I
don’t go around threatening people.”
He said, “Well, neither do I.”

Later in the shift, further according to Miller, she went to col-
lect a blood sample; when she returned to the laboratory,
Blankenship was there, even though it was not a usual hour for
Blankenship to be at the Hospital. Miller testified:

specified allegation in the complaint, if the issue is closely connected to
the subject matter of the complaint and has been fully litigated.”
82 Again, Arnold created the “EX-KRMC EMPLOYEES” sign dis-
cussed above.
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 583
And before I could even sit my tray down,
[Blankenship] said, “Toby called me and said you threat-
ened him.”
I said, “Toby’s ass. I didn’t threaten him.”
And she said, “Well, I’m not gonna tolerate that kind
of talk in here.”
And I said, “Well, why not? You do it.”
And she said, “Well, what was you all discussing?”
And I said, “Well, we was discussing the article in the
paper. I asked him which one put that in the paper about
Amanda.”
. . . .
And she said, “Well, you need to get your stuff and go
home.”
And I said, “Well, why are you sending me home?”
She said, “Because you threatened Toby.”
I said, “I didn’t threaten Toby, Diane. He’s lying.”
And she said, “No, he’s not. . . . Go get your stuff and
I’ll let you know my decision tomorrow.”
. . . .
So as I was starting to go, and I told her, “Diane, you
have children, too. Wouldn’t it make you mad if some-
body put that in the paper about them?”
And she said, “Well, I never would involve my chil-
dren in something like that.”
And that’s when I told her, “Well you can just take this
job and stick it in your ass.” Then I left.

By letter dated August 22, Bevins informed Miller that her
employment had been terminated “on account of your behavior
last evening.”
Bevins testified that “Debbie Miller was discharged for gross
insubordination by threatening children of a supervisor and by
telling the supervisor that she could take the job and cram it up
her ass.” (Bevins did not mention Miller’s reading the newspa-
per while on duty as a reason for discharging her; moreover,
Blankenship did not testify that newspapers were contraband in
the laboratory, and Miller credibly testified that employees
were allowed to read when they had nothing else to do. I there-
fore need not discuss certain testimony regarding reading prac-
tices in the laboratory.)
Arnold testified for the Respondent that Miller accused the
entire evening shift’s complement of placing the comment in
the newspaper and:

I said, “I don’t know what anybody else did, but I’m
telling you, you know, that I didn’t put anything about you
in the newspaper.”
And then she said, “Just remember, you’ve got a child,
too.”
And I said, “Well, is that a threat?”
And she kind of looked at me and she said, “No.”
And then I just walked off. And that was it, and we
didn’t speak for a while.
. . . .
And then later I had to walk by her again, and she . . .
said, “Just remember, I don’t make threats, I make prom-
ises.”
And I said, “Well, that’s fine,” like that.

(Arnold testified to other conduct by Miller, but that conduct
was outside the presence of Blankenship or any other supervi-
sor, and Arnold did not testify that he reported that other con-
duct to supervision.)
Blankenship testified that Arnold had called her at home and
told her that Miller had made threatening remarks to him. When
she got to the laboratory, Arnold told her:

that she [Miller] had been sitting at the phlebotomy desk for a
while reading the paper. And she came back and asked him
had he put something in the paper about a 15-year-old girl in
Social Services. And he told her, “No,” that he hadn’t. She
said something to the effect that, “Well, you know that you
have a son, too. How would you like it if something happened
to him?” And he said, you know, “Are you threatening my
son?” And she said, “Well, you know, if it wasn’t you then it
was some of the low-lifes that work the evening shift in here.
And I’ll find out who it was.”

Blankenship then came to the laboratory where she met Miller.
Further, according to Blankenship:

But when I got there, she wasn’t in the laboratory, she
was in the emergency room. And when she came back, I
asked her what was going on between her and Toby. And
she said, “Nothing.”
And I said, “Well, Toby feels like that you’re harass-
ing him about this thing in the paper. And you made
threatening remarks about his child.”
And she said, “Toby’s ass,” were her exact words,
“He’s lying.”
. . . .
And I said, “I think you should just go home now and
tomorrow I’ll contact you and we’ll see where we’re going
to go from here about this situation.”
And she just kind of threw her hands up and went into
the break area. And she was gone—uh, about five minutes.
And when she came back in, she just—she told me, she
said, “Take the job and cram it.”
And I said, “Okay, but you need to leave now.”
And then she started saying [that] she hoped that eve-
rybody in there got what they deserved, and she said we
were all son of a bitches, and that she hoped we all got
what we deserved.
And Toby told her good-bye. And then she cussed him
a little bit. And I went to the door and asked her to leave. I
told her [that] she needed to go ahead and leave. And she
did.

(Blankenship admitted on cross-examination that she knew that
Arnold was taunting Miller when he told her goodbye.)
Blankenship further testified that, after Miller left, she spoke to
Bevins that night and told him “the gist” of what she had testi-
fied to.
In rebuttal, Miller denied stating to Arnold that she did not
make threats because she made only promises. She further de-
nied threatening Blankenship’s children.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 584
Conclusions on Miller’s Suspension and Discharge
The issue is whether the Respondent’s suspension and dis-
charge of Miller was a manifestation of the threats by its super-
visors, including Blankenship, to discharge strikers, or would
the Respondent have suspended and discharged Miller even
absent her participation in the July 8 strike.
Again, Bevins testified that “Debbie Miller was discharged
for gross insubordination by [1] threatening children of a su-
pervisor and [2] by telling the supervisor that she could take the
job and cram it up her ass.” The first reason, of course, is false.
There is no evidence or contention that Miller threatened the
children of Blankenship or any other supervisor. Assuming,
however, that Bevins meant to testify that Miller threatened
Arnold or Arnold’s children, I find that the preponderance of
the credible evidence is that she did not do so; nor do I believe
that the Respondent’s supervisors believed that she had done
so.
On August 21, Miller asked Arnold and other nonstrikers if
they had caused to be placed in the local newspaper a comment
about her daughter’s participation in the Union’s picketing
during the July 8 strike. Arnold denied it. According to Miller
she then replied, “How would you feel if somebody would put
that in the paper about your child?” Arnold, however, testified
that Miller replied, “Just remember, you’ve got a child, too.”
Miller and Arnold agree that Arnold then told Miller that he felt
that Miller was making a threat and that Miller then denied that
she was threatening him. Arnold additionally testified that
Miller came to him minutes later and said that she made prom-
ises, not threats. Miller denied making this additional comment.
I believe, and credit, Arnold. Nevertheless, I can find no threat
by Miller in Arnold’s testimony. First, Miller told Arnold that
she was not threatening him; then she said that she did not
make threats, only promises. There was still no “promise,” or
threat, to do anything to, or about, or with, Arnold’s children.
Nor was there any statement that she would be, or could be, in
proximity to Arnold’s children at a time when Arnold was not
present (a factor that distinguishes Gayheart’s case). At most,
Miller was asking Arnold to be considerate of her feelings as a
parent who was being accused of taking undue advantage of her
child.
Arnold testified that he reported to Blankenship what Miller
had said to him. Blankenship, apparently recognizing that there
really was no threat in Arnold’s report, enlarged on it. Blanken-
ship testified that Arnold had reported to her that Miller had
told him, “Well, you know that you have a son, too. How
would you like it if something happened to him?” Blankenship
further testified that Arnold reported to her that, at that point, he
asked Miller if she was threatening him. Blankenship further
testified that Arnold reported to her that, rather than denying
that she was then making a threat, Miller answered Arnold’s
question by threatening other employees by stating “if it wasn’t
you then it was some of the lowlifes that work the evening shift
in here. And I’ll find out who it was.” All of this testimony by
Blankenship is, of course, completely undermined by Arnold’s
testimony that did not include the specific threat to Arnold’s
son and did not include a threat to seek out (and, implicitly, to
harm) the other employees. Finally, Blankenship did not even
mention the “promise” statement that Arnold attributed to
Miller. All of which is to say that Miller did not threaten Ar-
nold, and Blankenship knew it; otherwise, she would not have
found it necessary to enlarge on Arnold’s report. Presumably
Blankenship reported to Bevins what she (falsely) testified that
Arnold had reported to her. Therefore, Bevins’ testimony that
he discharged Miller, in part, because she had threatened Ar-
nold (or Arnold’s children, or Blankenship’s children) rests
entirely on the knowingly false report that Blankenship gave to
Bevins.
Nor does the evidence support the Respondent’s defense that
it discharged Miller, in part, because of her unprovoked vulgar-
ity toward Blankenship. Blankenship refused to accept Miller’s
denial that she had threatened Arnold’s children, and then
Blankenship told Miller to leave the laboratory. Miller’s shift
was not over; therefore, Blankenship’s ordering Miller to leave
the laboratory was a suspension. On brief, the Union contends
that Miller’s suspension was unlawful. I agree. Again, Blanken-
ship’s finding it necessary to enlarge on Arnold’s report shows
that Blankenship did not actually believe that Miller had threat-
ened Arnold’s children. The defense for the suspension, there-
fore, rests on a pretext.
Moreover, as the Union further contends on brief, Miller’s
reaction to her unlawful suspension, albeit crude, did not justify
the Respondent’s discharging her. In Scientific Ecology Group,
Inc., 317 NLRB 1259 (1995), an employee was unlawfully
discharged. As he departed the premises, he told his supervisor,
“Stick it up your ass.” The Board approved the administrative
law judge’s reasoning that the remark (albeit profane, insubor-
dinate, and crude) was not an act of actual or threatened vio-
lence, and it did not disqualify the unlawfully discharged em-
ployee from reinstatement because unlawfully discharged em-
ployees should be afforded some latitude in their oral re-
sponses. Similarly, the Respondent’s provoking Miller by
unlawfully suspending her afforded her at least the same lati-
tude for oral response. The Respondent’s discharge of Miller,
as well as its suspending her, therefore violated Section 8(a)(3),
as I find and conclude.
10. Discharge of Lois Noble
Lois Noble, a phlebotomist, was hired on April 11 and dis-
charged on August 28. The General Counsel contends that the
Respondent discharged Noble because of her participation in
the July 8 strike. The Respondent contends that it discharged
Noble solely because she was a probationary employee who
proved to be unsatisfactory. Ultimately, I find and conclude that
the Respondent presented only pretexts to defend Noble’s dis-
charge and that it discharged Noble in violation of Section
8(a)(3).
As found above, the Respondent repeatedly threatened to
discharge employees such as Noble who participated in the July
8 strike; therefore, a prima facie case for Noble’s discharge has
been proved, and, under Wright Line, the Respondent’s defense
for that discharge must be addressed.
Noble was a PRN employee; that is, she was on call if an-
other employee could not appear for work or if gaps in sched-
ules otherwise appeared. Noble testified that during her em-
ployment interview she told Laboratory Supervisor Dianne
Blankenship that she did not have a telephone but that she
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 585
could be reached by Blankenship’s calling her mother-in-law
who lives “at the bottom of the hill from me.” Some time after
she was hired, Noble secured her pager by which the Respon-
dent could contact her when needed. Noble testified that, there-
after, the Hospital would reach her either through her mother-
in-law or by the pager. Noble testified that, in addition to being
on call, “I was on the schedule every week. I had certain hours I
was scheduled for.” (Documentary evidence that the General
Counsel adduced in support of this last assertion is discussed
below.)
Noble testified that she wore a union button nearly every day
before the strike and that she participated in the strike. At the
end of the strike, other employees received from Bevins memo-
randa stating that the Union’s offer to return to work had been
received and that: “Accordingly, we have scheduled you and
we expect that you will report back to work on ___ to the shift
beginning at ___.” Memoranda to other strikers had the blanks
filled in with the date and shift, respectively, of the expected
returns. The memorandum that Noble received, however, had
“we will contact you” in the first blank and nothing in the sec-
ond. (That is, Noble was one of the four strikers whom the
Respondent did not reinstate pursuant to the Union’s August 15
offer to return to work. Again, other employees were reinstated
as early as August 20.)
On Thursday, August 24, Blankenship called Noble’s pager.
Noble called Blankenship back, and Blankenship asked Noble
to report on August 28, not for a shift but for a conference.
According to Noble’s testimony, when she arrived Blankenship
told her that she had been trying to reach Noble “all the previ-
ous week” and had been unable to do so. Noble replied that the
only page that she had received during the week was Blanken-
ship’s page of August 24. Blankenship then told Noble that
during the week of July 4 Noble had made five incorrect Medi-
care computer entries and that those mistakes had cost the Hos-
pital money. Further according to Noble, Blankenship stated
that: “You understand, this is your 90-day evaluation. . . . I’m
going to recommend your termination.” Blankenship then told
Noble to sign some probationary review papers and to return
her identification badge, which Noble did. Noble has not been
called for work by the Respondent since August 28, and the
Respondent admits that she was discharged on that date.
(Unlike the other alleged discriminatees in this case, however,
Noble did not receive a discharge letter.) Noble testified (with-
out contradiction) that, before the discharge interview,
Blankenship never told her that the laboratory had experienced
difficulty in reaching her to get her to come in for shifts in addi-
tion to those for which she had been prescheduled.
The General Counsel placed in evidence the laboratory
schedules for the period of time from when Noble was hired in
April until the inception of the July 8 strike.83 For most of the
approximately 20 employees in the laboratory, the schedules
are typed with employees’ hours, usually for the same shifts
each week. Handwritten changes are often entered. As the
schedules reflect, Noble worked during 13 weeks before the
strike. Noble worked four shifts during her first 2 weeks (as
was handwritten in the schedule, probably because she was a

83 On these exhibits, Noble appears as “Napier,” her maiden name.
new employee). Thereafter, the laboratory schedule shows that
Noble was prescheduled (as typed) for “4, 4, 4, 2, 1, 2, 3, 0, 2,
2, and 4 shifts per week,” with the shifts being varied from day
to day and week to week. During the last 7 weeks of Noble’s
tenure before the strike: (1) Although Noble was prescheduled
for two shifts during the week of May 21, she was written in for
one more. (2) Although Noble was preschedule for two shifts
during the week of May 28, she was written in for two more.
(3) Although Noble was preschedule for three shifts during the
week of June 4, she was written in for one more. (4) Although
Noble was prescheduled for no shifts during the week of June
11, she was written in for four. (5) Although Noble was pre-
scheduled for two shifts during the week of June 18, she was
written in for one more. (6) Although Noble was prescheduled
for one shift during the week of June 25, she was written in for
two more. (7) During the last week before the strike (the week
of July 2), Noble was prescheduled for a shift on each of 4
days; to wit: July 2, 4, 5, and 6, but she was written in for no
additional shifts. Additionally, the typed schedule lists Noble as
“Off” for July 7 and 8. Noble testified that at least four of the
written in entries were occasions upon which she was called (or
paged) at home to work.84
Although Noble denied being unavailable for calls as a PRN
employee, she did admit to having difficulties in the other area
that Blankenship mentioned in the discharge interview, com-
puter procedures. On direct examination Noble was asked if,
prior to the July 8 strike, Blankenship had “talked to you about
something you had done at work that wasn’t right?” Noble
answered that, between June 1 and June 15, Blankenship:

. . . said that I had skipped a test on ordering it in the com-
puter. And she told me that I had to be very careful when or-
dering the tests and to be careful and to make sure I didn’t let
it happen again. . . . She was friendly, yet, firm about it. I
didn’t feel like I was getting bawled out because we were in
the lab in the middle of the room with everybody else. . . . So I
didn’t think she was that upset with me.

Noble testified that in her previous employment she had not
used computers. Noble testified, however, that: “On a number
of occasions I had mentioned that I was worried about messing
up on the computer. And she [Blankenship] told me that I was
doing fine, not to over-stress out about it. That to take my time,
but I was doing good.”
Bevins testified that he decided to discharge Noble “for fail-
ure to meet the standards which are required by an employee in
her position by rendering substandard care during her proba-
tionary period.” Bevins testified that he received the informa-
tion upon which he based his decision to discharge Noble from
Blankenship, but he did not testify what that information was.
When Blankenship was on direct examination, the Respon-
dent asked: “Would you please relate to the Administrative
Law Judge what you are aware of that led to the decision to no
longer employ Ms. Noble?” Blankenship began a multipara-
graph answer that began with:

84 As I discuss infra, the Respondent objected to the receipt of none
of the evidence that supports the findings of this paragraph.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 586
Ms. Noble was a PRN employee who was in her 90-
day probationary period. I had several concerns about her
work. Some mistakes that she made and just her general
abilities and how she was picking up the job that was ex-
pected of her. Also, we had lots of problems reaching her
when we needed her because she didn’t have a phone. And
as a PRN person, I impressed upon her when she was
hired that we needed to be able to get in touch with her
when we needed her so she could come in.

Blankenship did not define or detail what she meant by “lots of
problems” in contacting Noble. Specifically, she did not deny
that she had been given, and that she had successfully used,
Noble’s pager’s number or reached Noble through her mother-
in-law.
The “mistakes” that Blankenship attributed to Noble had to
do with Noble’s answering of a Medicare computer inquiry.
The inquiry had to do with laboratory tests that physicians or-
dered to be repeated within a 24-hour period. As of July 1,
2000, Medicare will not pay for a duplicated test; it will, how-
ever, pay for a repeated test if a physician has ordered the test
to be repeated. If a phlebotomist entered in the computer that he
or she has drawn blood for a test, and if the same test had been
done within the previous 24 hours, the computer would, in
effect, challenge it as a duplicate. The phlebotomist was to
enter a “modifier” or code that indicated that it was a repeat test
that had been ordered by the doctor, not a duplicate. Blanken-
ship testified that she did an “in-service” teaching session with
the laboratory personnel before July 1 so that they would know
how to attach the required modifier when making computer
entries.
Blankenship further testified that on July 3 she checked the
records of over 800 tests that had been done on July 1 and 2.
She found six errors; all were by Noble, and all involved failure
to indicate that the tests were repeats, not duplicates, even
though they actually had been repeats. Blankenship testified:

Had these gone through billing in that way, then none
of those procedures would have been paid. And also, the
bigger concern is that you’re not complying with Medi-
care’s regulations. And if you don’t comply, and you don’t
show that you are making effort to comply, then you are—
you can be found guilty of fraud. And CHS [Community
Health Systems, the Respondent’s corporate parent] takes
it very seriously . . . [b]ecause it can lead to millions of
dollars in fines and also lead to you not being able to par-
ticipate in Medicare.

After this, Blankenship was asked, and she testified:

Q. Did you have any occasion to speak with anyone in
management at Kentucky River Medical Center about
your discovery of these [computer] errors?
A. Yes . . . [o]ur compliance officer, Randy Cooper.
Q. Okay. And what can you recall that—that occasion,
anything that you might have said out loud to each other
on that occasion?
A. I said it was obvious that she was not paying atten-
tion. Because the errors were random. Most of the things
she entered [on the computer] that day were right. But she
had five on one day, and one on the next that were incor-
rect. And no one else was having a problem with this.
And he said that well, obviously, you know, her mind
wasn’t on what she was doing. Because it’s not a skill-
based issue.

(Blankenship did not testify that she made any recommenda-
tions to Cooper about Noble’s tenure with the Respondent, and
Cooper denied any involvement with Noble’s discharge.)
Blankenship further testified that, although Medicare did not
require the duplicate-or-repeat entries until July 1, the Respon-
dent had been requiring the computer entries “for some time.”
Blankenship further testified that on August 28 she told No-
ble that she was still in her 90-day probationary period because
of her absence on strike; further according to Blankenship:

And I told her that I was making a recommendation
that she not be continued in employment. And the reasons
for that were that I didn’t feel that she was performing up
to our requirements, that she had made errors in orders.
She was not picking the skills up to the level that I liked.
And the situation with the modifiers—I went over that
with her and told her, you know, that those numbers were
really strange. Because I had never seen that. I haven’t
seen it since, that number of errors. And I told her at that
point I didn’t feel that it was in our best interest to keep
her on as an employee. That we were letting her go.

Blankenship testified that the records that supported her analy-
sis of Noble’s computer errors had been routinely shredded.
For the last question of Blankenship’s direct examination,
counsel for the Respondent asked, and Blankenship testified:

Q. Now was Ms. Noble at work on this particular oc-
casion—at this particular time when you discovered these
errors?
A. No.

The records in evidence support this testimony; Noble was not
scheduled to work on July 3, the “particular time” that
Blankenship discovered Noble’s computer errors. Noble was
scheduled to work on July 4, but Blankenship was not. On July
5 and 6, however, both Noble and Blankenship were scheduled
to be at work.
Because she had testified that, as of July 1, Medicare re-
quired that a “modifier” be attached to computer files to indi-
cate that a test was a repeat and not a duplicate, I was con-
strained to ask Blankenship, and she testified:

JUDGE EVANS: All right. And how do you attach
that modifier? Do you answer “yes” or “no”—
THE WITNESS: You answer “yes” or “no” to a lit-
tle—there’s a column on the order in the computer screen
that you’re—that you’re ordering it. And it says, “repeat
test” and at that point, you type a “yes” or a “no.”
JUDGE EVANS: And on what occasion do you type
“yes,” and on what occasion do you type “no?”
The Witness: The computer flags you—you enter the
test and if it is a duplicate test, if this test has been entered
previously that day, within a 24-hour time frame, a red
screen will come across and say, “This is a duplicate or-
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 587
der.” At which point, you change your—if you’ve entered
an “N,” you change it to a “Y,” or you enter the “Y,” say-
ing that—I mean, it’s very straightforward and very obvi-
ous.
JUDGE EVANS: Next question.

On cross-examination, Blankenship acknowledged that she
had problems contacting other PRN employees, as well as No-
ble, and Blankenship acknowledged that PRN employees are
not required to be available, or even “reachable,” every time
that she attempts to call them. Nor are PRN employees required
to come to work when they are reached, and Blankenship did
not testify that Noble ever refused to come in when she was
reached.85
Also on cross-examination Blankenship acknowledged that,
in January 1999, phlebotomist Patricia Bailey collected a blood
sample from the wrong patient. Blankenship further acknowl-
edged that Bailey’s error “could have been fatal,” but her pun-
ishment of Bailey was only a 5-day suspension. Blankenship
also acknowledged having given Bailey a verbal warning on
one other occasion. On redirect examination, Blankenship was
asked to distinguish between Noble’s errors and Bailey’s “inci-
dents” (plural). Blankenship replied that Bailey “was not on her
probationary period when she got her verbal warning.”
Blankenship gave no reply regarding Bailey’s sample-collect-
ing error.
It was also brought out in Blankenship’s cross-examination
that she issued to James Smith, another probationary employee,
oral and written warnings for tardiness and absenteeism, but
she did not discharge Smith. On redirect examination,
Blankenship stated that Smith had had car troubles and that “he
was a very good phlebotomist.”
Although Blankenship had testified on direct examination
that Noble’s mistakes of July 1–2 were the only ones of 700 or
800, she acknowledged on cross-examination that her pretrial
affidavit states: “Noble’s were the only mistakes out of between
75 and 200 transactions. That is 75 to 200 transactions entered
into the computer from throughout the Hospital.”
Blankenship further acknowledged that the Respondent’s
written policies require that PRN employees work only two
shifts per month, that Noble worked many more shifts each
month than that, and that Noble was regularly scheduled.
Blankenship acknowledged on cross-examination that she
could not remember if Noble had been present when she gave
the inservice instruction on how to attach the modifier to the
computer entries that Medicare began requiring on July 1.
When Noble was on cross-examination, she admitted to having
received training only from another employee, Sharon Sparks.
Noble testified that Sparks instructed her that, when the com-
puter asked if a test were a duplicate, to always answer, “No.”
When asked if she did always answer, “No,” Noble replied
evasively: “What if it wouldn’t take ‘No’?”86

85 In Dunn’s case, it was noted that three of the four laboratory em-
ployees who were called to replace Chuck Arnold on April 28, 2001,
simply said, “No.”
86 Neither side called Sparks to testify.
Conclusions on Noble’s Discharge
Noble’s evasive answer make it clear that, at least on some
occasions, she failed to indicate on her computer entries that
certain medical tests were repeats (for which Medicare pays)
and not duplicates (for which Medicare does not pay). This
finding, however, does not conclude the inquiry. In view of the
animus that was displayed by the Respondent’s multiple threats
to discharge strikers such as Noble, the issue under Wright Line
remains: Would the Respondent have discharged Noble for her
erroneous computer entries, or for any other reason, even ab-
sent her protected activity of engaging in the July 8 strike?
Bevins testified that he decided to discharge Noble because
she had been “rendering substandard care.” The Respondent did
not ask Bevins what he meant by “substandard care,” but
Bevins presumably meant substandard care of patients; no other
interpretation makes any sense. The Respondent, however,
introduced no evidence that Noble rendered substandard care to
any patient, and, under Wright Line, the Respondent’s defense
fails on that account, alone. Therefore, without more, I would
find and conclude that the Respondent violated Section 8(a)(3)
by discharging Noble. But there is more.
On brief, the Respondent states: “The Hospital decided not
to retain Noble, a probationary PRN phlebotomist, beyond her
probationary period after she made multiple Medicare computer
errors that no one else made and after being warned that further
mistakes could not occur.”87 This statement, to the extent that it
implies that Noble had received a warning of discharge or other
discipline, is false. The only support that the Respondent cites
for its assertion that Noble once received a warning is Noble’s
testimony on direct examination that, in early June, Blanken-
ship had “talked to [her] about something [she] had done at
work that wasn’t right.” Noble did testify that Blankenship told
her that “I had to be very careful when ordering the tests and to
be careful and to make sure I didn’t let it happen again,” but
Noble did not testify that she received any sort of disciplinary
warning at the time. Moreover, the circumstances of the inci-
dent as Noble described them (being in the middle of the labo-
ratory with other people around) do not permit an implication
that a disciplinary warning was given. Additionally,
Blankenship did not mention this “warning” in her testimony; if
Blankenship had considered the June incident to have included
a disciplinary warning, she assuredly would have so testified.
Also, Noble described her June mistake as “skipp[ing] a test on
ordering it in the computer.” Blankenship testified that she
discovered Noble’s July 1–2 computer errors on July 3. What
Noble’s June mistake entailed was not developed in the record,
but if Blankenship had considered it to have been of the same
type that she found on July 3, she would have mentioned that in
her testimony, as well.
Moreover, assuming (illogically) that Bevins was referring to
Noble’s computer problems when he cited Noble’s “rendering
substandard care” as the basis for his decision to discharge her,
there is no evidence that those problems ever came to the atten-
tion of Bevins. At trial, Blankenship testified that she told No-
ble that she “was making a recommendation that she not be
continued in employment” because of her failure to properly
87 Br. 96.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 588
make computer entries. Blankenship, however, did not testify
that she, in fact, made such a recommendation to Bevins (or to
anyone else) before Noble’s discharge.88 Finally on this point,
Bevins testified that he got his information about Noble from
Blankenship, but he did not testify what that information was or
how it led him to the conclusion that Noble had rendered “sub-
standard care.”
Assuming, however, that Blankenship meant to testify that
she did recommend to Bevins that Noble be discharged because
of her computer failings, and (illogically) further assuming on
the basis of that assumption that Bevins acted on such a rec-
ommendation, I find that the computer errors defense for the
discharge of Noble was a pretext.
The first suspicion about the computer errors defense is that
it, like so many of the Respondent’s other defenses in this case,
was advanced at trial along with a sham defense. At trial, the
Respondent asserted the defense that Blankenship had experi-
enced difficulty in reaching Noble when she needed a PRN
phlebotomist. That defense, and Blankenship’s testimony in
support of it, was shown to be a complete sham because: (1)
The records clearly indicate that Noble was regularly sched-
uled, in advance, to work and that, in addition, she often
worked additional shifts; (2) until she was ready to tell Noble
that she was discharged, Blankenship never mentioned to Noble
that she had had trouble finding her; (3) Blankenship admitted
that PRN employees such as Noble are not required to always
be “reachable”; and (4) even if they are reached, PRN employ-
ees are not required to accept call-ins. This assertion of a sham
defense at trial,89 only to drop it when it is proved to be a sham,
at least renders suspect the Respondent’s remaining defense for
the discharge of Noble.
The Respondent’s remaining defense for the discharge of
Noble is that which it argues on brief, to wit: On August 28,
Blankenship discharged Noble because, on July 3, Blankenship
noticed that, on July 1 and 2, Noble had failed to note on the
Respondent’s computer that 6 medical tests were repeats
(again, for which Medicare pays) and not duplicates (and again,
for which Medicare does not pay).
As I stated in the case of Jewell (who, again, was discharged
for alleged errors that Supervisor Fair discovered while Jewell
was on strike), I am skeptical of discharges of strikers for al-
leged prestrike deficiencies about which the strikers were not
confronted before their strikes began. Again, this is because the
blind-siding of returning strikers with previously unnoticed
deficiencies assuredly undermines their Section 7 right to en-
gage in a strike. Noble’s case presents an even stronger suspi-
cion than Jewell’s. In Jewell’s case, Fair testified that she did
not confront Jewell with her errors because she did not discover
the errors until Jewell was already out on strike. Blankenship,

88 The only superior that Blankenship testified she spoke to about
Noble’s computer problems was Cooper; but Cooper testified that he
had nothing to do with the discharge of Noble.
89 I would also note that, when the General Counsel anticipated the
“reachability” defense for Noble’s discharge with a great deal of testi-
monial and documentary evidence, the Respondent did not object on
relevance grounds, and the Respondent consumed a great deal of time
by cross-examining Noble on the topic which it now treats as irrelevant.
however, admits that she discovered the alleged computer er-
rors of Noble on July 3, before Noble went on strike.
At the very end of Blankenship’s direct examination, counsel
for the Respondent asked her if Noble was present “at this par-
ticular time when you discovered these errors.” Obviously,
counsel was calling for an answer that was limited to the date
that Blankenship said that she had discovered Noble’s computer
errors, July 3. Blankenship replied to that unduly narrow ques-
tion, truthfully, that Noble was not. The evidence, however,
shows that Blankenship had ample opportunity on both July 5
and 6, when both she and Noble worked, to confront Noble with
any serious computer errors that Blankenship may have found
on July 3. Nevertheless, Blankenship allowed Noble to work
July 5 and 6 without saying anything to her about the errors. As
well as having been able to confront Noble with the errors on
July 5 and 6, Blankenship could also have called (or paged)
Noble on July 3, when she found the allegedly serious computer
errors. Also, on July 4 Blankenship could have come to the
Hospital, or at least called, to speak to Noble. (After all,
Blankenship came into the Hospital at 3 a.m. to discharge
Miller, and she came to the Hospital after 5 p.m. to suspend
Dunn; it is therefore not the situation that Blankenship had to be
“on the clock” to perform her supervisory duties.) Blankenship,
however, did none of these things. All of which is to say that, if
Blankenship had actually considered Noble’s computer errors to
have been as serious as the Respondent now argues (be they
classified as “substandard care” or anything else), Blankenship
would have used her more-than-ample opportunities to prevent
Noble from working two full shifts without at least some word
of admonition, if not to discharge her.90
Obviously, Noble’s computer errors were not serious, and
they certainly did not constitute “substandard care” of any pa-
tient (or of anything else that Bevins may have had in mind
when he gave that answer). At most they were nonintentional,
bookkeeping type errors, and Blankenship’s implication that the
full weight of Medicare would come crashing down on the Re-
spondent because of what Noble had done, or failed to do,91 is
entirely without foundation. On brief, the Respondent cites as
support for Blankenship’s claim, the False Claims Act, 31
U.S.C. § 3729–3733 (1994). As the Union points out on brief,
however, that statute penalizes only knowingly false claims.92
90 Counsel’s carefully crafted, unduly narrow, last question to
Blankenship on direct examination (“at this particular time when you
discovered these errors”) was obviously designed to delude me into
finding that Blankenship had had no opportunity to confront Noble with
her computer errors. There was no other reason to ask the question in
this manner. The tactic was also a tacit admission that the Respondent’s
case against Noble has the fatal flaw of condonation.
91 Sense cannot be made of Blankenship’s above-quoted explanation
of the “very straightforward and very obvious” procedure for entering
into the computer the modifier that indicates that a test is a reim-
bursable repeat and not a duplicate. Given Blankenship’s inability to
explain the procedure, I do not credit her testimony that she believed
that Noble’s errors could only have been the product of inattention. Nor
do I believe Blankenship’s unsupported testimony that only Noble
made computer mistakes on July 1 or 2.
92 See U.S. ex rel. Hochman v. Nackman, 145 F. 3d 1069, 1073 (9th
Cir. 1998), where the court noted:.”Congress specifically amended the
False Claims Act to include this definition of scienter, to make ‘firm
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 589
The contention that the Respondent could be penalized for six
nonintentional, bookkeeping type, errors is therefore doubly
dubious and doubly indicative of pretext.93 Further evidence of
pretext is found in Blankenship’s exaggeration at trial of the
comparative number of Noble’s alleged errors. Blankenship
testified that Noble’s errors were 6 out of 800 computer transac-
tions; in her affidavit, however, she testified that Noble’s errors
were 6 out of “between 75 and 200 transactions.” I credit the
affidavit,94 and I find that this exaggeration of the numerical
significance of Noble’s computer errors is further evidence of a
pretext.95 More evidence of pretext is found in the undenied
testimony of Noble that: “On a number of occasions I had men-
tioned that I was worried about messing up on the computer.
And she [Blankenship] told me that I was doing fine, not to
over-stress out about it. That to take my time, but I was doing
good.” If this testimony had not been truthful, Blankenship as-
suredly would have so testified. Further evidence of pretext is
found in the Respondent’s disparate treatment of Noble. The
Respondent merely suspended employee Patricia Bailey for an
error that “could have been fatal” to a patient; and the Respon-
dent repeatedly warned, without discharging, probationary em-
ployee James Smith for his attendance problems.96 Finally,
Blankenship’s fault with Noble was that Noble failed to indicate
that the six erroneously entered tests were repeats and not dupli-
cates.97 Medicare does not reimburse the Respondent for dupli-
cates; the advancement of the proposition that Medicare would
fault the Respondent for not claiming that the tests were reim-
bursable defies all logic and is further evidence of pretext.
In summary, in response to the General Counsel’s prima facie
case that the General Counsel has presented for Noble’s dis-
charge,98 the Respondent has gone forward with no evidence
that comports with the reason assigned for that discharge by
Bevins, the decisionmaker. Moreover, what evidence the Re-
spondent has gone forward with is entirely pretextual. Accord-
ingly, I find that the Respondent has not met its burden under

. . . its intention that the act not punish honest mistakes or incorrect
claims submitted through mere negligence.’” (Legislative history cita-
tions omitted.) And the court held: “Because the qui tam plaintiffs
failed to present evidence upon which a reasonable factfinder could
conclude that the defendants knowingly presented false claims, we
affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the defen-
dants.” I simply do not believe that the Respondent’s counsel was igno-
rant of the scienter requirement of the statute that he cites, and I am
constrained to say that I find his tactic most disappointing.
93 See Yukon Mfg. Co., 310 NLRB 324, 340 (1993), where the Board
found that: “The aggrandizement of the offense is, itself, indicative of
pretext.”
94 See Alvin J. Bart & Co., 236 NLRB 242 (1978).
95 See Yukon Mfg., supra.
96 Discharging prounion probationary employees without warnings,
while giving warnings to other probationary employees, has been held
to be evidence of unlawful discrimination. See Electro-Wire Truck &
Industrial Products Group, 305 NLRB 1015 (1991).
97 The Respondent does not contend that Noble’s computer errors
caused, or even could have caused, the Respondent to lose a significant
amount of profit.
98 Again, it is to be remembered that Blankenship was one of the su-
pervisors who threatened that strikers, such as Noble, would be dis-
charged.
Wright Line, and I conclude that the Respondent discharged
Noble in violation of Section 8(a)(3).
11. Discharge of Maxine Ritchie
Maxine Ritchie, a registered nurse, was hired by the Respon-
dent on May 15 and discharged on August 28, 1 week after she
had been reinstated from the July 8 strike. The General Counsel
contends that the Respondent discharged Ritchie because of her
participation in the strike. The Respondent contends that it
discharged Ritchie solely because she proved to be an unsatis-
factory employee during her 90-day probationary period. Ulti-
mately, I find and conclude that the Respondent presented only
pretexts to defend Ritchie’s discharge and that it discharged
Ritchie in violation of Section 8(a)(3).
As found above, the Respondent repeatedly threatened to
discharge employees such as Ritchie who participated in the
July 8 strike; therefore, a prima facie case for Ritchie’s dis-
charge has been proved, and, under Wright Line, the Respon-
dent’s defense for that discharge must be addressed.
The point in time that Ritchie became a registered nurse is
not disclosed by the record; nor is the precise amount of nurs-
ing experience that Ritchie had before being employed by the
Respondent disclosed. At trial, however, it quickly became
apparent that Ritchie was relatively new to the nursing field.
The operation of the Respondent’s intensive care unit (ICU)
is combined with the operation of its emergency room (ER). At
the time of the events in question, the “coordinator” (supervi-
sor) of the ICU/ER operation was Pat Hoover.99 Ritchie testi-
fied that when she was interviewed for employment by Oben-
chain, Obenchain told her that another registered nurse was
needed in the ICU/ER operation. Ritchie told Obenchain that
she had little experience in ICU work and no experience in ER
work. Obenchain, nevertheless, hired Ritchie to be a full-time
ICU/ER nurse; Obenchain told Ritchie that she would be cross-
trained to work in the ER.
The Respondent’s personnel policies manual, section A.5,
states:

During the first 90 days of employment, all non-
exempt employees are considered to be on an “introduc-
tory status.”
. . . .
Each supervisor is responsible for completion of a
written evaluation at the end of a new non-exempt em-
ployee’s introductory period, along with a recom-
mendation of continued employment or termination.

(The witnesses referred to this “introductory” 90 days as the
probationary period.)
Ritchie participated in the strike and returned to work on
August 21. On that day, Hoover presented Ritchie with a 10-
page “Introductory Evaluation Form.” Hoover had signed and
dated the form “8/10/2000.” On August 10, of course, Ritchie
was still on strike. Hoover’s “Comment” on the form was:
99 Hoover did not testify; Geneva Hutchinson, a witness for the Gen-
eral Counsel, testified that Hoover had not been employed by the Re-
spondent since about a month after the July 8 strike ended on August
15. The Tr. 911, LL. 12–13, is corrected to change “Hooper” to “Hoo-
ver.”
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 590
“Have not worked a lot with Maxine; relied on preceptors.”
(When asked to define “preceptor,” Obenchain testified: “It’s
an experienced nurse who will take on a relatively new nurse or
a new employee and teach them our policies and procedures,
how to use our equipment, and then will document that they
have satisfactorily completed their introductory period for them
to go on to full status.”) On the pages that follow the supervi-
sor’s comments, the introductory evaluation form lists and de-
fines three levels of accomplishment to be used by the supervi-
sor to indicate the probationary employee’s different levels of
achievement in different job functions. The form designates
these levels as “Exceeds Standards,” “Meets Standards,” and
“Does Not Meet Standards.” (For purposes of brevity, I shall
refer to these levels as “superior,” “satisfactory,” and “unsatis-
factory.”) On the form that Hoover prepared for Ritchie, Hoo-
ver checked “satisfactory” for every listed job function. Ritchie
testified that on August 21 Hoover told her that she never
grades probationary employees as “superior.” The topics of the
form which Hoover marked as “satisfactory” include:

According to the policy and procedure of the ICU and
KRMC, properly provides individualized nursing care to
critically ill clients.
Observes, recognizes and interprets clinical signs and
symptoms and reports and/or treats appropriately.
Has working knowledge of all ICU equipment/mon-
itoring systems and their usage.
Performs duties with little or no supervision as de-
scribed in the ICU policy and procedure.
Coordinate[s] work to assure that care is administered
in a manner that is both time and cost efficient.
Follows and maintains universal precautions.

Following these entries is an area that contains blanks for su-
pervisory comments about “Overall Performance,” “Goals for
Next Year,” and “Areas for Growth.” Hoover made the follow-
ing entries:

Overall performance: Maxine is learning and growing
in ICU—has been to ER a few times.
Goals for next year: To obtain TNCC [which abbrevia-
tion went unexplained].
Areas for growth: Will need full orientation to ER.
Can function as a second person in ICU.

For “Supervisor’s recommendation,” Hoover checked “Rec-
ommend Continued Employment” rather than the only alterna-
tive, “Recommend Termination.” Hoover’s signature to the
form is dated August 10. Beneath Hoover’s signature, in a
space designated for “Administration,” is Obenchain’s signa-
ture which is also dated August 10.
Before the July 8 strike, except for 3 days when she worked
in the ER, Ritchie worked only in the ICU. During that period,
preceptors were regularly assigned to oversee Ritchie’s work.
From August 21 through 24, Ritchie worked again in the ICU
and preceptors were again assigned to oversee her work.
Ritchie named the preceptors who worked with her as Cathy
Tincer, Louise Gross, and Gayle Moore. On August 25, Ritchie
was assigned to work on the second shift in the ER; no precep-
tor was assigned to oversee her work. House Supervisor Phyllis
Gibbs was in charge of all nursing personnel on that shift after
Obenchain had left for the day. During Ritchie’s August 25
assignment to the ER, Ritchie worked with registered nurse Sue
Chapman (although Chapman was not her preceptor).
Injections of Demerol, a narcotic, are mixed for dispensation
according to whether they are to be injected directly into a
muscle (intermuscularly or IM) or into an “access” for intrave-
nous (IV) feedings. An IV access can be preexisting or created
after the order for an IV injection is given by a physician.
Ritchie testified that, unless a physician specifically orders that
a Demerol injection be through an IV access, it is to be given
intermuscularly. If, however, the physician does not specify IM
or IV, and the patient already has intravenous access, the injec-
tion can be given intravenously through that access. None of
this testimony was disputed.
Ritchie testified that at one point during the August 25 shift
she and Chapman were busy caring for a male patient in bed-3
of the ER. The beds are curtained off from each other and
Ritchie did not notice that, as she and Chapman were busy with
the male patient in bed-3, another male patient was brought to
bed-2. Ritchie testified that, as she and Chapman were working
at bed-3, one Dr. Abordo, an ER physician, came to her and
said: “Give him 25 [cubic centimeters] of Demerol and 12.5
[cubic centimeters] of Phenergan.” Then Abordo left the bed-3
area. As Ritchie did not know that a male patient had been ad-
mitted to bed-2, she assumed that the Demerol order was for
the male patient in bed-3. The patient in bed-3 already had an
intravenous access, so Ritchie left the bed-3 area and mixed the
Demerol for an intravenous injection. When she returned with
the mixture to the bed-3 area, Chapman told her that the Deme-
rol could not be for that patient because it would react with
another medication that she (Chapman) had already been told to
give that patient. Chapman further told Ritchie that the Deme-
rol was probably for the patient that was now in bed-2 and that
Ritchie should check that patient’s chart. Ritchie, still holding
the hypodermic that contained the mixture for intravenous ac-
cess injection, did so. (Ritchie testified that nurses are not sup-
posed to lay down a hypodermic with a narcotic solution in it.)
On viewing the chart of the patient in bed-2, Ritchie saw that
the physician had not indicated which way the Demerol was to
be dispensed, so she proceed to bed-2 area to see if the patient
already had an IV access; Ritchie still had the hypodermic, with
the Demerol IV solution, in her hand. As Ritchie approached
the patient in bed-2, Chapman called to House Supervisor
Gibbs, who by then had entered the ER, to stop Ritchie. Gibbs
approached Ritchie and told her to stop; Ritchie replied to
Gibbs that she had not intended to give the Demerol, as it was
then mixed, to the patient in bed-2 unless he already had access
for intravenous injections (in which case, again, she could have
appropriately used the mixture that she had prepared). The
patient in bed-2 did not have intravenous access at the time, so
Ritchie (according to standard procedures) destroyed the intra-
venous preparation and prepared another mixture for IM injec-
tion and dispensed it to the patient in bed-2. Later in the shift,
Ritchie saw Gibbs writing something which she believed was a
report of her conduct. (As discussed below, the Respondent
introduced an August 25 memorandum from Gibbs to Oben-
chain that did discuss the incident.)
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 591
Further according to Ritchie, on August 28 she was called to
Obenchain’s office where she was met by Obenchain and Hoo-
ver. Ritchie testified that Hoover told her that she did not have
the 90 days of her probationary period “in” and that she was
being discharged as a probationary employee. Ritchie protested
that she did have 90 days in, but Hoover responded, “Not le-
gally.” Ritchie asked if she was being discharged because of the
incident of August 25; Hoover replied, “That’s a good part of
it.” Ritchie denied any wrongdoing; Hoover replied that she
and Obenchain had heard differently. Ritchie replied that she
would prefer to resign, and Obenchain allowed her to do so.
None of this testimony is disputed. Ritchie filed a claim for
unemployment compensation. Ritchie testified that during a
telephonic hearing on that claim, Obenchain admitted that
Ritchie had not “presented” any harm to a patient or to the
Hospital. This testimony is also not denied.
On cross-examination, Ritchie was referred to the events of
August 25; she was asked, and she testified:

Q. Is it fair to say that you—your experience in ER
at—on that occasion at that time was—was it over-
whelming for you?
A. Probably, because I was just training and I’d not
spent much time in there.

Ritchie further acknowledged that she worked only 60 days
before the strike and 4 days afterwards. Ritchie further testified
that her previous employer (singular) did have an ICU, but she
did not work much there because she was needed more to care
for “nursing home” type patients.
Bevins testified that, on Obenchain’s recommendation, he
decided to discharge Ritchie “for failure to meet standards as
required of a person in her position during her probationary
period by rendering substandard care.”
Obenchain agreed with Ritchie that, when she hired Ritchie,
she told Ritchie that she would be cross-trained to work in the
ER, as Obenchain put it, “over a period of time.”
Obenchain testified that, before the July 8 strike began, she
received several oral reports of difficulties that other nurses
were having while working with Ritchie in the ICU and in the
ER. After Ritchie’s return from strike, she began receiving
written reports from supervisors and from nurses who were
acting as Ritchie’s preceptors in the ICU. Obenchain identified
four memoranda, or notes, that concerned two incidents in the
ICU: (1) By memorandum dated August 21 (again, Ritchie’s
first day back from strike) Hoover (who, again, did not testify)
informed Obenchain that ICU nurse Cathy Tincer had reported
to her (Hoover) that Ritchie was involved in an incident that
proved that Ritchie could not operate an intravenous feeding
pump. (An IV pump injects medications at timed intervals into
an IV fluid that a patient is receiving.) Obenchain further iden-
tified an August 21 note from Tincer to Hoover over the same
incident; Tincer’s note is initialed “CT, RN.” (2) Obenchain
further identified a note regarding Ritchie, dated August 23,
from registered nurse Alice Robinson (who did not testify).
Robinson’s note stated that, on August 22, Ritchie did not
know what to do with a patient and that she could not find
something when she was sent for it. Robinson further com-
plained in her note that Ritchie had failed to understand an oral
order from Dr. Adeem Shaikh and had left it to another nurse to
complete the order taking.100 Obenchain was also shown the
Respondent’s Exhibit 41, an unsigned note dated August 22
which deals with apparently the same incident of Ritchie’s
asking another nurse to confirm an oral order by telephone.
Obenchain testified that she recognized the handwriting of the
exhibit as that of Tincer, but the handwriting is decidedly dif-
ferent from Tincer’s August 21 note which (again) is initialed
“CT, RN.”101 The handwriting does appear, however, to be the
same as that of Hoover’s August 21 note, and the note begins
“Was reported to me” which sounds more like something that a
supervisor, such as Hoover, would write.102 I find that the last
note was made by Hoover (not Tincer) and that it referred to
the same incident as mentioned in Robinson’s note. Obenchain
testified that, after the July 8 strike, ICU Nurse Patricia
Draughn, as well as Tincer and Robinson, also gave her oral
reports of Ritchie’s inability to set IV pumps.
Finally, Obenchain identified an undated memorandum from
Gibbs which deals with the August 25 incident that was de-
scribed by Ritchie. The memorandum starts: “Here’s an exam-
ple of why the girls do not feel Maxine is up to par.” Thereafter
Gibbs relates that on August 25:

[A] patient was to have an IM injection, but she [Ritchie]
mixed the injection to give IV in a 10cc syringe (and it was
full with Demerol, Phenergan and NS [normal saline]). Sue
[Chapman] was watching her [and] when [Ritchie] went be-
hind the curtain, proceeded to tell the patient what she was go-
ing to do (give him a shot in his hip). Sue asked me to stop
her, which I did. Then Sue indicated what she had done [and]
the med[icine] had to be wasted [and the] patient got a new
syringe. I don’t know if she thought she gave [i.e., thought
that she was supposed to give] the pain med[icine] that way or
if she did it without realizing what she was doing. Anyway,
that’s a simple nursing function which makes me wonder
about complicated ones.
FYI, [Gibbs’ signature]
P.S. I did not write a variance because a mistake
wasn’t actually made on the patient.

(As discussed in more detail in Taulbee’s case, infra, a “vari-
ance” is a formal incident report that nurses submit to supervi-
sion about mistakes that they have found that other nurses have
made.) Gibbs testified for the Respondent about other topics,
but she was not asked anything about Ritchie.
Obenchain testified that she met with Bevins and:

I explained to him that she was not going to make her
introductory period and recommended that her employ-
ment be terminated. . . . I explained to him what the pre-

100 Robinson’s note states in relevant part: “Maxine stated she did
not fully understand the MD and asked him to repeat the order twice
and still did not understand what he had said. MD was phoned at home
to confirm what part she did understand and to complete the order.”
101 Compare the initial “Ws,” the final “Ds,” “Es,” and “Ss,” and the
word “to,” in each document.
102 The note states: “Was reported to me that Maxine was given a
verbal order from Dr. Shaikh and did not write the full order because
she didn’t understand what he said. She did not question him. Left it for
another nurse.”
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 592
ceptors were seeing—not being able to use IV pumps, not
taking orders as easily as she should have been, that type
of thing. It was explained to him at the time that I re-
quested that she not be kept on as an employee.

Later, after going through the above-quoted exhibits, Oben-
chain testified: “I told [Bevins] of the incidents we had. And
what the nurse-preceptors had documented. And that I recom-
mended that we not keep Ms. Ritchie in her employment.”
On direct examination, Obenchain was not asked about the
favorable reviews that Ritchie had received from Hoover. On
cross-examination, however, Obenchain testified that “Ms.
Hoover was a brand new supervisor to this facility who came
on board towards the end of June. She was under the impres-
sion that [the Introductory Evaluation Form] had to be com-
pleted at the end of 90 [calendar] days . . . [w]hich it did not
because she had not been there for six weeks.” When her atten-
tion was drawn to the fact that the Respondent’s personnel
manual states that the probationary period is “90 days,” and not
“90 working days,” Obenchain replied, “it depends on the indi-
vidual.” At another point, Obenchain testified that she and
Hoover decided to extend Ritchie’s probationary period, but
she did not recall when that decision was made. Obenchain
acknowledged that she did not tell Ritchie that her probationary
period had been extended; Obenchain testified that she thought
that Hoover had done so. Obenchain further admitted that, as
well as having signed the introductory evaluation form that
recommended that Ritchie be retained as a permanent em-
ployee, she read it and she discussed it with Hoover before
signing it. (On redirect examination, Obenchain was not asked
why she did sign it.)
Obenchain further acknowledged that one of the Respon-
dent’s policy manuals provides that:

It is the policy of the nursing service to discourage un-
necessary verbal and telephone orders to avoid problems
of understanding or misinterpretation. When they are nec-
essary, the following procedures will be followed. . . .
Any nurse that feels unsure of taking a verbal or tele-
phone order or questions it, may ask another nurse to take
the order or to call the physician back to verify the order.

Further on cross-examination, Obenchain agreed that even an
experienced registered nurse would require some training in a
new employer’s ER, but she testified that such training should
take no more than 6 weeks.
Obenchain testified that Ritchie should have been assigned a
preceptor when she worked in the ER, and that it would have
been the responsibility of the supervisor (Hoover) to make that
assignment. Obenchain testified, however, that she did not
know if that assignment was made, and she did not dispute
Ritchie’s testimony that she was assigned no preceptor when
she worked in the ER on August 25.103 Finally on cross-
examination, Obenchain testified that she did not recall if she
spoke to nurses Louise Gross or Gayle Moore whom Ritchie
named (as well as Tincer) as her preceptors in ICU.

103 Obenchain testified that on August 25: “She would have been as-
signed a preceptor. Do I know who it is? No.”
The Respondent called Tincer (a nonstriker) as its witness,
but its counsel did not ask Tincer about the circumstances of
her August 21 note to Hoover which is mentioned above. (Nor
did counsel ask Tincer about the unsigned note which Oben-
chain attributed to Tincer but which I have found to have been
created by Hoover.) Tincer did testify that, before the July 8
strike, she served as a preceptor for Ritchie on the day shift for
2 or 3 days. After doing so, she once reported to Hoover that
Ritchie “could not function well with an IV pump.” Tincer
further testified that IV pumps are common instrumentalities
throughout the Hospital. On cross-examination, Tincer esti-
mated that a nurse “fresh out of school” would need 6 months
of floor nursing and 60 to 90 days thereafter to learn to be a
competent ICU nurse. Tincer did not testify that she made any
oral reports about Ritchie to Hoover or any other supervisor
after the strike.
The Respondent also called Patricia Draughn, a registered
nurse (and another nonstriker) who testified that she served as
Ritchie’s preceptor, but Draughn did not testify when she did so
or for how long. Draughn testified that Ritchie had problems
with the IV pumps, but did not testify what that trouble was.
Draughn also testified that Ritchie asked several questions that
were fundamental to nursing. Draughn testified that she re-
ported these observations to someone in management whom
she did not name, and she did not testify when she did so.
Conclusions on Ritchie’s Discharge
The General Counsel’s duty under Wright Line to demon-
strate animus had been met by proof of the Respondent’s many
threats to discharge employees who engaged in a strike. The
issue therefore is whether, even absent Ritchie’s strike partici-
pation, the Respondent would have discharged her. The Re-
spondent contends that it discharged Ritchie because she was
an incompetent probationary employee. The General Counsel
contends that the reasons that the Respondent advances for the
discharge are pretexts.
Perhaps Ritchie should have still been a probationary em-
ployee on August 28, but she was not. This is because Oben-
chain, on August 10, approved her “continued employment” (or
“full status” as Obenchain called it) on the introductory evalua-
tion form. Therefore, the Respondent’s progressive disciplinary
system applied to Ritchie. The Respondent, however, did not
give Ritchie the benefit of its progressive disciplinary system
by warning (and suspending) Ritchie before discharging her. As
I stated in Jewell’s case: In a context of animus, a finding that
an employer has failed to follow its own established discipli-
nary procedures will support an inference of discriminatory
motivation. See, for example, Ingles Markets, Inc., 322 NLRB
122, 125 (1996); Florida Tile Co., 300 NLRB 739, 741 (1990),
enfd. 946 F.2d 1547 (11th Cir. 1991). Again, such a context of
animus was demonstrated by the Respondent’s repeated threats
to discharge employees who engaged in the July 8 strike.
Moreover, even if Ritchie is to be treated as a probationary
employee, in Noble’s case it was shown that the Respondent
does give warning notices to probationary employees. (Again,
Blankenship gave warning notices to probationary employee
James Smith.) Therefore, even if Ritchie was a probationary
employee, she should have been given warnings under the pro-
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 593
gressive disciplinary system, and the Respondent’s dis-charging
her without affording her the benefits of that system raises a
strong inference of unlawful discrimination.
Indulging, however, in the assumption that Ritchie should
have been treated as a probationary employee on August 28,
and further disregarding the evidence of disparate treatment
that the warnings to Smith represent, I would still find that the
Respondent discharged Ritchie unlawfully.
The clearest evidence that the Respondent’s reasons for dis-
charging Ritchie are pretexts lies in its claim that it discharged
Ritchie, in part, because she once asked another nurse to call
and confirm an oral order that had been left by an employer
physician, Dr. Shaikh. The Respondent’s quoted policy manual
discourages oral orders such as that left by Dr.Shaikh, and the
manual further adds that when oral orders are nevertheless nec-
essary: “Any nurse that feels unsure of taking a verbal or tele-
phone order or questions it, may ask another nurse to take the
order or to call the physician back to verify the order.” Al-
though Obenchain confirmed the currency of this procedure on
cross-examination, she was not asked on redirect examination
why it would not permit, if not require,104 the exact conduct for
which the Respondent faults Ritchie. As well as demonstrating
the purely pretextual nature of the Respondent’s effort to justify
the discharge of Ritchie, this bogus defense raises a significant
suspicion about the Respondent’s two other criticisms of
Ritchie—that she could not operate IV pumps and that she did
some unspecified something wrong on August 25.105
Hoover completed an introductory evaluation form for
Ritchie on August 10. On that form Hoover rated Ritchie as
“satisfactory” in every specified category of ICU nursing job
functions including “[h]as working knowledge of all ICU
equipment/monitoring systems and their usage.” Presumably IV
pumps were included among that equipment because the Re-
spondent’s witnesses testified that IV pumps are used through-
out the Hospital (not just in the ICU). Ritchie testified that,
when Hoover presented the form to her on August 21, Hoover
told her that she never gave higher marks than “satisfactory” to
any new employee. I cannot, as the General Counsel requests,
draw an adverse inference against the Respondent for not call-
ing Hoover because she is no longer employed by the Respon-
dent.106 Nevertheless, the Respondent could have introduced
forms on which Hoover had rated new employees higher than
“satisfactory,” if any such forms existed, and I do draw an ad-
verse inference against the Respondent for not presenting any
such documentation. Therefore, Ritchie’s testimony in this
regard stands uncontradicted, and I do credit it.
Presumably, Hoover would not have used “satisfactory” as
the highest possible grade for a new employee without the ap-

104 Obenchain testified that Dr. Shaikh’s country of origin is Paki-
stan, and she agreed that he spoke with some accent, but she testified
that he spoke with “very little accent.”
105 Or, as stated in Cincinnati Truck Center, 315 NLRB 554 (1994):
“Finally, we find that the Respondent’s reasons for warning and termi-
nating [the alleged discriminatee] are so implausible that they not only
fail to establish the Respondent’s affirmative defense under Wright
Line, but actually strengthen the case for finding that the Respondent’s
true motivation was animus against union activity. [Citations omitted.]
106 See Irwin Industries, 325 NLRB 796, 811 fn. 12 (1998).
proval of her supervisor, Obenchain. Moreover, although
Obenchain testified that Hoover had been premature in com-
pleting the introductory evaluation form for Ritchie, she did not
testify that Hoover’s marks and comments on that form could
have meant anything other than, at least, their plain meaning
and that Ritchie was, at least, a “satisfactory” probationary
employee. Nor did Obenchain testify why she, in writing, ap-
proved Hoover’s favorable assessment of Ritchie’s job skills if
she did not agree with that assessment. Nor did Obenchain
testify why she, in writing, approved of Hoover’s recommenda-
tion that Ritchie should be “continued” as a permanent (or “full
status” as Obenchain called it) employee if she did not agree
with that recommendation. Therefore, regardless of the vague
criticisms that the Respondent’s witnesses advanced toward
Ritchie’s performance before the August 10 evaluation (includ-
ing the witnesses’ criticisms about how Ritchie operated the IV
pumps), they were necessarily considered insignificant by man-
agement, including Obenchain, before Ritchie returned from
the July 8 strike. The Respondent’s references to Ritchie’s al-
leged prestrike failings therefore are necessarily pretexts.
Obenchain testified that, after Ritchie returned from strike on
August 21, and at some time before August 25, she received
reports from preceptors Tincer, Robinson, and Draughn that led
her to believe that Ritchie was not competent. Obenchain’s
testimony that Tincer, Robinson, and Draughn gave her oral
reports about Ritchie went completely uncorroborated,107 and I
find that testimony incredible. Moreover, even if such oral re-
ports were given to Obenchain, she could not have honestly
relied upon them without talking to the other preceptors who
worked with Ritchie, Louise Gross, and Gayle Moore.108
The only poststrike report from Tincer to which Obenchain
could have referred was Tincer’s written note of August 21
which complained that Ritchie could not operate an IV pump.
At trial, I stated that the note was hearsay and received for the
report only. When the Respondent called Tincer, however,
counsel did not ask her about the substance of the note. Thus,
the substance of Tincer’s report was shielded from cross-
examination when it should not have been; it is therefore not to
be credited. I further do not believe Obenchain’s testimony that
she relied upon the report. Again, Obenchain had approved of
Hoover’s August 10 introductory evaluation form that stated
that Ritchie was competent in operating the ICU equipment,
presumably including the IV pumps. I do not believe that
Obenchain believed that Ritchie’s ability to operate an IV pump
had degenerated so greatly that she could not be taught to do it
right again. (After all, August 21 was Ritchie’s first day back
from strike.) Nor do I believe that the Respondent discharged
Ritchie for her reported failures to properly operate IV pumps
without some supervisor’s first checking out the reports and, at
least, offering Ritchie some instruction on the correct way to
operate the pumps. (In fact, there is no evidence that any super-
107 Again, Tincer was not asked about such oral reports; Draughn
was completely vague; Robinson was not called to testify, and Oben-
chain made no notes of such reports.
108 Obenchain testified that she could not recall talking to Gross and
Moore about Ritchie. If Obenchain had talked to those employees she
would have remembered it.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 594
visor, or even any preceptor, or other employee, ever told
Ritchie that there was some deficiency in the way she operated
the IV pumps.)
Obenchain further testified that her recommendation to
Bevins that Ritchie be discharged relied on Robinson’s August
23 note that on August 22 Ritchie had to ask where something
was and that she asked another nurse to call a physician to con-
firm an order that he had given. Because Robnison did not tes-
tify, we do not know why Ritchie (again, a relatively new em-
ployee to the ICU) should have known where the object was.
This criticism of Ritchie is simply too unfounded and too pica-
yune to believe that it was the basis of an honest recommenda-
tion for discharge. And, again, Ritchie’s asking another nurse to
confirm a physician’s order is precisely what the Respondent’s
policy manual requires, as Obenchain admitted.
The Respondent’s final attack on Ritchie is that there is some
unspecified something in Gibbs’ memorandum about the Au-
gust 25 incident in the ER that proves Ritchie would have been
discharged, even absent her protected strike activities. Oben-
chain did not testify what it was in that memorandum that, to
her, indicated fault on the part of Ritchie. Gibbs’ memorandum
is hardly self-explanatory, especially since it concludes that “a
mistake wasn’t actually made on the patient.” Additionally, any
fault on the part of Ritchie is rendered doubly problematical in
view of Obenchain’s failure to deny that, during the telephonic
unemployment hearing for Ritchie, she admitted that Ritchie
had not presented any harm to a patient or the Hospital. More-
over, Bevins did not testify that he read Gibbs’ memorandum;
and, even if Obenchain orally reported the memorandum’s
substance to him, Bevins did not testify what part of that report
caused him to decide to discharge Ritchie. Instead, Bevins of-
fered only the vague “rendering substandard care” explanation
for the discharge.
In summary, the Respondent’s position is that the incident of
August 25 was part of the reason for Ritchie’s discharge even
though: (1) Ritchie had told Obenchain when she was hired that
she had had no experience in ER work; (2) Obenchain admitted
that she told Ritchie that she would be cross-trained “over a
period of time” to work in the ER; (3) the introductory evalua-
tion form for Ritchie that Obenchain had approved had stated
that Ritchie needed a “full orientation to ER”; (4) Obenchain
admitted that even an experienced nurse could take as much as
6 weeks to train in ER work; (5) Ritchie was working only her
fourth ER shift on August 25; (6) Ritchie was not assigned a
preceptor on August 25, even though Obenchain admitted that
she should have been; and (7) the Respondent cannot state what
it was in Ritchie’s performance of August 25 that constituted
“rendering substandard care.” All of this is too much to believe,
and I do not.
The most that can be said about the August 25 incident is
that a syringe of medicine was wasted, and not even Obenchain
testified that the economic loss to the Hospital on that account
was part of her reason for recommending Ritchie’s discharge to
Bevins. On brief, page 86, the Respondent contends that
Ritchie admitted on cross-examination that the August 25 inci-
dent proved that she was “overwhelmed in the ER.” The Re-
spondent’s failure to fulfill its promise to train Ritchie in the
ER, and its failure to provide her with the required preceptor,
would explain her feeling overwhelmed, at least on August 25.
Moreover, as the transcript quotation above makes clear, coun-
sel had asked Ritchie only if she was overwhelmed “at that
time.” Counsel did not ask Ritchie if she felt overwhelmed by
the entire ER experience. Finally, although the Respondent
called Gibbs to testify, she was not asked to deny Ritchie’s
account of the August 25 incident; specifically, Gibbs did not
deny that, when she stopped Ritchie, Ritchie told her that she
did not intend to give the IV mixture of Demerol to the patient
in bed-2 unless he already had IV access. Nor did Gibbs testify
why she did not accept that explanation. I draw an adverse
inference against the Respondent for failing to ask Gibbs about
these matters, and I find that Ritchie did give the explanation
and that Gibbs accepted it. Because Obenchain, in the unem-
ployment hearing, admitted that Ritchie had presented no harm
to the patient, Gibbs must have conveyed that acceptance to
Obenchain, and Obenchain must have accepted it also.109
That is, the Respondent’s reference to the August 25 incident
as a basis for the discharge for Ritchie is just as much a pretext
as its other defenses. I therefore find that the Respondent has
not shown by a preponderance of the evidence that it would
have discharged Ritchie even absent her participation in the
July 8 strike. Accordingly, I find and conclude that the Respon-
dent discharged Ritchie in violation of Section 8(a)(3).
12. Discharge of Laotta Sizemore
Laotta Sizemore, a registered nurse, was hired by the Re-
spondent in 1992 and was terminated on August 21.110 Whether
Sizemore resigned or was discharged is an issue in this case.
The General Counsel contends that Sizemore was discharged
because of her participation in the July 8 strike. The Respon-
dent denies that it discharged Sizemore. The Respondent con-
tends that Sizemore resigned her status as a full-time employee
and thereafter asked to be made a PRN employee.111 The Re-
spondent further contends that the General Counsel has failed
to show that the Respondent’s refusal to rehire Sizemore as a
PRN employee was unlawful. Ultimately, I find and conclude
that the Respondent discharged Sizemore and that it did so
because of her participation in the July 8 strike; the General
Counsel therefore had no duty to prove an unlawful refusal-to-
hire in Sizemore’s case.
As found above, the Respondent repeatedly threatened to
discharge employees such as Sizemore who participated in the

109 Gibbs’ statement in her August 25 memorandum that Ritchie told
the patient that she was about to give the Demerol “in his hip” is seem-
ingly inconsistent with Ritchie’s testimony that, when Gibbs stopped
her, she was only checking to see if the patient had IV access. Never-
theless, without Gibbs’ testimony on the point, under oath and subject
to cross-examination, I would not find that Ritchie, in fact, made that
statement to the patient.
110 August 21 was established as the date for Sizemore’s termination
by Human Resources Manager Mitchell who testified that it was on that
date that Obenchain told her to create the appropriate personnel action
form for the termination.
111 As discussed in Hutton’s and Noble’s cases, “PRN” status is a
part-time status in which an employee may be given specific hours in a
week, less than 40, or may be called when needed, or some combina-
tion of such arrangements. As further noted above, employees must
work two shifts per month to retain PRN status.
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 595
July 8 strike; therefore, a prima facie case for Sizemore’s dis-
charge has been proved, and, under Wright Line, the Respon-
dent’s defense for that discharge must be addressed.
Sizemore was once the Respondent’s assistant director of
nursing, immediately subordinate to Obenchain. That position
was abolished, however, and by time of trial Sizemore had
voluntarily become a staff nurse in the emergency room under
Pat Hoover, coordinator of the emergency room and intensive
care unit. Before the strike began, Sizemore regularly wore
union buttons and spoke openly for the Union. Sizemore en-
gaged in the strike and often joined in the picketing. As noted
above, the Respondent repeatedly threatened to discharge em-
ployees such as Sizemore who participated in the July 8 strike;
therefore, a prima facie case for Sizemore’s discharge has been
proved, and, under Wright Line, the Respondent’s defense must
be addressed.
On August 9 (or 6 days before the Union’s offer to return to
work), Sizemore was hired as a full-time nurse-manager at
Appalachian Regional Healthcare (ARH), a hospital in Hazard,
Kentucky, about 30 miles from the Respondent’s facility. On
August 15, the date of the Union’s offer to return to work,
Sizemore wrote Obenchain that: “Effective today I would like
to change my status from full-time employee to PRN.” The
letter then goes on to ask Obenchain to check on how much
vacation time that Sizemore is then owed, but it does not say
that Sizemore is resigning, and it does not mention Sizemore’s
having taken another job.112 Sizemore testified that she could
have worked both for the Respondent on a PRN basis and for
ARH on a full-time basis because her schedule in Hazard was
“very flexible.”
By letter dated August 17, and apparently before Sizemore’s
August 15 letter was received by Obenchain, Bevins informed
Sizemore that, pursuant to the Union’s offer to return to work,
Sizemore was expected to report to work at 5 p.m. on August
22. Sizemore testified that on August 22, about 4 p.m., she met
employee Phyllis Chambers at a store in Jackson. Chambers
then possessed a copy of the Hospital’s nursing schedule for the
coming 2 weeks and gave it to Sizemore. The schedule (a copy
of which was received in evidence without objection) showed
that Sizemore had originally been scheduled to work on August
22, and thereafter, but a line had been drawn through the list-
ings for August 22 and the subsequent days. Then, in spaces
below the original entry, Sizemore’s name was repeated with
“PRN” written beside it; no hours of work in the future were
indicated.
Sizemore testified that after seeing the schedule she at-
tempted to telephone Obenchain and Hoover, but she was told
that they were not available, and her calls were not returned.
Shortly thereafter, Kim Watkins, another registered nurse,
asked Sizemore to take a coming shift for her. Sizemore agreed,
and she and Watkins then filled out a standard form113 request-

112 The Respondent does not contend that Sizemore’s inquiry about
her accrued vacation time would have conveyed an impression of an
intent to resign. Nor did Obenchain testify that the inquiry left her with
such an impression.
113 The forms are discussed above in the discussion of Gabbard’s
case.
ing that Sizemore be allowed to take Watkins’ shift; then
Sizemore and Watkins submitted the request to supervision.
Shortly after that, Sizemore called Acting Supervisor Jerri
Howard to see if she was then scheduled for Watkins’ shift or
any other; Howard replied that Sizemore was not. Since that
point, Sizemore has not been called to work, or worked, at the
Respondent’s facility. Sizemore received no written or oral
notice of termination. Sizemore denied that she told anyone in
supervision that she had quit, and no supervisor testified that
Sizemore ever stated that she had quit (or was quitting or in-
tended to quit).
On cross-examination, Sizemore testified that, if the Re-
spondent had placed her on PRN status when she asked, she
could have worked any shift that the Respondent asked her to
because she could have traded shifts with her supervisor at
ARH, Suzanne Price. (Price, as discussed below, testified for
the Respondent.) Sizemore further testified that it was Price,
herself, who told her that such shift trades at ARH could be
easily made.
Bevins testified that: “Ms. Sizemore was terminated by the
Kentucky River Medical Center for failure to serve the appro-
priate resignation [period] for her position as a registered nurse
which would require three weeks, or 15 days, resignation time
prior to leaving our facility.”
Respondent called Price who testified that Sizemore has con-
tinued to work for ARH as an emergency room nurse-super-
visor since August 9. According to Price, Sizemore was first
scheduled to work from 10 a.m. until 6 p.m., but from August
28 and thereafter Sizemore has been scheduled to work from 5
p.m. to 1:30 a.m. Price did testify that, when she interviewed
Sizemore for employment at ARH, Sizemore told her that she
was also looking for a part-time job as well. Price testified that
she told Sizemore no more than that she would work with
Sizemore in scheduling her around any part-time job that she
may take; Price added, however: “[W]hen they’re working full-
time for me, that’s their main job. That is where their priority
should be.” And Price testified that she told Sizemore precisely
that. Price further testified that changes to accommodate a part-
time schedule for Sizemore sometimes could be made, but: “It
wouldn’t be very easy. . . . We could not do it on a regular
basis at all. . . . Maybe once or twice a month.”114
Obenchain testified that, at some point after the Respondent
received the Union’s August 15 offer to return to work, she
telephoned Sizemore and told her to report on August 22 (as
did Bevins’ letter to Sizemore mentioned above). Obenchain
admitted thereafter receiving Sizemore’s August 15 letter re-
questing to be changed to PRN status. Obenchain did not testify
that she did not grant Sizemore’s request to become a PRN
employee because the Respondent needed no more PRN regis-
tered nurses at the time. Instead, Obenchain testified that she
recommended to Bevins that the Respondent not retain
Sizemore as a PRN employee, or as a full-time employee, be-
114 I therefore find to be disappointing the General Counsel’s un-
qualified statement on Br. p. 40, that “Price also corroborated
Sizemore’s testimony that she could switch shifts with Price in order to
accommodate shifts scheduled by Respondent.”
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 596
cause Sizemore had failed to comply with the Respondent’s
personnel manual, section F.2, “Resignations,” which states:

Employees should provide advance written notice of
resignations which include the reason for terminating and
the last day of work. Appropriate advance notice is: . . .
[listings of length of required notices of resignations for
various positions, including 15 working days for registered
nurses] . . . . Employees wishing to resign in good standing
and be eligible for rehire . . . must give appropriate written
notice. Employees who do not give appropriate notice will
not be eligible for rehire. [Emphasis in original.]

When asked on direct examination what her understanding of
this section was, Obenchain answered:

It’s my understanding since I have been there, that if
any employee who wishes to either resign or go to a PRN
status, [he or she] must work out a resignation per this pol-
icy to be able to be eligible to remain as a PRN employee
for the Hospital.
. . . .
What this requires is, RN’s work 15 working days. So
she would have been required to give us 15 working days
before changing her status.

The Respondent introduced no evidence that this interpretation
of its personnel manual had previously been applied to any
employee.
On cross-examination, Obenchain agreed that section F.2 of
the Respondent’s personnel manual does not state that employ-
ees wishing to convert to PRN status must first resign, but she
added: “That’s how we interpret that policy.” Obenchain fur-
ther acknowledged that the Respondent’s personnel manual,
section D.4, specifies what is to happen when an employee is
converted from full-time status to PRN status; Obenchain fur-
ther acknowledged that section D.4 does not require employees
to resign to make that change in status. Obenchain was then
asked and she testified:

Q. So there’s nothing in the policy that says that you
have to resign in order to go from regular full time to
PRN?
A. You have to work out your period of time like Pol-
icy F.2 says.
Q. I’m asking if there’s a policy that says that?
A. No. I guess not in those exact words. That’s how
we interpret this policy.
. . . .
Q. And is there any place within that whole document
of General Counsel’s 57 [the Respondent’s personnel
manual] where a resignation is required before an em-
ployee can move from full time to PRN status?
A. There is not. It is our practice to enforce that, as I
stated before . . . [b]ased on these two policies [F.2 and
D.4] combined.
Q. But that’s not stated in the policies themselves, is
that right?
A. Right.

Obenchain further acknowledged that section D.4 states that,
for employees who change from full-time to PRN status: “Em-
ployee’s anniversary date remains the date that he/she was em-
ployed as a regular full-time or part-time employee.” Oben-
chain further agreed that, if an employee who wanted to change
to PRN status did resign, that employee’s original hire date
would be lost. Obenchain further admitted that, when she re-
ceived Sizemore’s request to change status, she did not attempt
to notify Sizemore that she interpreted the Respondent’s per-
sonnel policy manual as requiring: (1) 15 days’ notice before
submitting a request for transfer to PRN status and (2) termina-
tion of the requesting employee if that notice is not submitted.
Obenchain testified Sizemore already knew about these inter-
pretations because: “She was the assistant director of nursing
for many months; she enforced these policies.”
Conclusions on Sizemore’s Termination
The first factual issue is whether the Respondent discharged
Sizemore or it simply accepted her resignation. In arguing that
Sizemore resigned, the Respondent refers to Sizemore’s August
15 letter to Obenchain as “Sizemore’s letter resigning full-time
employment.” Sizemore’s letter does not say that she is resign-
ing full-time employment. The letter does not say that Sizemore
is doing anything. Certainly, the letter did not declare that
Sizemore was thenceforth to be treated only as a PRN em-
ployee, nor did the letter otherwise indicate that Sizemore
would no longer appear at work on assigned regular schedules
(such as the subsequently created schedule that called for her to
be at work on August 22). The letter says simply: “Effective
today I would like to change my status from full-time employee
to PRN.” A statement of an employee that she “would like” a
change in status is nothing more than a request; only tortured
reasoning could make it into something more. Certainly, it was
not a resignation. I therefore find that the Respondent dis-
charged Sizemore.
The clearest proof that Obenchain knew that Sizemore’s re-
quest to be made a PRN employee was nothing more than a
request lies in the fact that Obenchain initially granted the re-
quest and had Sizemore put on the schedule as a PRN em-
ployee. The schedule for the week of August 21 (which was
placed in evidence without objection from, or disputation by,
the Respondent) first listed Sizemore as working full-time,
beginning August 22. That entry, however, was stricken and
Sizemore was relisted as a PRN employee. Schedule making
was the duty of the department manager, Hoover (who, again,
did not testify). Sizemore’s August 15 letter requesting a
change of status to PRN was addressed to Obenchain, not Hoo-
ver. Hoover would not have know about the request, or made
the “PRN” entry on the schedule next to Sizemore’s name,
unless Obenchain had told Hoover of Sizemore’s request and
unless Obenchain told Hoover that the request was granted.
Quite obviously, it was after the schedule for the week of Au-
gust 21 was created that Obenchain changed her mind and de-
cided to discharge Sizemore. And it was necessarily after the
Respondent discharged Sizemore that Obenchain created the
pretext that the discharge was required by the Respondent’s
written policies.
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 597
Section F.2 of the Respondent’s policy manual is entitled
“Resignations,” and it refers to nothing else. Specifically, sec-
tion F.2 does not refer to transfers of status of employees from
full time to PRN. Nevertheless, Obenchain, referring to section
F.2, testified that: “It’s my understanding since I have been
there, that if any employee who wishes to either resign or go to
a PRN status [he or she] must work out [for 15 working days] a
resignation per this policy to be able to be eligible to remain as
a PRN employee for the Hospital.” This bare statement of
Obenchain’s understanding is supported by nothing. Immedi-
ately it is to be noticed that, although Obenchain injected “or go
to a PRN status” into her reading of section F.2, the section
itself does not mention going to PRN status. Certainly, the
wording of the policy does not indicate anything to support
Obenchain’s interpretation that Sizemore “would have been
required to give us 15 working days before changing her
status.” If Obenchain had previously interpreted section F.2 in
this manner, she assuredly would have so testified; she did not.
Additionally, Obenchain’s novel interpretation squarely con-
flicts with section D.4 of the Respondent’s personnel policy
manual which does spell out the required procedures for an
employee’s converting from full-time to PRN status. Section
D.4 makes no mention of resignation, and it further provides
the benefit that, once an employee does convert to PRN status,
his or her seniority date remains the same. Of course, if, as
Obenchain maintained, section F.2 requires an employee to
resign to become a PRN employee, he or she would lose the
seniority-retention benefit of section D.4.115 Without eviden-
tiary support, I would not find that the Respondent intended this
result at any time before Sizemore made her request.116
I therefore find that the Respondent discharged Sizemore af-
ter first making her a PRN employee. Because neither logic,
nor a reasonable interpretation of the Respondent’s written
policies, nor past practice, supports Obenchain’s professed
reasoning for discharging Sizemore, it must be concluded that
the defense that is asserted for Sizemore’s discharge is a pre-
text. By asserting only this pretext to rebut the prima facie case
that the General Counsel has presented for Sizemore, the Re-
spondent has necessarily failed to show that it would have dis-
charged Sizemore even absent her participation in the July 8
strike. I therefore conclude that the Respondent discharged
Sizemore in violation of Section 8(a)(3).
I realize, of course, that Sizemore accepted a full-time job at
ARH during the strike. Price’s testimony that Sizemore could
not easily trade shifts with her at ARH was credible, and I fur-
ther realize that Sizemore necessarily testified falsely that her
hours at ARH could easily be worked around her hours as a
PRN employee with the Respondent. Nevertheless, other of the
Respondent’s employees hold full-time jobs elsewhere and
work PRN for the Respondent. (Discriminatee Hutton, as dis-

115 The Union extensively cross-examined Obenchain about the con-
flicts inherent in her interpretations of secs. F.2 and D.4. Nevertheless,
on brief, the Respondent does not attempt to reconcile Obenchain’s
interpretations.
116 At minimum, I reject Obenchain’s testimony that, because
Sizemore was once the assistant director of nursing, she should have
known of the tortured interpretation of the Respondent’s personnel
manual that Obenchain advanced at trial.
cussed above, worked full time at the county attorney’s office;
Sizemore, without contradiction, also named Wanda Roberts as
another such PRN employee.) Moreover, there is no evidence
that the Respondent even knew that Sizemore had accepted
full-time employment elsewhere when it discharged her on
August 21.117 Also, Obenchain did not testify that she recom-
mended Sizemore’s termination because she had taken another
job; Obenchain, again, testified that she recommended
Sizemore’s termination to Bevins because of Sizemore’s failure
to give a 15-day notice before making a request to be made a
PRN employee. Finally on this point, to retain PRN status,
employees are required to work only two shifts per month.
Sizemore may not have been able to be absent for ARH as of-
ten as she indicated, but it is doubtful that she would have been
available for PRN calls less than twice per month. (And Oben-
chain did not cite Sizemore’s potential unavailability as a rea-
son for treating her request to become a PRN employee as a
resignation.)
On brief, page 93, the Respondent asserts: “The Hospital
merely declined to hire Sizemore as a PRN after she resigned
without proper notice.” From its conclusion that Sizemore re-
signed her employment, the Respondent argues that Sizemore’s
case is, in effect, a refusal-to-hire case. The Respondent argues
that, under the principles of FES,118 the General Counsel must
show that the Respondent was hiring (or had concrete plans to
hire) registered nurses as PRN employees at the time that the
Respondent refused to rehire Sizemore as a new, PRN, em-
ployee. This theory would have some validity if Sizemore had
actually resigned or had been lawfully discharged.119 Here,
however, Sizemore did not resign and she was, as I have found,
unlawfully discharged. Also, Sizemore did not make applica-
tion for PRN status after she was discharged. Sizemore made
her application to become a PRN employee before she was
discharged.
(As I have found on the basis of the August 21 schedule that
is in evidence, the Respondent initially granted Sizemore’s
request to be made a PRN employee. Even if the schedule did
not prove that Sizemore was made a PRN employee before she
was discharged, the remedy would be the same. This is because
I would find, in that case, that the Respondent unlawfully de-
nied PRN status to Sizemore. The only reason that Obenchain
advanced for not granting PRN status to Sizemore was that
Sizemore had not given 15 days’ notice before making her
request. As demonstrated above, this defense is entirely bogus,
and the inference raised by the General Counsel’s prima facie
case remains intact.)
13. Discharge of Diana Taulbee
Diana Taulbee “Dianne Taulbee” at various points during the
proceeding) is a registered nurse who was hired by the Respon-
117 At one point Obenchain testified that Sizemore’s letter of August
15 stated that, as well as wanting to change to PRN status, Sizemore
“had taken another position.” The letter, however, did not state that
Sizemore had taken another position.
118 331 NLRB 9 (2000).
119 Stamford Taxi, Inc., 332 NLRB 1372 (2000). (Cases of lawfully
discharged employees who are denied rehiring are analyzed under
FES.)
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 598
dent in 1992. Taulbee worked a shift from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. as
a floor nurse in the medical-surgery unit under House Supervi-
sor Phyllis Gibbs. On several occasions before the July 8 strike
Taulbee wore union buttons and she regularly participated in
the strike by picketing. On August 30 and September 15, the
Respondent issued warning notices to Taulbee. The complaint
alleges that those warning notices were issued in violation of
Section 8(a)(3). The complaint further alleges that, by issuing
those two notices, the Respondent “constructively discharged
its employee Diana Taulbee.” Taulbee, however, never told the
Respondent that she was quitting, and the Respondent did issue
to Taulbee a letter of discharge on September 22. The allega-
tions regarding Taulbee were therefore not tried on the com-
plaint’s original theory of constructive discharge. The General
Counsel contends on brief that the Respondent warned Taulbee,
and discharged her (or constructively discharged her) because
she wore prounion insignia before the July 8 strike and because
she participated in that strike. The Respondent contends that it
issued the warning notices to Taulbee because of her derelic-
tions of duty, and it contends that it discharged Taulbee solely
because, immediately after receiving the September 15 warning
notice, she abandoned her shift and her assigned patients. Ulti-
mately, I find and conclude that the warning notices were is-
sued to Taulbee unlawfully but that the Respondent lawfully
discharged her.
As found above, the Respondent repeatedly threatened to
discharge employees such as Taulbee who participated in the
July 8 strike; therefore, a prima facie case for Taulbee’s dis-
charge has been proved, and, under Wright Line, the Respon-
dent’s defense for that discharge must be addressed.
Taulbee described a “variance” as a form report of some-
thing usual that needs correction in the future. Nurses write
variances when they find something amiss in the care of a pa-
tient by other nurses. Taulbee testified that her first day back at
work from strike was August 21. A few days later she found the
intravenous feeding pump rates on two patients to be incorrect.
She reported the matter to Gibbs. Gibbs told Taulbee to write
variances on what she had found. Taulbee did so. The nurse
involved was Caddis Hudson. When Obenchain was on cross-
examination, she examined Hudson’s personnel file and agreed
that Hudson received no discipline over the incident. In fact,
Obenchain testified that variances, themselves, are not to be
used for disciplinary purposes.
Telemetry is a monitoring system that produces constant
readings of a patient’s vital signs. The vital signs of patients
throughout the Hospital who are “on telemetry” are transmitted
for reading to a central station that is located in the intensive
care unit. When telemetry is being conducted for patients
whose beds are in the medical-surgery unit, a floor nurse such
as Taulbee can obtain the readings by calling the telemetry
station in the intensive care unit or by walking to the station
and taking the readings herself.
Taulbee testified that on August 30, at the end of her shift,
she was called into the office of Medical-Surgery Unit Coordi-
nator Robin McGlothen (who, again, did not testify).
McGlothen told Taulbee that “several variances” had been
written on her by other nurses. One of the variances was for
failure to maintain telemetry on a patient on July 6 (or 2 days
before the strike began). A second variance was for not main-
taining the proper IV flow rate on another patient after the
strike. A third variance was for not having an IV going on an-
other patient when it should have been, also after the strike.
After McGlothen told Taulbee what the variances concerned,
she presented Taulbee with a warning notice. On the notice, in
a space for “Corrective Action Recommended,” McGlothen
had written: “Need to check in intensive care unit herself to see
if patient is on telemetry. Also needs to be more careful con-
cerning intravenous fluids and documentation.” Taulbee testi-
fied that McGlothen told her that she had failed to make sure
that telemetry that had been ordered by a physician was still
getting readouts in ICU after the patient was transferred from
ICU to the floor on July 6. Taulbee testified that she told
McGlothen that “I could almost guarantee that patient had te-
lemetry during my shift.” McGlothen told Taulbee that she
should go to the intensive care unit to get the readings and
make sure that the telemetry is working. Taulbee replied to
McGlothen that she had “always” called the intensive care unit
to get telemetry readings, rather than walking there to get them.
Taulbee further testified, in reference to the intravenous-
feedings remark that is on the August 30 warning notice, that
McGlothen also told her that, after the strike, another nurse
came on duty and found that a patient of Taulbee’s did not have
a prescribed intravenous feeding going and that the patient had
told the incoming nurse that he (or she) had not had an intrave-
nous feeding at any time during the night. Taulbee further testi-
fied that McGlothen told her that the incoming nurse found that
the pump rate of another intravenous feeding was set at the
wrong speed. Taulbee testified that pump rates can be easily
altered, even by the patient. Taulbee also testified: “The last
time I had charted on that patient’s IV was at 4:00 that morn-
ing. The patient did have an IV at that time.” Taulbee further
testified that sometimes intravenous feedings “go bad” and are
intentionally discontinued, and that sometimes nurses are too
“busy” to chart the discontinuance; Taulbee added, however,
“I’m not saying it [being too busy] happened.”
Taulbee further testified that on September 13 she found that
a patient was not being given oxygen as a physician had or-
dered. After checking with her supervisor, Taulbee obtained the
oxygen and gave it to the patient; then she wrote a variance on
the employee who should have given the oxygen to the patient,
Registered Nurse Gerri Howard. When Obenchain was on
cross-examination, she examined Howard’s personnel file and
agreed that Howard did not receive any discipline over the
incident.
For each shift change, the floor nurses who are leaving will
meet with the incoming nurses. The shifts’ nurses review a
Cardex system of recordings of medication schedules, and the
departing nurses will give the incoming nurses an oral report of
the patients’ occurrences during of the shift that is concluding.
Taulbee testified that when her shift ended at 7 a.m. on Friday,
September 15, Obenchain met her and stated that on the previ-
ous Saturday, September 9, she failed to give a report on a pa-
tient. According to Taulbee:

KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 599
I simply looked at her and asked her, “What do you
want, Michelle? What is it you want? Do you want me to
quit? Do you want me to resign? What is it you want?”
. . . .
Her words to me was, “Well, Diana” [and nothing
more].
. . .
I looked at her. I did not say anything else at that point.
I finally looked at her and I said, “Is there anything else,
Michelle?”
Her words was, “No, I guess not.”
I said, “Well, I’m going home and I’m going to bed. I
need sleep.”

Taulbee then left the Hospital. Taulbee did not deny that she
had failed to “report off” on one patient out of the group that
had been assigned to her on September 9. Taulbee testified:

Sometimes you’re maybe reporting off to two different
nurses. There’s a possibility that those first seven patients
could have went to some other nurse; the last patient could
have went to one other person by itself. You simply forget.

Taulbee testified that previously when nurses have forgotten to
report off on a patient:

We just call the nurse at home and ask if there’s anything per-
tinent to that patient, since they failed to give [a] report to us,
that we needed to know other than what was on the Cardex.

When asked how often such a thing happened, Taulbee replied,
“It was not that infrequently. It happened. I would say maybe
once a month at least.” Taulbee testified that she had been at
home during the morning of September 9, but no nurse had
called her for a missing report.
Taulbee testified that, when she arrived for her next shift, at
11 p.m. on September 15, Gibbs presented her with a sealed
envelope that contained a written warning notice from Oben-
chain. On the notice, Obenchain had left blank a box for “Sec-
ond Written Warning.” Obenchain had also left blank a box for:
“Termination (effective [date to be filled in]).” Obenchain had,
however, checked a box for “Third/Final Written Warning.”
Obenchain wrote in a space for “Discussion” that: “On 9/9/00
[Taulbee] had a patient in Room [number]. She didn’t report off
to on-coming nurse. She left the Hospital and did not call back
to give report.” In a space for “Corrective Action Recom-
mended” is written: “Must give report to on-coming nurse.
Failure to document correctly or report correctly to on-coming
nurse(s) can result in termination.” Taulbee testified that, upon
Gibbs’ giving her the notice:

I read through it, got very upset with it, laid it down on
her desk, told her that was enough. I’d had enough. I
couldn’t take any more; that was it.
And she just said, “Diana, wait just a minute.”
I said “No, enough is enough. I’ve had it.” And I
turned around and walked out.

Taulbee further testified that on Monday, September 18, she
called Obenchain to ask what her employment status was.
Obenchain replied that Taulbee was “on suspension.” Two days
later, Taulbee called Obenchain again and asked the same ques-
tion; Obenchain replied that Taulbee was on “investigative
suspension on advice by the Hospital lawyer to investigate the
variances.”120 By letter dated September 22, Obenchain in-
formed Taulbee that she had been terminated and that she could
contact Human Resources Director Naomi Mitchell for the
reasons. Taulbee did make an appointment with Mitchell.
Obenchain appeared at the appointment but abruptly walked
out of Mitchell’s office when Taulbee asked for a statement of
the reason for her discharge.
On cross-examination, Taulbee admitted that she does not
have personal knowledge that Obenchain is aware that missed
reports are later given by telephone. About her reaction to the
warning notice, Taulbee was asked, and she testified:

Q. Now, when you read this [warning notice] . . . [tell
us] what your reaction was to this and what you did at that
particular point.
. . . .
A. I read it. I laid it back down on Ms. Gibbs’ desk. I
told her I’d had enough, that was enough, no more, that
was it. I actually felt like I was being pushed to leave the
place, I really did.
Q. You felt like you were being pushed to leave?
A. Yes.
Q. You didn’t feel like you’d been terminated. You felt
like you were being pushed to leave.
A. No, I felt this was going to be my termination.
Q. That it was “going to be” your termination?
A. I felt this was my termination, yes.
Q. Which is it, Ms. Taulbee? Did you feel it was going
to be your termination or did you feel that it was your ter-
mination?
A. My termination.
. . . .
Q. Now, if your receipt of [the warning notice] was not
your termination, if it was not your termination, and you
were to have responded to it in the way that you did, and
walked off the job, would that have been unprofessional of
you?
A. Yes, I would say so.
Q. Would you have been abandoning your job if you
had left without being terminated?
A. I would not have been any good for any patients
that night, I would tell you that.

(The Respondent’s counsel did not pursue Taulbee for an an-
swer to his last quoted question.) Further on cross-examination,
Taulbee denied that Gibbs tried to talk her into not leaving,
even though she had testified on direct examination that Gibbs
had said, “Diana, wait just a minute,” and even though her pre-
trial affidavit states that, when Gibbs handed her the September
15 warning notice: “I became very upset and told Phyllis that I
could not take it anymore, that I’d had enough and was leaving.
Phyllis tried to talk me into staying and I told her I had enough,
and I left.”

120 Although the General Counsel had to lead Taulbee to the phrase
“to investigate the variances,” Obenchain did not deny the testimony.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 600
Bevins testified that, after consultation with Obenchain, he
decided to terminate Taulbee “for abandonment of her patients
by walking out of the building during her scheduled work
shift.”
Obenchain did not dispute any of Taulbee’s testimony about
their oral exchanges. Obenchain further testified that after
Gibbs reported to her on September 15 that Taulbee had left her
shift without authorization, she recommended to Bevins that
Taulbee should be terminated for “[a]bandonment of her shift
that night” and that Bevins agreed. (It was on cross-
examination that Obenchain was asked about variances and she
testified: “They’re not to be used for discipline purposes.”)
Gibbs testified that on August 15:

I told [Taulbee] that she had a note. And she followed
me back to the office and I gave her the note. And she
opened it up and she got really, really mad and she threw it
down on the table and she said, no, and I said . . . “Diane.”
And she said, “No, hell no. And she turned and walked
toward the door.
And I said, “Diane, wait, let’s talk.”
She said, “No, no more.” And she left. I paged over-
head twice and got no response. And then maybe five
minutes later after I didn’t get a response I called Michele
and told her that she evidently left the facility.
Conclusions on Taulbee’s Warning Notices
and Termination
Obenchain testified that variances are not to be used for dis-
ciplinary purposes. Nevertheless, McGlothen told Taulbee that
the August 30 warning notice was being issued to her because
of variances that had been written by other nurses. Also, Taul-
bee testified, without contradiction, that the problems alluded to
by the warning notice, and by McGlothen when McGlothen
presented the warning notice, had innocent explanations.121 One
of those explanations was that Taulbee had always relied on
telephone reports that a patient was on telemetry, something
that McGlothen did not dispute at the time and something that
the Respondent did not dispute at trial. The Respondent intro-
duced no evidence that Taulbee’s other explanations were in-
vestigated by McGlothen; certainly, there is no evidence that
they were investigated before McGlothen issued the warning to
Taulbee.122 Moreover, Taulbee wrote variances on Hudson and
Howard for similar incidents, and the Respondent issued no
warning notices to them. Therefore, the General Counsel has
shown that the Respondent discriminated against Taulbee by
showing that: (1) without investigation, the Respondent based a
warning notice solely on a variance, something that Obenchain
admitted was improper, and (2) the Respondent excused similar

121 The possible exception is the essentially clerical failure by Taul-
bee to record that an IV had “gone bad” No supervisor, however, testi-
fied that this error by Taulbee created any problem for the patient or the
Hospital.
122 I do not draw an adverse inference against the Respondent for not
presenting McGlothen, whom it no longer employs. I do, however, rely
on the facts that the Respondent did not produce the variances, or ex-
plain why it could not do so, or produce any evidence that the vari-
ances, if they ever existed, were investigated before the issuance of the
warning notice.
conduct by Hudson and Howard. All of which is to say that the
Respondent has not showed by a preponderance of the evidence
that it would have issued the August 30 warning notice to Taul-
bee even absent her participation in the July 8 strike. I therefore
find and conclude that the Respondent issued that warning no-
tice in violation of Section 8(a)(3).
Unlike the August 30 warning notice that the Respondent is-
sued to Taulbee, the September 15 warning notice has at least
some basis in fact because Taulbee admitted that she could
have failed to give a shift-change report on one patient. There is
no question that such reports are required for continuous patient
care, and Taulbee’s failure to give a report is not an illogical
subject of discipline.123 Taulbee testified that nurses had occa-
sionally failed to give a report, but she did not testify that they
had done so with complete impunity. To the extent that such an
assertion is implicit in Taulbee’s testimony, the General Coun-
sel failed to introduce any evidence that would tend to corrobo-
rate it. (That is, no other nurses were called to testify that they
ever failed to give a report without receiving a warning notice.)
Nevertheless, on the notice Obenchain wrote that Taulbee had
left the Hospital without giving report on one patient and “did
not call back to give a report.” This statement was a concession
that telephone reports were acceptable when a nurse forgets to
give a report on a patient before leaving the Hospital at shift
change. Obenchain’s faulting Taulbee for not calling back to
the Hospital, however, is illogical to the point of disbelief; cer-
tainly, if a nurse forgets to report on a patient, she is unlikely to
remember to call back and give that report after she has left the
Hospital. Obenchain necessarily would have known this, and
she would have known that it was the incoming nurse who is
more likely to first realize that a report had been omitted. And
Obenchain would have known that it is the responsibility of the
incoming nurse to make the call to the departed nurse, as Taul-
bee testified; it is not the other way around, as the September
15 warning implies. Moreover, even if it was Taulbee’s respon-
sibility to remember what she had previously forgotten and to
call back to give the report, Obenchain aggrandized Taulbee’s
offense by checking the box on the warning that indicated that
it was Taulbee’s “Third/Final Written Warning.” Taulbee had
received only one warning notice, and that notice, as I have
found above, was issued unlawfully. Therefore, even if the
Respondent has shown that it could have lawfully issued a first
warning notice to Taulbee for her failure to give a patient re-
port, it has not shown that it would have given Taulbee a
“third” and “final” warning notice, even absent her participa-
tion in the July 8 strike.124 Accordingly, I find and conclude
that the Respondent also issued the August 30 warning notice
to Taulbee in violation of Section 8(a)(3).
The complaint’s final allegation for Taulbee is that the Re-
spondent constructively discharged her by unlawfully issuing
her the warning notices of August 30 and September 15. As
123 This is to be contrasted from Gabbard’s case where the discrimi-
natee was ostensibly disciplined for failing to fill out a form that could
only have benefitted her, not some patient or the Hospital itself.
124 Again, see Yukon Mfg. Co., 310 NLRB at 340, where the Board
found that: “The aggrandizement of the offense is, itself, indicative of
pretext.”
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 601
noted in Controlled Energy Systems, 331 NLRB 251 (2000),
the Board has applied constructive discharge theories where
employees quit their employment in two situations: (1) where
employees are offered a “Hobson’s choice” between sacrificing
their jobs or their statutory rights,125 and (2) where in response
to an employee’s union activities, an employer deliberately
makes working conditions so unbearable that the employee is
forced to quit.126 In either situation, however, an employer con-
tends that the alleged discriminatee had voluntarily quit. In this
case, however, the Respondent makes no such contention. The
Respondent contends that it discharged Taulbee for abandon-
ment of her shift after she, admittedly, walked off the job on
September 15. Therefore, this is not a constructive discharge
case.127
The issue therefore becomes whether the Respondent has
demonstrated by a preponderance of the evidence that it would
have discharged Taulbee for abandoning her shift on September
15, even absent her participation in the July 8 strike. I find that
it has.
As quoted above, on cross-examination Taulbee successfully
evaded answering whether her walking off the job on Septem-
ber 15 was patient abandonment. She did, however, admit that,
if she was not actually discharged on August 15, it would have
been at least “unprofessional” for her to have left the Respon-
dent’s premises in the manner that she did. Of course, it would
have been a great deal more than just unprofessional. At mini-
mum, a hospital nurse’s walking off the job without giving
notice of strike (or by giving some other type of notice that
would allow the Hospital’s administration to continue the care
that the nurse had been providing) presents an immediate peril
to the nurse’s assigned patients. In some instances that peril
could be grave. That fact, apparently, is why the Respondent’s
personnel manual lists as an immediately dischargeable of-
fense: “Absence from the facility during working hours without
authorization.”128
The General Counsel and the Charging Party dispute neither
the existence of the Respondent’s rule nor the compelling logic
that supports it. Instead, the General Counsel and the Charging
Party, in essence, contend that Taulbee was provoked into
walking off the job by the Respondent’s issuance of the Sep-
tember 15 warning notice. Again, neither the General Counsel
nor the Charging Party cite any case wherein issuance of warn-
ing notices has been held to provoke, or justify, an employee’s
walking off (or quitting) his or her job. Moreover, the precipi-
tating September 15 warning notice did not, on its face, state
that Taulbee was then discharged and thereby give her license
to leave. Although the warning notice form had a box for
“Terminated,” with a space for any termination date, Oben-

125 See, e.g., Goodless Electric Co., 321 NLRB 64, 67–68 (1996).
126 See, e.g., Grocers Supply Co., 294 NLRB 438 (1989).
127 Even if the issue had been presented, I nevertheless would find
that a constructive discharge has not been proven. Neither the General
Counsel nor the Charging Party argues that the unlawful warning no-
tices had made Taulbee’s working conditions unbearable, and neither
party contends that Taulbee’s case fits within the “Hobson’s Choice”
theory.
128 Obenchain concisely referred to this type of misconduct by nurses
as “patient abandonment,” and so do I.
chain made no mark in that box or space. Moreover, the final
four words of Obenchain’s text were that future misconduct by
Taulbee “can result in termination.” That is, if anything, the
warning notice was an affirmative statement that Taulbee was
not being discharged. Therefore, in neither deed nor word did
the Respondent provoke Taulbee’s walking off the job. Addi-
tionally, Taulbee admitted at trial that Gibbs told her to “wait,”
and she admitted that her pretrial affidavit states: “Phyllis tried
to talk me into staying.” I credit the affidavit.129 I further credit
Gibbs’ testimony that she attempted to persuade Taulbee not to
leave the shift on September 15 and that, after Taulbee left the
floor anyway, she had Taulbee paged to return to the unit. (And
I discredit testimony by Taulbee that she did not hear the page.)
That is, before Taulbee walked off the job on September 15,
Obenchain in writing, and Gibbs orally, had made it clear to her
that she had not been discharged.
Nor do I believe Taulbee’s testimony that she believed that
she had been discharged by Obenchain’s September 15 warning
notice. As quoted above, Taulbee’s testimony on that point
vacillated. Taulbee testified that, when she first read the Sep-
tember 15 warning notice, she thought she had been terminated;
then she testified that she thought she was being “pushed to
leave,” something that is completely inconsistent with a belief
that she had already been terminated. At minimum, therefore,
Taulbee was not credible in the parts of her testimony in which
she claimed that she believed that she had been discharged by
the September 15 warning notice itself. Moreover, as I have
stated before, the Board considers what a “reasonable em-
ployee” would think. I find that no reasonable employee could
believe that she was discharged by operation of a warning that:
(1) stated that it was only a warning (albeit a third and final
one); (2) did not state that it was a discharge; and (3) further
stated that future misconduct “can result in termination.”
The General Counsel alternatively argues that, if Taulbee
was discharged (as opposed to constructively discharged), the
discharge was unlawful. The General Counsel’s sole argument
in support of this alternative contention is that an unlawful
purpose is shown by a shifting defense. In this respect, the
General Counsel contends that Obenchain originally stated that
Taulbee had been suspended over “the variances,” not job
abandonment. Obenchain did not deny Taulbee’s testimony
that, on or about September 20, Obenchain told her that she was
suspended while the Respondent investigated “the variances.”
Because that testimony is undenied, I must credit it. The term
“variance,” however, can apply to multiple situations, including
presumably patient abandonment, whether a “variance” docu-
ment about it had been created or not.130 Moreover, Oben-
chain’s short reply about a suspension is too slender a reed to
find that the job abandonment defense was a post hoc creation
to defend the discharge. Finally, the General Counsel cites no
case in which the Board has held that such a “shift” (if it can be
129 See Alvin J. Bart & Co., 236 NLRB 242 (1978).
130 Even if a variance had been not been created over the September
15 event, it is clear that Supervisors Obenchain and Gibbs investigated
the matter before Taulbee was disciplined. This circumstance is to be
distinguished from the variances that underlay the August 30 warning
notice to Taulbee which were not shown to have been independently
investigated by McGlothen or any other supervisor.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 602
called that) in a defense, alone, has been held to constitute a
failure of a respondent to meet its burden under Wright Line.
Indeed, in Precision Industries, 320 NLRB 661 (1996), the
Board noted that, although the finding of a shifting defense may
(along with other evidence) permit an inference of discrimina-
tion, it does not compel such that inference. I find that the in-
ference is not appropriate in this case in view of clear and con-
vincing evidence that Tulbee was discharged only for aban-
donment of her shift.
In summary, Taulbee was neither constructively discharged
nor provoked by the Respondent into walking off the job on
September 15. But, without authorization, Taulbee did walk off
the job on that date. That conduct by Taulbee was in the teeth
of the Respondent’s written rule that patient abandonment is an
immediately dischargeable offense.131 The General Counsel has
not come forward with any evidence of disparate treatment in
this respect and has therefore shown no reason why the rule
should not apply to Taulbee’s case.132 It therefore must be
found that the Respondent has shown that it would have dis-
charged Taulbee even absent her participation in the July 8
strike. Accordingly, I shall recommend dismissal of the allega-
tion that the Respondent discharged (or constructively dis-
charged) Taulbee in violation of Section 8(a)(3).133
14. Discharge of Melissa Turner
Melissa (Missy) Turner was hired by the Respondent as an
X-ray technician in 1991. Before the July 8 strike, Turner regu-
larly wore union buttons to work and passed out union hand-
bills at a parking lot entrance. Turner also participated in the
strike.134 The Respondent, however, did not reinstate Turner
after the Union submitted its August 15 offer to return to work.
Instead, by letter dated August 17, the Respondent informed
Turner that she was being discharged; no reason was given. The
General Counsel contends that the Respondent discharged
Turner because of her participation in the July 8 strike. On
brief, page 112, the Respondent asserts: “The Hospital termi-
nated Turner after it received reports that she loudly called a
former hospital doctor a pervert in a public area of the Hospi-

131 I find, as well, that Taulbee’s evasion of the question of whether
her conduct of September 15 constituted patient abandonment was, in
effect, an admission that it was exactly that.
132 As previously noted, in A&T Mfg. Co., 276 NLRB 808 (1985),
the Board dismissed the 8(a)(3) allegation regarding the discharge of
employee Jimmy Popp. There was even stronger evidence of a specific,
unlawful intent to discharge Popp; nevertheless, Popp had committed
an immediately dischargeable offense under the employer’s written
rules, and there was no evidence of disparate treatment.
133 I credit previously unmentioned testimony by Taulbee that Gibbs
told her that she had lost one of the best nurses that she had ever had. It
is further true that Obenchain treated Taulbee quite rudely when Taul-
bee returned to the Hospital for the promised explanation for her dis-
charge. Gibbs’ opinion of Taulbee, however, did not give Taulbee
license to walk off the job without authorization. And Obenchain’s
rudeness did not retroactively convert the discharge from being lawful
to unlawful.
134 As I have found above, in April Turner was threatened by X-ray
Department Supervisor Hicks that, if the then forthcoming strike was
held to be economic, the strikers would lose their jobs. Also, I have
above discredited Turner’s testimony in support of alleged discrimina-
tee Gayheart who was discharged for strike violence.
tal.” The alleged conduct by Turner occurred on July 17 (that
is, while the strike was still in progress). Turner was inside the
Hospital on that date, not as a striker but to accompany her
sister, Trish Gross, who had been brought there as a patient for
emergency treatment. Ultimately, I find and conclude that
Turner did engage in the conduct that the Respondent attributes
to her, but I also find and conclude that the Respondent pro-
voked her into that conduct and that the Respondent discharged
Turner unlawfully.
As found above, the Respondent repeatedly threatened to
discharge employees such as Turner who participated in the
July 8 strike; therefore, a prima facie case for Turner’s dis-
charge has been proved, and, under Wright Line, the Respon-
dent’s defense for that discharge must be addressed. (Although
the conduct of Turner upon which the Respondent bases its
defense occurred during the strike, the Respondent does not
contend that it discharged Turner for strike misconduct; there-
fore, her case is to be analyzed under the principles of Wright
Line, not Rubin Bros. Footwear, supra.)
Anita Turner, a charging party in this proceeding, is a former
employee of the Respondent’s, and she is the mother of sisters
Melissa Turner and Trish Gross.135 Anita Turner and Trish
Gross, as well as Melissa Turner, participated in the July 8
strike. Anita Turner and Trish Gross were involved in the
events of July 17 that I will discuss below. Tim Gross is Trish
Gross’ husband; Tim Gross was also involved in the events of
July 17 that I will describe below, but he has never been em-
ployed by the Respondent. Neither of the Grosses testified.136
Turner testified that on July 17, in the office of a Jackson-
area physician, Gross was preliminarily diagnosed with bacte-
rial meningitis. The physician told Gross’ family that she
should be taken to a hospital immediately. Turner, Anita
Turner, and Tim Gross escorted Gross to the Respondent’s
facility, arriving at approximately 7:30 p.m. Turner testified
that, after being received through the emergency room, Gross
was taken to the X-ray department for a chest X-ray and a CT
scan. (Anita Turner then left the Hospital.) Turner went with
Gross into the X-ray room and was helping Gross disrobe for
the chest X-ray when a guard entered the room and “told me
that I could not be in there with her because of patient confi-
dentiality.” Turner left the room and Tim entered. A few min-
utes later, Tim came out of the X-ray room with Gross. Turner
further testified that Gross said that “she would have the tests if
me, or if not myself, her husband, could go in with her.” Oth-
erwise, Turner testified, Gross “refused to have anything done.”
Tim escorted Gross back to the emergency room.
Turner stayed outside the emergency room’s interior door
and spoke to House Supervisor Alena Hale, Medical-Surgical
Unit Coordinator Robin McGlothen, and Part-Time Supervisor
135 As I have found above, Obenchain unlawfully threatened Anita
Turner with loss of her nursing license if she went on strike. As I have
also found above, the Respondent’s agent Dr. Edward Burnette threat-
ened Anita Turner and other emergency room employees with dis-
charge if they engaged in the July 8 strike.
136 Unless otherwise indicated, subsequent references to “Turner” are
to Melissa Turner. References to “Gross” are to Trish Gross. The tran-
script is corrected where, at various points, it misspells the Grosses’
name as “Groves.”
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 603
Jerri Howard, all of whom had come to the area. Also present
was a Dr. Usman, a staff emergency room physician. Hale and
McGlothen told Turner that, if and when Gross came back to
the X-ray department from the emergency room, neither she
(Turner) nor Tim Gross could go with Gross when she received
the CT scan because of “patient confidentiality.” Turner told
the supervisors, and Usman, that, as an X-ray technician her-
self, she knew that it was not hospital policy that neither she
nor Tim could stay with Gross because of any considerations of
patient confidentiality. Turner also pointed out to McGlothen,
Hale, Howard, and Usman that she had previously performed
X-rays on certain relatives of each of them while each of them
was present with their respective relatives. Turner testified that
McGlothen told her that, nevertheless, she could not go with
Gross into the X-ray department “under these circumstances.”
(Turner did not testify that McGlothen explained what “circum-
stances” she was referring to; nor did Turner testify that she
asked.) Turner admitted crying and being upset while she was
talking outside the emergency room door, but she denied that
she was loud. Turner testified that she was upset because she
thought that “the circumstances” to which McGlothen referred
was the ongoing strike and that the Hospital was allowing the
strike to interfere with the treatment that her sister should be
receiving. Turner further testified that, during the evening in
question, she noticed that family members of other patients
were being allowed to go with those other patients into the X-
ray department.
Turner testified that the CT scan and X-rays on Gross were
delayed until 11 p.m. (or about 3-1/2 hours after she first came
to the emergency room) when the Hospital finally allowed Tim
Gross to accompany Gross into the X-ray department. After
receiving the CT scan and X-rays, Gross was admitted to a
medical-surgery unit room, and Turner stayed with her until 1
a.m. None of this testimony by Turner was disputed by the
Respondent. (Turner further testified that, at some point after a
spinal tap was performed on Gross, Gross was diagnosed with
viral, rather than bacterial meningitis; viral meningitis is a con-
dition that is not as threatening. Gross was discharged from the
Hospital within a week.)
On cross-examination, Turner admitted that on July 17,
when she was outside the emergency room, she raised her
voice, but she denied screaming, and she denied that persons
who were 50 feet away could have heard her. She also flatly
denied that anyone could have heard her from the nearest
nurses’ station.
Bevins testified that he decided to terminate Turner “for be-
havior within our facility which impugned the reputation of the
Hospital’s radiology department and a member of our medical
staff. It was in a public area, [on] a very loud basis.” Bevins
gave no other testimony about his decision to terminate Turner.
Specifically, Bevins did not testify from whom he got any re-
port (or reports) upon which he based his decision to discharge
Turner. Cooper, the Respondent’s chief financial officer, how-
ever, testified that he made a report to Bevins about reports that
he, in turn, had received about Turner’s conduct of July 17.
Cooper testified that, during the evening of July 17, when he
was at home, McGlothen called him and asked him to come to
the Hospital. On direct examination, Cooper did not testify as
to what McGlothen told him when he arrived, but he did testify
what he, in turn, told Bevins. According to Cooper:

[I told Bevins that] I had received a call from Robin
McGlothen that Missy Turner’s sister, Trish Gross, had
been admitted to the emergency room. . . . And that the ER
physician was ordering a CT scan of Ms. Gross, and Missy
Turner was making an incident that she would not allow
her sister to go in to have that procedure done without
Missy being present with her sister. . . . I [also] informed
Mr. Bevins that Robin also told me that Missy made a
statement rather loudly that there was a pervert employed
in the Radiology Department. . . . I recall saying [to
Bevins] that Robin told me that [Gross’] husband was also
requesting to go in with Ms. Gross.
And [I] was instructed [by Bevins] to complete a re-
lease form to be signed by Mr. Gross to release the Hospi-
tal from any liability of potential exposure.

Bevins dictated to Cooper the following language to be typed
and presented to Tim Gross for signature before he would be
allowed to accompany his wife into the X-ray department: “I
agree to release Kentucky River Medical Center of all respon-
sibility of injury or exposure to radiation due to my presence
during my wife’s CT scan.” Then followed one blank line des-
ignated for the signature of “Tim Gross” and, below that, three
other blank lines followed, each of which was designated for
“Witness.” Cooper testified that he typed the release form and
then approached Tim Gross. Cooper told Tim Gross that he had
talked to Bevins and that:

We had no problem with him accompanying his wife into the
CT area, but, because of liability, I’d ask for his signature on
the release form releasing the Hospital from any potential li-
ability. He refused to sign the release, and told me that I knew
why they [i.e., the members of Gross’ family who were at the
Hospital by that point, including Anita Turner] wanted Missy
to go in there with Trish, that there had been two rapes com-
mitted in the Radiology Department, and for me not to act like
I did not know what he was talking about.

Cooper testified that he had not, in fact, known what Tim Gross
was talking about. Cooper testified that he then reported Gross’
refusal to Bevins. (Tim Gross never did sign any sort of waiver
for Cooper.)
On cross-examination, Cooper acknowledged that he knew
of no prior occasion upon which a form such as that which was
dictated by Bevins had been used by the Respondent. (When
Bevins testified, he was not asked about the form; that is,
Bevins also did not claim that the signing of any such form had
previously been required of persons who wished to accompany
another person, family or otherwise, into the X-ray depart-
ment.)
Cooper also testified on cross-examination that, when he ar-
rived at the X-ray department that night, McGlothen told him
that some sort of confidentiality policy would prevent either
Turner or Tim Gross from accompanying Trish Gross into the
X-ray department. Cooper testified that no supervisor of the X-
ray department was present at that hour, so he asked a depart-
mental employee for a copy of any confidentiality form that the
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 604
department used; the employee did not know where such a
form could be located, but she thought it, and a statement of the
policy requiring it, did exist and that it would prevent Gross’
husband or Turner from accompanying Gross while the CT
scan was being done. Cooper testified that he searched through
some policy manuals that night, looking for a copy of the con-
fidentiality policy, but he found none that applied to the situa-
tion then at hand. After the search, Cooper telephoned Bevins,
as Cooper described on direct examination.
House Supervisor Hale testified for the Respondent that she
came to the area on July 17 and:

Missy [Turner] was upset because she could not go in
the X-Ray Department with her sister [Trish Gross]. Her
mother [Anita Turner] was trying to get Missy to be quiet.
And she was telling her to “Shut-up, shut-up.” All she
[Anita Turner] was interested in was getting the sister
[Gross] treated.
And Missy said, “No, I am afraid for her to go in there
by herself because you all heard about Dr. Dailey’s little
pervert thing.”

(Dr. Dailey is the “former hospital doctor” to whom the Re-
spondent refers on brief, as quoted above. The General Coun-
sel’s witnesses testified, without contradiction, that Dr. Dailey
was a staff radiologist who had been fired by the Respondent
well before the July 8 strike. The Respondent offered no testi-
mony about why it discharged Dailey, but Turner, on cross-
examination, testified about rumors of his conduct that could
fairly be characterized as perverted.) Hale further testified that
Melissa Turner “wasn’t screaming, but she was loud because
she was upset.”
On cross-examination, Hale testified that, when Turner made
her comment about a “pervert,” no member of the public was
present and that no employee, other than part-time supervisor
Jerri Howard, was present.
Hale further acknowledged on cross-examination that it was
she who told “a nurse” (apparently McGlothen) that Turner
could not go with Gross while Gross’ CT scan was being done
because of a patient confidentiality policy. Hale said that she
did so, without consulting either Gross or Turner, because: “My
understanding—you don’t let anyone go in. I’ve been there,
like I said, 12-and-a-half years. That’s always been my under-
standing. No one goes in to x-ray because of patient confidenti-
ality.” Hale then agreed, however, that it would not be a viola-
tion of patient confidentiality rules, as she understood them, if a
person accompanied a patient into the X-ray department upon
the patient’s request. Hale testified that a member of the Re-
spondent’s security department was present but she did not
recall whether she was the one who called for security person-
nel. Then Hale acknowledged that her pretrial affidavit stated:
“To make sure that Missy did not go into x-ray, I had called
security and had a guard stationed outside the door.”
Howard testified for the Respondent that she was working as
a floor nurse when she heard Hale say that she had been re-
quested to come to the emergency room area because there was
trouble. (Howard accompanied Hale, Howard testified, because
she was a part-time supervisor, herself.) As she and Hale ap-
proached the emergency room area, she could hear, from some
distance, Turner being “very loud”; as she and Hale got closer,
Howard could hear Anita Turner attempting to get Melissa
Turner to be quieter. On direct examination, Howard testified:

[T]he reason [Turner] was so upset, she was not wanting
her sister to go in there [to X-ray] alone and the staff had
even arranged for Trish’s husband to go and Missy still
wasn’t—she wasn’t happy with that. She wanted to be the
one to go. She was very adamant that she be the one to go.
She made comments, references to Doctor Dailey. He was
the radiologist. She had made sexual references. I don’t
recall exactly what she said. I just know that that was the
reason she didn’t want Trish to go alone and that she
wanted to be the one to go with her.

Howard testified that in the area around the emergency room
and the X-ray department, where Turner was being “very loud,”
there were other visitors and other patients.
On cross-examination, Howard acknowledged that she knew
that Tim Gross was not being allowed to go into X-ray until he
signed some sort of release. When asked specifically if Turner
had been insisting that she be “the one” to go with Gross, and
not Gross’ husband, Howard replied: “She wanted to go. I don’t
know necessarily if she wanted to be the one, the only one.”
Howard was further asked and she testified:

Q. Well, if a patient asks for someone to go with them,
is that—has that been permitted? Have you ever seen that
happen?
A. It has been permitted, yes.
Q. And, you haven’t had to have that person sign a re-
lease, have you?
A. No.
Q. And, was one of the things that Missy was saying in
the hallway when you encountered her that night, that she
thought that the Hospital’s refusal to let her go into the
procedure with her sister, that that was not according to
policy? That that’s not the way they normally did things?
. . .
A. Yes. I remember Missy had said to me, the only
thing that she had said to me, was, “You know, Jerri, that’s
not right.”
Q. And, you understood her to be referring to her be-
lief that that’s not the way the Hospital normally does
things?
A. Yes.

Howard agreed with Hale that there is no issue of patient confi-
dentiality if a patient asks for someone to be with him or her
while he or she is in the X-ray department.
On rebuttal, Turner testified that Dailey had been discharged
by the Hospital “three to 6 months” before the strike. Turner
was asked, and she flatly denied saying anything about Dr.
Dailey when she was at the Hospital on July 17. Turner further
testified that the only reason that she requested to go with her
sister into the X-ray department was that her sister asked her to.
She admitted that she was crying and upset, but she denied that
she would have been audible to persons in a nearby waiting
area. On cross-examination, Turner denied that her mother tried
to get her to lower her voice.
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 605
Also in rebuttal, Anita Turner testified that, after accompany-
ing Turner and the Grosses to the emergency room, she left the
Hospital for an unspecified period of time. Anita Turner testified
that Gross is “a little claustrophobic” and that Gross was nerv-
ous about being put into the CT-scan machine (the cylindrical
structure of which affords minimal room for the patient who is
inside it). Anita Turner testified that, before she left the Hospital,
she suggested to Gross that Melissa Turner go with Gross into
the X-ray room during the CT scan and that Gross agreed with
her. Anita Turner testified that when she returned, Gross was in
a hallway refusing to take a chest X-ray unless she was accom-
panied by either her husband or Turner. Anita Turner went to the
X-ray department where she found Supervisors McGlothen,
Howard, and Hale. Anita Turner asked McGlothen why Gross’
husband (Tim) or sister (Melissa Turner) could not go with
Gross into the X-ray department. McGlothen replied, “Patient
confidentiality.” Anita Turner replied, “Yeah,” in an ironic tone
that actually expressed disbelief, and then she returned to Gross
in the hallway. There she found Melissa Turner who was crying
and upset as she was telling Dr. Usman that he knew that patient
confidentiality was not an issue. McGlothen, Hale, and Howard
then came to the hallway. Then she heard Melissa Turner tell
McGlothen that patient confidentiality issues did not apply, as
they had not applied when McGlothen had gone into X-ray
when McGlothen’s mother was being X-rayed, before the strike,
by Melissa Turner. Anita Turner further testified that:

Jerri [Howard] was going on about people on the
picket line and that was what was going on when I walked
out into the hallway. . . . She was just saying about she had
nothing against everybody on the picket line. I told every-
one to shut up. I told them I wanted them to forget the
strike; forget the Union; forget the problems. We were
there for one purpose and it was because I had a daughter
that was about to die. . . . They hushed. Nothing [else] was
said. I went back in E.R. Missy went with me. Doctor Us-
man went with me and I don’t know where the other three
went.

Anita Turner described the tone of the voices in the hallway:

Just a volume of several people [who] were talking and
were upset. I don’t know what kind of volume. Just like if
you two were talking and I was trying to talk over you,
maybe something like this, a little louder.

Anita Turner flatly denied that, during any part of the time that
she was in the presence of Melissa Turner, Melissa Turner said
anything about Dr. Dailey or any current member of the Hospi-
tal’s staff.
Anita Turner further testified that, several months after the
strike was over, she had a telephone discussion with Hale.
Turner testified that she told Hale that the Respondent was
taking the position that Melissa Turner had been discharged
“because she had caused a disturbance in a patient care area
with visitors around.” Anita Turner testified that Hale replied:
“Anita, that’s a lie. There was no one around that area that
heard anything.” The Respondent did not call Hale to rebut this
testimony.
On cross-examination, Anita Turner admitted that there were
patients in the nearby X-ray waiting room, but she denied that
there were any in the corridor when the confrontation was go-
ing on.
Conclusions on Turner’s Discharge
Alleged discriminatee Turner, and her mother, testified that
when Turner was being prevented from accompanying her
sister into the X-ray department, she was excited and crying,
and that her voice was somewhat raised, but she was not yelling
or screaming. This testimony was essentially corroborated by
Hale (who testified that Turner “wasn’t screaming), and I credit
it. Although Turner’s volume could not be described with pre-
cision by the witnesses at trial, or by me in this narrative, I fully
credit Anita Turner’s testimony that, while she was present, all
voices were “[j]ust a volume of several people who were talk-
ing and were upset . . . [j]ust like if you two were talking and I
was trying to talk over you.”137
Hale testified that Turner said, “I am afraid for her to go in
there by herself because you all heard about Dr. Dailey’s little
pervert thing.” Howard corroborated Hale to some extent by
testifying that Turner “made sexual references” about Dr.
Dailey. Turner denied mentioning Dr. Dailey while she was
protesting her not being allowed to accompany Gross. If Hale
had wanted to lie about Turner’s conduct, she could have testi-
fied that Turner was yelling (or screaming); she could have
testified that patients or visitors were within hearing distance
(which she did not), and she could have made Turner’s remark
about Dr. Dailey a lot worse. For these reasons, and because
Hale’s demeanor was more favorable than Turner’s, I credit
Hale at least to the extent of finding that Turner, at some point
during the hubbub of July 17, referred to the departed Dr.
Dailey as being a pervert (or stated that Dr. Dailey had done
perverted things when he worked in the X-ray department).
The patient confidentiality canard that Hale created to keep
Turner, who was still participating in the July 8 strike, out of the
X-ray department on July 17 was of the purest of fictions. This
is clear for a multiplicity of reasons: (1) The Respondent offered
no testimony that would tend to dispute Turner’s testimony that
Gross wanted her in the X-ray department when the CT scan
was being performed. In fact, Cooper admitted that Tim Gross
had told him that “they,” the members of Gross’ family, wanted
Turner to be in the room with Gross with her when the CT scan
was being performed. (2) Hale, Howard, McGlothen, and Us-
man did not dispute Turner when she pointed out to them that
they had accompanied relatives who had been in the X-ray de-
partment. (3) When McGlothen told Cooper that Hale had told
her that patient confidentiality required that Turner, and even
Gross’ husband, be excluded without signing some sort of
waiver, Cooper searched the X-ray department diligently but
found no form for such a waiver or any statement of such a pol-

137 On brief, the Respondent cites NLRB v. Howell Automatic Ma-
chine Co., 454 F.2d 1077 (6th Cir. 1972), as holding that uncorrobo-
rated testimony of interested parties’ relatives can never be credited.
The case does not go that far; moreover, the testimonies of Melissa and
Anita Turner about Melissa Turner’s volume were essentially corrobo-
rated by Hale. Finally, the Board has never adopted a rule against cred-
iting relatives of alleged discriminatees.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 606
icy. Cooper’s search, itself, demonstrates that the Respondent
would have put any such policy in writing. At trial, however, the
Respondent produced no documentation as support for the claim
of patient confidentiality that Hale, McGlothen, and Howard
made to Turner. (4) Even Bevins did not testify that there were
any patient confidentiality policy considerations that would have
excluded Turner. (5) When Bevins dictated waiver language for
the occasion to be presented to Tim Gross, he included nothing
about patient confidentiality; the only waiver that Bevins pro-
posed was for liability for radiation exposure. It is not surpris-
ing, therefore, that the Respondent makes no argument on brief
that Gross’ privacy as a patient would have been violated if the
Respondent had granted her request to have Turner with her
during the CT scan.
It is also not surprising that Turner, knowing perfectly well
that she was being lied to by Hale, McGlothen, and Howard,
became upset and somewhat loud on July 17.138 It is therefore not
surprising that Turner used any argument that she could think of
to get past the guard that Hale had posted at the X-ray depart-
ment’s door.139 Calling the departed Dr. Dailey a pervert was
apparently such an argument. The epithet was, at minimum, un-
kind; at worst, however, it was heard only by the Respondent’s
supervisory staff (according to Hale’s admission at trial and ac-
cording to Hale’s admission to Anita Turner before trial). More-
over, although Bevins testified that the report of Turner’s conduct
that he received was that it was on “a very loud basis,” Cooper,
who gave the report, testified that he told Bevins no more than
that Turner used her voice, “rather loudly,” a seemingly lesser
intrusion into the relative quietness that one might expect of a
hospital. Moreover, upset and loud family members are not en-
tirely unknown to hospitals. Even if there had been a member of
the public that could have heard Turner (which there was not),
that member of the public would not necessarily have been
shocked by Turner’s statement, or its volume, to the point of
lowering his or her regard for the professionalism of the Hospital,
as Bevins assuredly knew. This is especially true if the visitor had
known, as Bevins assuredly knew, that Dr. Dailey was no longer
employed by the Respondent.140
I have agreed with the Respondent that Bowling’s cursing of
a fellow employee violated its written, immediate discharge,
rule against “Threatening, intimidating, coercing, using abusive
language, or otherwise interfering with the job performance of
fellow employees or visitors.” In upholding the discharge, how-
ever, I specifically found the Respondent had not provoked
Bowling into her conduct, and I found that nonemployees were
present. In Turner’s case, however, nonemployees were not
present, and the Respondent provoked Turner into her intem-
perate remark by excluding her on the palpable pretext of pa-
tient confidentiality.
Cooper did not testify that he told Bevins that Turner had
been excluded from the X-ray department on the stated ground

138 McGlothen’s unexplained reference to “under these circum-
stances,” reasonably added to Turner’s upset.
139 I credit Hale’s affidavit that she summonsed the guard. Again, see
Alvin J. Bart & Co., 236 NLRB 242 (1978).
140 Tellingly, none of the Respondent’s witnesses acknowledged at
trial what the Respondent acknowledges on brief, that on July 17 Dr.
Dailey was no longer employed by the Respondent.
of patient confidentiality. Nevertheless, I find that he did so.
This is because Cooper testified that he knew that Turner was
being excluded on the stated basis of patient confidentiality
when he called Bevins, and it is certain that Cooper, in explain-
ing to Bevins what had been happening, would have given the
reason for the supervisors’ acting as they had toward Turner.
Bevins, knowing that the patient confidentiality ruse would not
withstand even minimal scrutiny, necessarily knew that Turner
would have been, and had been, provoked into her conduct.
Nevertheless, Bevins seized upon Turner’s reasonably foresee-
able reaction to the supervisors’ provocation to discharge her.
That is, Bevins’ stated basis for the discharge of Turner is
clearly a pretext. The Respondent having offered no other rea-
son for the discharge, I find that it has not shown that it would
have discharged Turner even absent her strike activities. Ac-
cordingly I conclude that the Respondent violated Section
8(a)(3) by discharging Turner.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. The Respondent, Jackson Hospital Corporation d/b/a Ken-
tucky River Medical Center, is an employer engaged in com-
merce within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the
Act and a health care facility within the meaning of Section
2(14) of the Act.
2. The Union is a labor organization within the meaning of
Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. By the following acts and conduct, the Respondent has
engaged in unfair labor practices affecting commerce within the
meaning of Section 8(a)(1) and Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act:
(a) Threatening employees with discharge or other discrimi-
nation if they engaged in a strike on behalf of the Union, or
because they have become or remained members of, or because
they are in sympathy with, or because they have given assis-
tance or support to, the Union.
(b) Videotaping striking employees, and creating the impres-
sion of videotaping striking employees, both without lawful
justification.
4. By the following acts and conduct, the Respondent has
engaged in unfair labor practices affecting commerce within the
meaning of Section 8(a)(3) and (1) and Section 2(6) and (7) of
the Act:
(a) Discharging the following-named employees on or about
the dates in 2000 that are set opposite their respective names:

Clara Gabbard August 31
Sandra (Barker) Hutton September 6
Eileene Jewell August 17
Debbie Miller August 22
Lois Noble August 28
Maxine Ritchie August 28
Laotta Sizemore August 21
Melissa Turner August 17

(b) Issuing warning notices to employee Diana Taulbee on
August 30 and September 15, 2000.
(c) Suspending employee Debbie Miller on August 22, 2000.
5. By the following acts and conduct, the Respondent has
engaged in unfair labor practices affecting commerce within the
KENTUCKY RIVER MEDICAL CENTER 607
meaning of Section 8(a)(5) and (1) and Section 2(6) and (7) of
the Act:
(a) Failing and refusing, since August 11, 2000, to recognize
and bargain with the Union as the collective-bargaining repre-
sentative of the employees in the following unit of employees,
which unit is appropriate for bargaining under Section 9(a) of
the Act:

All full-time and regular part-time registered nurses, the team
leader, and the continuing education coordinator; nonprofes-
sional employees, including the medical records employees,
admission employees and purchasing employees; and techni-
cal employees, including certified respiratory therapy techni-
cians, x-ray technicians, licensed practical nurses, the DRG
coordinator, medical lab technicians and the physical therapy
assistant employed by Kentucky River Medical Center at its
540 Jetts Drive, Jackson, Kentucky, facility, but excluding the
registered respiratory therapist, medical technologists, utiliza-
tion review nurses, business office clerical employees, confi-
dential employees, and all professional employees, guards and
supervisors as defined in the Act.

(b) Changing, on or about August 20, 2000, the lunch and
break schedules, and the shift schedules, of the unit employees
without prior notice to and bargaining with the Union.
6. The remaining allegations of the complaint have not been
proved.
THE REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has engaged in certain un-
fair labor practices, I find that it must be ordered to cease and
desist therefrom and to take certain affirmative action that is
designed to effectuate the policies of the Act. The Respondent
must be required to post the appropriate notice to all employees
and, because the Respondent unlawfully discharged eight em-
ployees, it must offer those employees reinstatement and make
them whole for any loss of earnings or other benefits, computed
on a quarterly basis, from the date of their discharges until the
dates of the Respondent’s proper offers of reinstatement, less
any net interim earnings, as prescribed in F. W. Woolworth Co.,
90 NLRB 289 (1950), plus interest as computed in New Hori-
zons for the Retarded, 283 NLRB 1173 (1987).
For those unilateral changes that I have found to have been
unlawfully implemented, the Respondent shall be ordered to
rescind them, on request by the Union, and to make any em-
ployee who was adversely affected by those changes whole for
any loss of earnings or other benefits, as prescribed in Ogle
Protective Service, 183 NLRB 682 (1970), enfd. 444 F.2d 502
(6th Cir. 1971), plus interest as computed in accordance with
New Horizons for the Retarded, supra.
Because of the Respondent’s egregious misconduct, demon-
strating a general disregard for the employees’ fundamental
rights, I find it necessary to issue a broad Order requiring the
Respondent to cease and desist from infringing in any other
manner on rights guaranteed employees by Section 7 of the
Act. Hickmott Foods, 242 NLRB 1357 (1979).
On these findings of fact and conclusions of law and on the
entire record, I issue the following recommended141
ORDER
The Respondent, Jackson Hospital Corporation d/b/a Ken-
tucky River Medical Center, of Jackson, Kentucky, its officers,
agents, successors, and assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Threatening employees with discharge or other discrimi-
nation if they engage in a strike on behalf of the Union, or be-
cause they have become or remained members of, or because
they are in sympathy with, or because they have given assis-
tance or support to, the Union.
(b) Photographing striking employees, or creating the im-
pression of photographing striking employees, in either case
without lawful justification.
(c) Discharging or suspending employees, or otherwise dis-
criminating against employees, because they have become or
remained members of the Union or because they have given
assistance or support to it.
(d) Issuing to employees warning notices because they have
become or remained members of the Union or because they
have given assistance or support to it.
(e) Failing and refusing to recognize and bargain with the
Union as the collective-bargaining representative of the em-
ployees in the above-described bargaining unit.
(f) Changing the lunch or break schedules, or changing the
shift schedules, of the unit employees, or changing any other
term or condition of employment of the unit employees, with-
out prior notice to and bargaining with the Union.
(g) In other manner interfering with, restraining, or coercing
employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed to them by
Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effec-
tuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Offer to the following-named employees immediate and
full reinstatement to their former jobs or, if those jobs no longer
exist, to substantially equivalent positions of employment with-
out prejudice to their seniority or any other rights or privileges
that they previously enjoyed, and make those employees whole
for any loss of earnings or other benefits that they have suffered
as a result of the discrimination against them in the manner set
forth in the remedy section of this decision.

Clara Gabbard Lois Noble
Sandra (Barker) Hutton Maxine Ritchie
Eileene Jewell Laotta Sizemore
Debbie Miller Melissa Turner

(b) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove from
its files any references to its unlawful discharges of the em-
ployees who are named in the preceding paragraph, and remove
from its files any reference to the unlawful suspension of Deb-
bie Miller, and remove from its files any references to the

141 If no exceptions are filed as provided by Sec. 102.46 of the
Board’s Rules and Regulations, the findings, conclusions, and recom-
mended Order shall, as provided in Sec. 102.48 of the Rules, be
adopted by the Board and all objections to them shall be deemed
waived for all purposes.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 608
warning notices that it unlawfully issued to Diana Taulbee, and
within 3 days thereafter notify those employees in writing that
this has been done and that its actions will not be used against
them in any way.
(c) On request by the Union, rescind all unilateral actions
found to have been effected in violation of Section 8(a)(5) and
make whole, in the manner set forth in the remedy section of
this decision, any of its employees for any loss of earnings or
other benefits that they have suffered as a result of those unilat-
eral actions.
(d) On request, bargain collectively and in good faith con-
cerning rates of pay, hours of employment, and other terms and
conditions of employment with the Union as the exclusive col-
lective-bargaining representative of its employees in the above-
described unit, and embody in a signed agreement any under-
standing reached.
(e) Preserve and, within 14 days of a request, or within such
additional time as the Regional Director may allow for good
cause shown, provide at a reasonable place designated by the
Board or its agents all payroll records, social security payment
records, timecards, personnel records and reports, and all other
records, including an electronic copy of such records if stored
in electronic form, necessary to analyze the amount of backpay
due under the terms of this Order.
(f) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at its
Jackson, Kentucky facility copies of the attached notice marked
“Appendix.”142 Copies of the notice, on forms provided by the
Regional Director for Region 9, after being signed by the Re-
spondent’s authorized representative, shall be posted by the
Respondent immediately upon receipt and maintained for 60
consecutive days in conspicuous places including all places
where notices to employees are customarily posted. Reasonable
steps shall be taken by the Respondent to ensure that the notices
are not altered, defaced, or covered by any other material. In
the event that, during the pendency of these proceedings, the
Respondent has gone out of business or closed the facility in-
volved in these proceedings, the Respondent shall duplicate and
mail, at its own expense, a copy of the notice to all current em-
ployees and former employees employed by the Respondent at
any time since April 1, 2000, the approximate date of the first
unfair labor practice found.
(g) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with the
Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsible official
on a form provided by the Region attesting to the steps that the
Respondent has taken to comply.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the complaint is dismissed
insofar as it alleges violations of the Act not specifically found.

142 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of the United States court
of Appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the
National Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a
Judgment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of
the National Labor Relations Board.”