Keep A Breast Foundation

Trademark Trial and Appeal Board

Aug 17, 2017

No. 85316199 (T.T.A.B. Aug. 17, 2017)

Yes

Mailed: August 17, 2017

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
________

Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
________

In re Keep A Breast Foundation
________

Serial No. 85316199
_______

Sean Flaherty of Coast Law Group for Keep A Breast Foundation.

Marlene Bell, Trademark Examining Attorney, Law Office 118
(Thomas G. Howell, Managing Attorney).
_______

Before Zervas, Cataldo and Kuczma,
Administrative Trademark Judges.

Opinion by Cataldo, Administrative Trademark Judge:

Keep a Breast Foundation (“Applicant”) has applied to register the design shown
below on the Principal Register as a mark for
Association services, namely, promoting the interests of communities
and organizations in the field of breast cancer prevention and
awareness, and of providers of educational services in the field of the
causes of breast cancer; promoting public awareness of breast cancer
prevention in International Class 35;

Charitable fundraising services in International Class 36; and

Educational services, namely, conducting seminars, art exhibitions, and
workshops in the field of breast cancer awareness, causes, research and
treatment; and entertainment services, namely, live musical
This Opinion is a
Precedent of the TTAB
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performances to promote breast cancer awareness, causes, research and
treatment in International Class 41.1

The proposed mark is described in the application as follows:
The mark consists of a three-dimensional cylindrical cast of female
breasts and torso constituting a trade dress display akin to packaging,
used in conjunction with the services offered. The shading in the
drawing does not represent color, and is not a claimed feature of the
mark. Shading is meant merely to show depth and dimension.

Color is not claimed as a feature of the mark.

The application is based on an allegation of first use anywhere in October 1999 and
first use in commerce in April 2000 for all classes of services. During prosecution,
Applicant submitted a claim, in the alternative, that the proposed mark has acquired
distinctiveness under Trademark Act Section 2(f), 15 U.S.C. § 1052(f).
The Trademark Examining Attorney finally refused registration as to all three
classes of services on four grounds:
(1) under Sections 1, 2, 3, and 45 of the Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. §§
1051, 1052, 1053 1127, on the ground that Applicant’s design fails to
function as a service mark;

1 Application Serial No. 85316199 was filed on May 9, 2011 under Section 1(a) of the
Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1051(a).
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(2) under Sections 1, 2, 3 and 45 of the Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. §§
1051, 1052, 1053, 1127, on the ground that the proposed mark consists
of nondistinctive trade dress that would not be perceived as a service
mark, but merely as decoration or ornamentation;

(3) under Section 2(f), 15 U.S.C. § 1052(f), on the ground that Applicant
did not make a sufficient evidentiary showing of acquired
distinctiveness; and

(4) under Sections 1 and 45 of the Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1051,
1127, on the basis that all of the specimens of record are unacceptable
because they either fail to show the mark in the drawing or show the
proposed mark but do not associate it with the identified services.

Applicant then appealed. Briefs have been filed.2
I. Examining Attorney’s Evidence
In maintaining the refusals to register, the Examining Attorney submitted, inter
alia, images from the Google search engine of breast, torso and body casts from
numerous unspecified sources.3 The following example is illustrative:

2 Applicant’s motion (21 TTABVUE) to extend its time in which to file its reply brief was
granted by Board order (22 TTABVUE). However, from the record it does not appear that
Applicant submitted a reply brief.
Exhibits A-C to Applicant’s appeal brief (15 TTABVUE 30-41) were previously made of record
during prosecution and are discussed infra. Accordingly, their attachment to Applicant’s brief
is redundant and unnecessary. See, e.g., In re SL&E Training Stable Inc., 88 USPQ2d 1216,
1220 n. 9 (TTAB 2008). Exhibits D-F (15 TTABVUE 42-50) were not introduced into the
record during prosecution and are untimely. Trademark Rule 2.142(d), 37 C.F.R. § 2.142(d).
Accordingly, they will be given no consideration.
3 October 30, 2013, Office action, Trademark Search and Document Retrieval (TSDR) p. 2-13.
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The Examining Attorney further made of record screenshots from third-party
informational and commercial Internet websites discussing and offering breast and
body casting products and services, some of which are specifically directed toward
breast cancer awareness and other issues related to breast cancer.4 The following
examples are illustrative:

4 Id. at TSDR 14-22, 34-60; June 16, 2014, Office action, TSDR p. 2-21.
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II. Discussion
We start with the Examining Attorney’s refusal of registration on the basis that
the specimens of record are all unacceptable because they either fail to show the mark
in the drawing or show the proposed mark but do not associate it with the identified
services.
A. Sufficiency of Applicant’s Specimens
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A service mark is “any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination
thereof ... [used] to identify and distinguish the services of one person ... from the
services of others and to indicate the source of the services, even if that source is
unknown.” 15 U.S.C. § 1127. The specimens of use, which are required by Section 1
of the Lanham Act and 37 CFR § 2.56, must show an association between the mark
and the services. As the Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure (TMEP)
provides:
To be acceptable, a service-mark specimen must show the mark
sought to be registered used in a manner that demonstrates a
direct association between the mark and the services.
Essentially, the mark must be shown in a manner that would be
perceived by potential purchasers as identifying the applicant's
services and indicating their source.

TMEP § 1301.04(f) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). See also In re
Universal Oil Prods. Co., 476 F.2d 653, 177 USPQ 456, 457 (CCPA 1973) (“[t]he
minimum requirement is some direct association between the offer of services and
the mark sought to be registered therefor”). We have said that a service mark must
be “used in such a manner that it would be readily perceived as identifying” the
services, which is “determined by examining the specimens of record in the
application.” In re Moody’s Investors Svc. Inc., 13 USPQ2d 2043, 2047 (TTAB
1989); accord In re Osmotica Holdings Corp., 95 USPQ2d 1666, 1668 (TTAB 2010)
( “At a minimum, the specimen must show a direct association between the
services and the mark sought to be registered.”). “A specimen that shows only the
mark with no reference to, or association with, the services does not show service
mark usage.” In re DSM Pharm., Inc., 87 USPQ2d 1623, 1624 (TTAB 2008).
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The original specimen submitted with the application depicts the applied-for mark
as shown below.

This specimen is a substantially exact representation of the mark as it appears in
the drawing; however, there is no indication of the services recited in the involved
application. As a result, this specimen of record fails to show the required association
with Applicant’s services.
Applicant submitted the following substitute specimen with its December 20, 2011
response to Office action:5

5 TSDR p. 2-7.
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For two reasons, this substitute specimen fails to show the proposed mark in a
manner such that consumers would perceive it as an indicator of source for any of the
identified services. First, we note that this specimen does not display the breast cast
in the drawing, as required by 37 CFR § 2.51(a) (“the drawing of the mark must be a
substantially exact representation of the mark as used on or in connection with the
goods and/or services”), but rather displays six different breast casts, whose shapes
appear to have been individually dictated by the shape of the different women to
whose bodies they were individually molded. As explained in the first substitute
specimen, Applicant assists women diagnosed with breast cancer in creating breast
casts “as a unique opportunity to document their body and their feelings at a specific
time in their treatment by turning their casted torsos into a beautiful piece of art.”
This specimen further explains by “[c]ombining sculpture, philanthropy and symbolic
artistry, the one-of-a-kind plaster forms of the female torso are given to the castee to
document a specific point in their breast cancer journey.” Rather than indicating
source, the breast casts are described in Applicant’s own promotional materials as
“one-of-a-kind plaster forms” created by individual women with assistance from
Applicant. The breast casts thus appear to be individual works of art and lack
uniformity. Because the specimen fails to depict “a substantially exact representation
of the mark,” see 37 CFR § 2.51, this specimen does not associate the mark depicted
in the application with Applicant as a source of any of the recited services.
Second, this specimen appears to identify the recited services in all three classes
not by the breast cast design, but rather by the more traditional word mark The Keep
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A Breast Foundation™. Specifically, the breast casts themselves are discussed in
relation to The Keep A Breast Foundation’s “Treasured Chest Program” and The
Keep A Breast Foundation Breast Casts™. In other words, the presence of these
other, readily-perceived source identifiers on the substitute specimen makes it
impossible to conclude that the public would perceive the casts themselves as source
identifiers. See TMEP § 1301.04(d) (“The specimen must demonstrate the mark
serving as a source indicator for the identified services.”) In sum, the substitute
specimen not only does not display the mark depicted in the drawing, but it also fails
to show that the breast casts depicted therein serve as indicators of source for any of
Applicant’s recited services.
Applicant submitted a second substitute specimen, displayed below, with its July
17, 2012 response to Office action:6

6 TSDR p. 7-9.
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The photograph comprising the second substitute specimen displays five breast
casts of different sizes and shapes on a table with other paraphernalia, including tee
shirts, tank tops, backpacks and other items, apparently offered by Applicant. As
with the first substitute specimen, this specimen gives no indication or makes any
mention of the recited services, nor does it seek to associate the proposed mark to any
such services. See DSM Pharm., 87 USPQ2d at 1624 (“A specimen that shows only
the mark with no reference to, or association with, the services does not show service
mark usage.”). See also Osmotica, 95 USPQ2d at 1668 (“It is not enough that the
mark and a reference to the services both appear in the same specimen.”); In re
Graystone Consulting Assocs., Inc., 115 USPQ2d 2035 (TTAB 2015).
In sum, we conclude that neither of the substitute specimens displays the breast
cast design depicted in the drawing. And even were we to overlook that deficiency,
the original and second substitute specimens do not associate breast casts with any
of the recited services, such that the breast casts would be perceived as a source-
identifier. And the first substitute specimen, while referencing the recited services,
does not display the applied-for breast cast and, in addition, depicts other
designations more likely to be perceived as the services’ source identifiers. As a result,
none of Applicant’s proffered specimens are sufficient to support use of the proposed
mark in connection with Applicant’s services.
Accordingly, the Board affirms the refusal to register on the ground that the
specimens of record fail to show use of the applied-for designation as a mark in
connection with the recited services.
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B. Failure to Function as a Service Mark Under Sections 1, 2, 3, & 45
We next turn to the substantive refusal, under Sections 1, 2, 3, and 45 of the
Lanham Act, that the applied-for mark does not serve to “identify and distinguish the
services of one person . . . and to indicate the source of the services.” 15 U.S.C. § 1127
(definition of “service mark). As has been frequently stated, “[b]efore there can be
registration, there must be a trademark.” In re Bose Corp., 546 F.2d 893, 192 USPQ
213, 215 (CCPA 1976). See also In re Int’l Spike, Inc., 196 USPQ 447, 449 (TTAB
1977) (law pronounced in the Bose case is just as applicable to pictures and
illustrations as it is to words: Trademark Act is for the registration, not the creation,
of trademarks); In re Ratcliff Hoist Co., Inc., 157 USPQ 118, 119 (TTAB 1969) (mere
representation of an article of applicant’s merchandise fails to function as a
trademark for its goods).
Sections 1, 2, 3, and 45 of the Trademark Act provide the statutory basis for
refusal to register subject matter that fails to function as a service mark. 15 U.S.C.
§§ 1051, 1052, 1053, and 1127. Specifically, Sections 1, 2, and 3 provide, inter alia,
for the application and registration on the Principal Register of trademarks “by which
the goods [or services] of the applicant may be distinguished from the goods [or
services] of others” and Section 45 defines a “service mark,” in pertinent part, as “any
word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof used by a person ... to
identify and distinguish the services of one person ... from the services of others and
to indicate the source of the services, even if that source is unknown.” Accordingly,
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the Office is statutorily constrained to register matter on the Principal Register only
if it functions as a mark.
“[N]ot every designation adopted with the intention that it performs a trademark
function and even labeled as a trademark necessarily accomplishes that purpose….”
Am. Velcro, Inc. v. Charles Mayer Studios, Inc., 177 USPQ 149, 154 (TTAB 1973); see
also Roux Labs., Inc. v. Clairol, Inc., 427 F.2d 823, 166 USPQ 34, 39 (CCPA 1970).
The critical inquiry in determining whether a designation functions as
a mark is how the designation would be perceived by the relevant public.
To make this determination we look to the specimens and other evidence
of record showing how the designation is actually used in the
marketplace.

In re Eagle Crest Inc., 96 USPQ2d 1227, 1229 (TTAB 2010) (citations omitted).
Thus, the central question in determining whether Applicant’s proposed mark
functions as a service mark is the commercial impression it makes on the relevant
public (e.g., whether the term sought to be registered would be perceived as a mark
identifying the source of the services). In re Aerospace Optico, Inc., 78 USPQ2d 1861,
1862 (TTAB 2006) (“the mark must be used in such a manner that it would be readily
perceived as identifying the specified goods [or services]. ... The mere fact that a
designation appears on the specimen of record does not make it a trademark. ... A
critical element in determining whether matter sought to be registered as a
trademark is the impression the matter makes on the relevant public.” (citations
omitted)). See also In re Volvo Cars of North Am. Inc., 46 USPQ2d 1455, 1459 (TTAB
1998); In re Remington Prods. Inc., 3 USPQ2d 1714, 1715 (TTAB 1987); In re
Morganroth, 208 USPQ 284, 287 (TTAB 1980).
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Based on our above review of the specimens of use submitted by Applicant as well
as all other evidence of record, we agree with the Examining Attorney that
Applicant’s proposed mark fails to function as a service mark. As discussed above,
the original specimen, and the first and second substitute specimens, all fail to
associate the proposed mark with any of the recited services, thus making it unlikely
that the relevant consumers will perceive the casts as indicating source. If anything,
the applied-for mark appears to be created as part of the educational and
associational services offered under the designation “Keep A Breast Foundation
Treasured Chest Program.” As stated in Applicant’s pamphlet, “The Keep A Breast
Foundation’s Treasured Chest Program strives to gives women that are newly
diagnosed with breast cancer a unique opportunity to document their body and their
feelings at a specific time in their treatment by turning their casted torso into a
beautiful piece of art.” The evidence also shows that other charitable organizations
in the same field similarly make breast/torso casts as part of their support services.
With its March 11, 2013, request for reconsideration, Applicant submitted by the
declaration of its counsel, Sean Flaherty, copies of the following screen shots from
Applicant’s webpage showing its “Traveling Education Booth:”7

7 TSDR p. 14-16. Applicant does not assert that this evidence is intended as a further
substitute specimen, and we do not so construe it.
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______________________________________________________________________________
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This website evidence shows a painted breast cast on a table with other
paraphernalia and informational material offered by Applicant and discusses
educational programs in connection with breast cancer, but it is a cast different from
the proposed mark in the drawing. Moreover, there is no indication that the breast
cast configuration in the proposed mark is present on the website, much less that it
is intended to serve as an indicator of the source of Applicant’s services.
Upon consideration of the entire record, we agree with the Examining Attorney
that the applied-for matter as it is being used displays a breast cast that Applicant,
as a part of its associational and educational services, assists women, including those
diagnosed with breast cancer, in making. As such, the evidence shows that the cast
will be perceived as part of the services rather than as a mark designating the source
of the services.
Acquired Distinctiveness Under Section 2(f)8
As discussed above, the applied-for breast/torso cast fails to function as a mark.
As a consequence, no amount of evidence of acquired distinctiveness can overcome
such a refusal. See TMEP § 1212.02(i) (“[W]here the examining attorney has
determined that matter sought to be registered is not registrable because it is not a
mark within the meaning of the Trademark Act, a claim that the matter has acquired

8 As discussed infra, we do not reach in this decision the Examining Attorney’s refusal of
registration under Sections 1, 2, 3 and 45 of the Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1051, 1052,
1053, 1127, on the ground that the proposed mark consists of nondistinctive trade dress that
would not be perceived as a service mark, but merely as decoration or ornamentation. Our
discussion of the sufficiency of Applicant’s claim of acquired distinctiveness under Trademark
Act Section 2(f), 15 U.S.C. § 1052(f) should not be misconstrued as a determination that the
applied-for breast cast is distinctive or non-ornamental under Trademark Act Sections 1, 2,
3 and 45.
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distinctiveness under §2(f) as applied to the applicant’s goods or services does not
overcome the refusal.”) Nonetheless, in order to facilitate any judicial review of our
final decision, we will assume, arguendo, that the breast casts in the specimens are
the exact casts depicted in the drawing9 and we will further assume that the
specimens depict the cast in a way that seeks to have consumers associate the casts
as an indicator of the source of Applicant’s associational and education services. With
those two assumptions, we now address Applicant’s claim that the breast cast trade
dress has acquired distinctiveness as an indicator of source.
A refusal to register non-distinctive trade dress based on its failure to function as
a mark may be overcome by a showing of acquired distinctiveness under Section 2(f)
of the Trademark Act. “The applicant … bears the burden of proving acquired
distinctiveness.” In re La. Fish Fry Prods., Ltd., 797 F.3d 1332, 1335, 116 USPQ2d
1262, 1264 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). An applicant must show that the
primary significance of a mark or trade dress in the minds of consumers is not the
product or service but the source of that product or service to establish acquired

9 Were the breast/torso casts offered by Applicant identical to the one depicted in the drawing
(as discussed above, they are not), it would be conceivable that this case would present a
question of inherent distinctiveness rather than one of failure to function as a trademark.
But even then, the outcome would appear to be the same because the evidence in the record
shows that several breast cancer organizations offer similar breast/torso casts as part of their
similar associational and educational services. Compare In re Chippendales USA Inc., 622
F.3d 1346, 96 USPQ2d 1681, 1687-88 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (because other providers of erotic
dancing entertainment services featured performers wearing cuffs and collars, similar cuff
and collars were not inherently distinctive for such services) with In re Data Packaging Corp.,
453 F.2d 1300, 172 USPQ 396 (CCPA 1972) (design of a narrow, contrasting-color annular
band mounted on the front computer tape reel flange, adjacent to and concentric with the
hub of the reel; design held to be “potentially registrable as a trademark” in part because
“there is no evidence here . . . that others in the industry have previously used . . . the same
or very similar design, thereby destroying its capacity to serve as a trademark”).
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distinctiveness. See id., 116 USPQ2d at 1265; Ennco Display Sys. Inc., 56 USPQ2d
1279, 1283 (TTAB 2000).
Acquired distinctiveness may be shown by direct or circumstantial evidence.
Direct evidence includes actual testimony or declarations of consumers as whether
they view the proposed mark primarily as a source identifier, or surveys.
Circumstantial evidence is evidence from which such consumer perception might be
inferred, such as years of continuous and substantially exclusive use, sales and
advertising data, and any similar evidence showing wide exposure of the mark to
consumers in a manner that would educate consumers to view the proposed mark as
a source indicator. In re Steelbuilding.com, 415 F.3d 1293, 1300, 75 USPQ2d 1420,
1424 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Ennco, 56 USPQ2d at 1283.
There is no fixed rule for the amount of proof necessary to demonstrate acquired
distinctiveness, however, the burden is directly proportional to the degree of non-
distinctiveness of the mark at issue. E.g., Yamaha Int’l Corp. v. Hoshino Gakki Co.,
840 F.2d 1572, 6 USPQ2d 1001, 1008 (Fed. Cir. 1988); Steelbuilding.com, 75 USPQ2d
at 1424; see also Yankee Candle Co. v. Bridgewater Candle Co., LLC, 259 F.3d 25, 59
USPQ2d 1720, 1730-32 (1st Cir. 2001) (trade dress for common elements of candle
labels is nondistinctive product packaging for which insufficient evidence of acquired
distinctiveness shown); EFS Mktg., Inc. v. Russ Berrie & Co., 76 F.3d 487, 491, 37
USPQ2d 1646, 1649 (2d Cir. 1996) (“[C]onsumers do not associate the design of a
product with a particular manufacturer as readily as they do a trademark or product
packaging trade dress.”). The Examining Attorney introduced evidence, excerpted
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above, showing that Applicant’s breast cast configuration is not an uncommon design,
but rather is utilized by a number of third parties, some of which use and offer breast
casting specifically to promote breast cancer awareness, treatment, fundraising and
body image. As a result, and given the nature of Applicant’s proposed mark, we find
that a higher level of evidence is needed to establish prima facie acquired
distinctiveness.
Applicant submitted three declarations and evidence in support of its claim of
acquired distinctiveness:10
• Declaration of Michelle Wenner, Applicant’s CFO, discussing Applicant’s
fundraising and expenditures.
• Declaration of Shaney Jo Darden, Applicant’s Co-Founder and Global CEO,
discussing length and manner of use of the applied-for mark and services
provided by Applicant.
• Declaration of Sean Flaherty, Applicant’s counsel, introducing copies of screen
shots reproduced above from Applicant’s webpage showing its “Traveling
Education Booth.”
As to the length of use, that the Lanham Act provides that evidence of
substantially exclusive and continuous use for a period of five years immediately
preceding filing of an application “may” be considered prima facie evidence of
acquired distinctiveness. 15 U.S.C. § 1052(f) (emphasis supplied). However, the
USPTO is not required in any case to accept a bare showing of five or more years’ use,

10 Applicant’s March 11, 2013 request for reconsideration, TSDR p. 8-19.
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even when it is substantially exclusive. See, e.g., In re La. Fish Fry Prods., Ltd., 797
F.3d 1332, 116 USPQ2d 1262, 1265 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (“Although Section 2(f) . . .
provides that that the PTO may accept five years of ‘substantially exclusive and
continuous’ use as prima facie evidence of acquired distinctiveness, the statute does
not require the PTO to do so.”); In re Deister Concentrator Co., 289 F.2d 496, 129
USPQ 314, 320 (CCPA 1961) (the Director “is neither bound to accept it nor limited
by [§ 2(f)] as to what he may accept as proof of ‘distinctiveness’”); In re Hehr Mfg. Co.,
279 F.2d 526, 126 USPQ 381, 382-83 (CCPA 1960) (Section 2(f) itself “is silent except
for the suggestion that substantially exclusive use for a period of five years
immediately preceding filing of an application may be considered prima facie
evidence. Congress has chosen to leave the exact degree of proof necessary to qualify
a mark for registration to the judgment of the Patent Office and the courts.”); Ennco,
56 USPQ2d at 1286 (language of the statute is permissive, and the weight to be
accorded this kind of evidence depends on the facts and circumstances of the
particular case). Given that the alleged mark is not Applicant’s main identifier (Keep
A Breast Foundation is), and given that it is in the form of a product, which consumers
do not tend to view as marks but as what they are (products),11 we find Applicant’s
use since April 2000 is insufficient, in itself, to demonstrate that consumers perceive

11 See, e.g., Wal-Mart Stores Inc. v. Samara Bros. Inc., 529 U.S. 205, 54 USPQ2d 1065, 1069
(U.S. 2000) (“In the case of product design . . . we think consumer predisposition to equate
the [product] feature with the source does not exist. Consumers are aware of the reality that,
almost invariably, even the most unusual of product designs—such as a cocktail shaker
shaped like a penguin—is intended not to identify the source, but to render the product itself
more useful or more appealing.”)

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the breast/torso cast as an indicator of source. See, e.g., Petersen Mfg. Co. v. Central
Purchasing, Inc., 740 F.2d 1541, 1551 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (“The affidavits of Petersen are
devoid of facts from which a conclusion of secondary meaning could be drawn. No
evidence came from consumers that they rely on shape alone, rather than on the
prominently displayed word mark VISE-GRIP, to identify the source of the product.”);
In re McIlhenny Co., 278 F.2d 953, 126 USPQ 138, 141 (CCPA 1960) (promotion of a
bottle design bearing other trademarks is insufficient under section 2(f) to show that
the public views the bottle design alone as a trademark).
Applicant also provides evidence that it has raised over $ 1 million in charitable
donations and spent over $100,000 on advertising for the services. Generalized
information about a business’s financial success (here, charitable donations, but for
commercial entities, gross sales across a company) are of minimal probative value
where there is no additional evidence that differentiates with regard to what amounts
were raised or taken and spent in connection with the mark at issue (here, the breast
cast design). Without more, this generalized figure does not permit any inference to
be drawn about whether consumers perceive the particular applied-for breast cast
design as an indicator of a unique source.12 We note that the evidence shows that
Applicant displays its breast/torso casts in booths along with other potential
identifiers (the Save a Breast Foundation logo) and promotes it under the name
“Treasured Chest Program.” Thus we cannot infer from Applicant’s advertising or
booth displays that consumers will perceive the breast/torso cast, amid these other

12 We recognize that Applicant is a non-profit organization and that its promotional
expenditures, while modest, represent a significant percentage of its resources.
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more traditional designations, as a source indicator. See, e.g., In re Bongrain Int’l
(Am.) Corp., 894 F.2d 1316, 3 USPQ2d 1727, 1729 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (sales and
advertising figures alone may not suffice where other marks were featured with the
mark at issue or the growth could be attributed to the product’s popularity); see also
In re Boston Beer Co. L.P., 198 F.3d 1370, 53 USPQ2d 1056 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (finding
claim based on annual sales under the mark of approximately eighty-five million
dollars, and annual advertising expenditures in excess of ten million dollars -- two
million of which were spent on promotions and promotional items which included the
phrase THE BEST BEER IN AMERICA -- insufficient to establish distinctiveness, in
view of the highly descriptive nature of the proposed mark); In re Tennis Industry
Ass’n, 102 USPQ2d 1671, 1682 (TTAB 2012) (“Sheer numbers alone are not
necessarily enough to prove secondary meaning.”) (citation omitted).
The Darden declaration indicates that the 1,500 breast casts developed by
Applicant include those of numerous celebrities, musicians and professional athletes,
and that printed and electronic media outlets have “conducted, broadcast, or
published stories about The Keep A Breast Foundation’s Breast Casts and the
organization’s services associated with the Breast Cast campaigns.” However, there
is neither explanation in the declaration nor any supporting evidence to indicate the
extent to which the asserted media coverage displays or discusses the breast cast
trade dress as a mark used in association with Applicant’s recited services such that
we may conclude that the breast casts were “widely promoted” as an indicator of
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source, such as through “look for” advertising.13 As discussed above, Applicant’s
evidence shows that a breast cast is present in its travelling education booth, but the
cast neither displays the applied-for mark nor shows use of it in the manner of a
service mark in connection with Applicant’s services.
We note once more that the dozen breast casts pictured in Applicant’s specimens
and Traveling Education Booth screenshot differ from one another in accordance with
the proportions of the women from whom they were cast, and differ from the rather
stylized breast cast depicted in the drawing. This apparent lack of uniformity (which
likely extends to the 1,500 breast casts Applicant has made based on different women
with diverse proportions) further undercuts Applicant’s ability to transform the
number of casts it has made into reliable evidence that such individualized casts
serve as a trademark.
Simply put, Applicant’s declarations and evidence demonstrate that female
celebrities, musicians and athletes are willing to create breast casts of their unique
breasts and torsos for Applicant and that other celebrities, musicians and media
outlets have promoted such breast casts. However, Applicant’s declarations and
evidence do not reveal the extent, if any, to which consumers of Applicant’s services
perceive its breast cast trade dress as a source identifier. See, e.g., In re Teledyne
Indus., Inc., 212 USPQ 299, 300 (TTAB 1981) (“Mere depiction of a product in
advertising does not demonstrate that it is used as a mark.”); see also Wal-Mart

13 For examples of successful “look for” advertising of the sort that is lacking here, see In re
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 774 F.2d 1116, 227 USPQ 417, 423-24 (Fed. Cir. 1985); In re
Data Packaging Corp., 453 F.2d 1300, 172 USPQ 396, 398-99 (CCPA 1972); In re Hehr Mfg.
Co., 279 F.2d 526, 126 USPQ 381, 382-83 (CCPA 1960).
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Stores, 54 USPQ2d at 1069 (consumers tend to view products as products, not as
source identifiers, unless successfully conditioned to override this predisposition).
There is no evidence that any of the asserted media exposure directs viewers to
perceive the breast cast as identifying Applicant as the source of services or as
something other than the cast of an individual woman’s breasts and torso. Moreover,
the Examining Attorney’s evidence that third parties offer breast casting as part of
their own breast cancer awareness programs strongly undercuts Applicant’s claim
that it is making substantially exclusive use of its proposed breast cast configuration
as a service mark or trade dress.
In that regard, Section 2(f) requires that the Applicant’s use of a particular device
be “substantially exclusive.” Thus, “[w]hen the record shows that purchasers are
confronted with more than one (let alone numerous) independent users of a term or
device, an application for registration under Section 2(f) cannot be successful, for
distinctiveness on which purchasers may rely is lacking under such circumstances.”
Levi Strauss & Co. v. Genesco, Inc., 742 F.2d 1401, 222 USPQ 939, 940-41 (Fed. Cir.
1984). The record indicates such third-party use here, and thus Applicant’s attempt
to prove that its breast/torso cast design services as an indicator of a unique source
falters on this basis as well. See also ERBE Elektromedizin GmbH v. Canady Tech.
LLC, 629 F.3d 1278, 97 USPQ2d 1048, 1057-58 nn. 4 & 5 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Quaker
State Oil Ref’g Corp. v. Quaker Oil Corp., 453 F.2d 1296, 172 USPQ 361, 363 (CCPA
1972).
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In sum, after careful review of all of the evidence of record, including any evidence
not specifically discussed herein, we agree with the Examining Attorney that
Applicant’s evidence of acquired distinctiveness is insufficient to permit registration
of the breast cast configuration under Section 2(f).
III. Decision:
(1) the refusal to register the applied-for matter pursuant to Sections 1 and 45
of the Trademark Act, and related rules, on the ground that the original specimens,
as well as the first and second substitute specimens, do not show use of the applied-
for mark in connection with any of the services specified in the application, is
affirmed;
(2) the refusal to register pursuant to Sections 1, 2, 3 and 45 of the Trademark
Act on the ground that the applied-for trade dress fails to function as a service mark
is affirmed; and
(3) Applicant’s evidence of acquired distinctiveness is insufficient to permit
registration of the applied-for trade dress under Section 2(f).
In view of our decision herein, we need not and do not reach a determination on the
Examining Attorney’s fourth alternative ground for refusal of registration, i.e., that,
pursuant to Sections 1, 2, 3 and 45 of the Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1051, 1052,
1053, 1127, the proposed mark consists of nondistinctive trade dress that would not
be perceived as a service mark, but merely as decoration or ornamentation.