International Protective Services

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Jul 15, 2003

339 N.L.R.B. 701 (N.L.R.B. 2003)

INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 701
International Protective Services, Inc. and United
Government Security Officers of America, Local
46. Cases 19–CA–26325, 19–CA–26373, and 19–
CA–26473
July 15, 2003
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN BATTISTA AND MEMBERS SCHAUMBER
AND WALSH
These consolidated cases arise in the context of a strike
by security guards providing protection for United States
Government buildings in Alaska. The main issue pre-
sented by the General Counsel’s exceptions is whether
the strike constituted protected activity under the Na-
tional Labor Relations Act (NLRA). We agree with the
judge’s finding that the strike was not protected by the
NLRA, as discussed below. The judge additionally dis-
missed (with one exception) all of the allegations that the
employer of the security guards, International Protective
Services, Inc. violated Section 8(a)(1), (3), and (5) of the
NLRA prior to and after the strike.1 We agree with all of
these findings by the judge for the reasons set forth in his
decision, except for one: we reverse the judge’s dismissal
of the allegation that the Respondent violated Section
8(a)(5) and (1) of the NLRA by failing to furnish the
Union with information relevant and necessary to its role
as bargaining representative of the security guards. We
address, in turn, the Union’s strike and the request for
information.2
Factual Background
1. Security requirements at the Alaska
Federal buildings
The factual background is fully set forth in the judge’s
decision and is summarized here. The Respondent, In-
ternational Protective Services, Inc., provided security
guard services for United States Government buildings in
Anchorage, Alaska, pursuant to a contract with the Gen-
eral Services Administration (GSA). These buildings
house the Federal courts, and offices for the Federal Bu-
reau of Investigation, U.S. Attorney, Environmental Pro-

1 No exceptions were filed to the judge’s finding that the Respondent
violated Sec. 8(a)(3) by delaying the rehire of employee Phillip Relich.
2 On Sept. 12, 2000, Administrative Law Judge Gerald A. Wacknov
issued the attached decision. The General Counsel filed exceptions and
a supporting brief, the Respondent filed an answering brief, and the
General Counsel filed a reply brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its authority in
this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record in light of the
exceptions and briefs and has decided to affirm the judge’s rulings,
findings, and conclusions as modified herein, and to adopt the recom-
mended Order as modified and set forth in full below.
tection Agency, Internal Revenue Service, and other Fed-
eral agencies. Several of these Federal agencies housed
in the Alaska Federal buildings were the targets of
security threats from time to time. Heightened security
measures had been instituted at the Alaska Federal build-
ings and Federal buildings nationwide following the
bombing of the Federal building in Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma.
The Respondent’s security guards were stationed at the
entrances to certain of the Alaska Federal buildings. The
guards carried firearms and were required to be licensed
to do so. The judge found that the Respondent’s contract
with GSA mandated further “stringent” requirements for
the qualification and hiring of the security guards,
including, inter alia, prior “arrest authority” from law
enforcement experience, and first aid certification. The
guards additionally received training in the operation of
an X-ray machine and magnetometer, which devices had
been installed as part of the increased security measures
introduced after the Oklahoma City bombing. The
guards were required to screen entrants to the Federal
buildings, and their belongings, using these detection
devices.
The Federal Protective Service (FPS), the law en-
forcement and security adjunct to GSA, is responsible for
overall Federal building security at the Alaska Federal
buildings, and for investigating and ensuring that the
Respondent satisfied its contractual obligations to pro-
vide security guards with the required qualifications.
FPS also provided security officers at the Alaska Federal
buildings.
2. The Union’s strike
The Union, United Government Security Officers of
America, Local 46, was the collective-bargaining repre-
sentative of the Respondent’s security guards at the
Alaska Federal buildings. During the latter half of 1998
and early 1999, the Respondent and the Union were un-
successful in their attempt to negotiate a collective-
bargaining agreement. On March 10, 1999,3 the Union
informed GSA that a strike was “imminent within the
next few weeks” and that the strike “will occur at the
most opportune time” for the Union. On March 12, GSA
initiated a conference call with representatives of the
Union, Respondent, and FPS to discuss the safety of the
Federal buildings in the event of a strike. GSA represen-
tatives inquired of the Union whether and when a strike
would commence. The Union evaded answering di-
rectly, indicating only that there “may or may not be a
strike.” GSA representatives emphasized to the Union
that its overriding concern was to protect lives and prop-
3 All dates hereafter are in 1999.
339 NLRB No. 75
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 702
erty at the Federal buildings in the event of a strike. The
judge found that the Union nevertheless “thwarted” the
GSA’s effort to “ascertain any details regarding the
threatened strike.”
On March 14, the Union conducted a strike vote au-
thorizing Union President Charles Reed to conduct a
strike “at an appropriate time suitable” to Reed. Reed
testified that he was given authority to call a strike any-
time over the next 2-month period. A strike threatened
by Reed on March 23 was narrowly averted. Several se-
curity guards balked at striking at that time because of
their security concerns. According to one guard, one of
“the building[s] was very busy and there were fifty or
more visiting military personnel in the building.”
On the morning of April 21, the Union faxed a letter to
the Respondent setting forth certain contract demands,
and stating that the Union “must receive a signed & nota-
rized affirmative response from you by 1100 hours, 04–
21–99 Alaska time, to avoid the pending work stoppage.”
The Union commenced a strike at the Anchorage Federal
buildings at approximately 12 noon on April 21.4
According to the uncontradicted testimony of Joseph
Sturrup of FPS,5 “GSA and FPS personnel were con-
cerned about the possibility of a strike, particularly dur-
ing the months of March and April,” because the anni-
versary of the Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing
was approaching, and “there were several other ominous
anniversaries of infamous individuals in March and April
. . . [T]his is the time when the majority of bomb threats
are received.” Thus, security at the Alaska Federal build-
ings is tightened during the months of March and April,
and security guards are reminded to be sensitive to the
increased security risk.
Discussion6
The strike was not protected by the NLRA
The general rule under the NLRA is that employees
have the right to strike for the purpose of mutual aid and
protection. “The Act protects the right of employees to
engage in concerted activities, including the right to
strike without prior notice. NLRB v. Erie Resistor Corp.,
373 U.S. 221 (1963); Montefiore Hospital [& Medical
Center v. NLRB, 621 F.2d 510 (2d Cir. 1980), cert. de-
4 The Respondent’s security guards at Federal buildings in Juneau
and Fairbanks, Alaska, who were included in the bargaining unit repre-
sented by the Union, were not involved in the strike.
5 Sturrup, who worked for FPS as the onsite representative of the
GSA contracting officer, was responsible for overseeing GSA’s con-
tract with the Respondent.
6 The Respondent has requested oral argument. The request is de-
nied as the record, exceptions, and briefs adequately present the issues
and the positions of the parties.
nied 465 U.S. 1065 (1984)].” Bethany Medical Center,
328 NLRB 1094 (1999).
The right to strike is not without limitation, however.
Both the Board and the courts recognize

that the right to strike is not absolute, and Section 7 [of
the NLRA] has been interpreted not to protect con-
certed activity that is unlawful, violent, in breach of
contract, or otherwise indefensible. NLRB v. Washing-
ton Aluminum Co., 370 U.S. 9, 17 (1962). . . . The
Board has held concerted activity indefensible where
employees fail to take reasonable precautions to protect
the employer’s plant, equipment, or products from
foreseeable imminent danger due to sudden cessation
of work. Marshall Car Wheel & Foundry Co., 107
NLRB 314 (1953), enf. denied 218 F.2d 409 (5th Cir.
1955).

Bethany Medical Center, supra at 1094. Accordingly,
under these well-established principles, the test of
whether the strike by the security guards lost the protec-
tion of the NLRA is not whether the Union gave the Re-
spondent adequate notice of its strike,7 because such no-
tice is not required under the NLRA.8 Nor is the test
whether the Union’s strike resulted in actual injury.
Rather, the test of whether the strike by the security
guards here lost the protection of the NLRA is whether
they failed to take reasonable precautions to protect the
employer’s operations from such imminent danger as
foreseeably would result from their sudden cessation of
work. Bethany Medical Center, supra; Vencare Ancillary
Services, 334 NLRB 965, 971 (2001).
The judge concluded that the Union’s strike was not
protected by the NLRA because it exposed the Federal
buildings and their occupants to foreseeable danger. The
judge based his conclusion on the Union’s course of
conduct beginning with its March 10 strike threat and
culminating in its ultimate commencement of the strike
on April 21. The judge found that the Union during this
period evinced “total disregard” for the security of the
Federal buildings by attempting “to capitalize on the
element of surprise” and that the Union’s April 21 strike
was in fact “designed” to compromise the security of the
Federal buildings and their occupants. We have carefully
7 The judge found that the April 21 strike was called without notice
to the Respondent, and that the Union gave notice of the strike to FPS
on the morning of April 21.
8 The sole limited notice requirement under the NLRA is that ex-
pressly provided by Sec. 8(g) for labor organizations at a health care
institution. See, e.g., East Chicago Rehabilitation Center v. NLRB, 710
F.2d 397 (7th Cir. 1983), cert. denied 465 U.S. 1065 (1984). We ac-
cordingly disavow the judge’s statement that “it is incumbent” upon a
union representing security guards to give the employer “sufficient
specific advance notice” of a strike.
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 703
reviewed the record evidence and find that the judge’s
conclusion that the strike was not protected is fully sup-
ported by his key factual findings.
The judge commenced his analysis by examining the
March 12 conference call concerning the importance of
ensuring the safety of the Federal buildings in the event
of a strike. The judge found that the Union responded to
GSA’s inquiries on this subject “with vitriolic invective
and outrage at GSA’s involvement in this matter.” The
judge further found that the Union destroyed a tape re-
cording it had made of the conference call because it
presented in explicit detail the “total disregard” evinced
by the Union for the interest of GSA and the Respondent
in maintaining security at the Federal buildings in the
event of a strike. The record thus shows, in the words of
the judge, that the Union “was not the least concerned
about the Federal buildings or their occupants.”
The judge next examined the strike threatened for
March 23, which was narrowly averted. The judge found
that three security guards at the FBI building had ex-
pressed unwillingness to strike on that date because of
their belief that it would pose a major security risk, as the
building was hosting a conference of some 50 law en-
forcement and military officials. The judge observed
that Union President Reed failed to allay these guards’
concern with assurances that they were not expected to
leave their posts unguarded. Rather, the judge found that
Reed angrily chastised the security guards, admonishing
them that “you don’t run fucking union business.” The
judge found further that Reed gave no instructions to
guards that they were not to abandon their posts until
relieved by replacements. The judge effectively credited
testimony of a security guard that Union President Reed
would schedule the strike at “the most inopportune time
for [Respondent] and FPS . . . when FPS officers were
not available” to fill in for striking guards. The judge
thus found, and we agree, that “the Union, through Reed,
who had been given sole discretion to call a strike at the
most opportune time, was willing to compromise the
security of the buildings and their occupants” in further-
ance of the Union’s agenda.
The judge then focused on the April 21 strike. The
judge found that again Union President Reed failed to
instruct the security guards not to walk out on strike on
April 21 if their posts were left unguarded. The judge
specifically discredited Reed’s contrary testimony as
“untrue and self-serving.”9

9 The General Counsel has excepted to this and other credibility
findings by the judge. The Board’s established policy is not to overrule
an administrative law judge’s credibility resolutions unless the clear
preponderance of all the relevant evidence convinces us that they are
incorrect. Standard Dry Wall Products, 91 NLRB 544 (1950), enfd.
The record thus supports the judge’s finding that on
April 21 the Union was willing to compromise the secu-
rity of the Federal buildings and their occupants by post
abandonment. We accordingly agree with the judge that
the Union failed to take reasonable precautions when
exercising its right to strike to protect the Federal build-
ings and their occupants from “such imminent danger as
foreseeably would result from their sudden cessation of
work.” Bethany Medical, supra, 328 NLRB at 1094. As
discussed above, this is the correct standard under Board
precedent for determining whether concerted activity is
indefensible. Id; Vencare Ancillary Services, supra, 334
NLRB at 971.
The judge found further that, not only did the Union
fail to take such reasonable precautions, the Union in fact
affirmatively “attempted to capitalize on the element of
surprise,” knowing that it was very difficult to quickly
assemble qualified replacement guards who were li-
censed to carry firearms, competent to operate X-ray
machines and magnetometers, and in possession of the
additional qualifications that GSA, FPS, and the Respon-
dent were required to ensure. The judge found that in-
deed the Union’s April 21 strike was “designed” to com-
promise the security of the Federal buildings and their
occupants. We have reviewed the record evidence as a
whole and agree with the judge’s findings.
There can be little doubt, as the judge observed, that
the Respondent’s security guards were entrusted with
critical responsibilities for the protection of persons and
property. Further, as noted above, the safety of the Fed-
eral buildings was at greater risk during the months of
March and April because of the anniversary of the Okla-
homa City Federal Building bombing and “several other
ominous anniversaries of infamous individuals.” Security
guards were reminded to be sensitive to the increased
security risk. Thus, at a time of heightened vulnerability
of the Alaska Federal buildings, the Union intentionally
sought to compromise public safety. In sum, the Union’s
misconduct went beyond a failure “to take reasonable
precautions” within the meaning of Bethany Medical; the
judge’s fully supported factual findings establish that the
Union recklessly intended to place the Federal buildings
and their occupants at risk.
Because the Union failed to take reasonable precau-
tions to protect the employer’s operations from foresee-
able imminent danger and essentially flouted the re-
quirement to do so, we agree with the judge that the Un-
ion’s strike was not protected by the NLRA,10 and that

188 F.2d 362 (3d Cir. 1951). We have carefully examined the record
and find no basis for reversing the findings.
10 The Board’s decision in Federal Security, Inc., 318 NLRB 413
(1995), enf. denied 154 F.3d 751 (7th Cir. 1998), relied on by the Gen-
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 704
the Respondent thus did not violate the NLRA by termi-
nating the employees who participated in the unprotected
strike.11
The Union’s information request
The security guards expressed concern both to the Re-
spondent and the Union regarding the benefits provided
them under the Respondent’s interrelated 401(k) pension
plan and health and welfare medical plan. The judge
found that these plans were “complex and not readily
understandable” and were a topic of discussion in the
parties’ negotiation for a contract. By letter dated Febru-
ary 26, Union President Reed made the following request
for information to the Respondent:

Please consider this letter as the Union’s official re-
quest for a full and accurate accounting of all Health
and Welfare and 401K [sic] funds received and distrib-
uted for each employee in our union bargaining unit. I
am also requesting that you provide me with a copy of
both plans including all benefits, options, and all other
important information and descriptions.
We have requested this information several times in the
last year to no avail. I will expect to receive this infor-
mation from you, not later than ten (10) days following
receipt of this letter.
If you have any questions, please call me.

The Respondent never responded to the Union’s re-
quest for information.
It is axiomatic that an employer has an obligation to
furnish to a union, on request, information that is rele-
vant and necessary to its role as the exclusive bargaining
representative of unit employees. Detroit Edison Co. v.
NLRB, 440 U.S. 301, 303 (1979); NLRB v. Acme Indus-
trial Co., 385 U.S. 432, 435–436 (1967). It is well set-
tled that information related directly to the wages, hours,
and other terms and conditions of employment, such as
pension and medical benefits, of bargaining unit employ-
ees represented by a union is presumptively relevant to
the union’s role as collective-bargaining representative

eral Counsel in his exceptions, is distinguishable from the instant case.
In Federal Security, the Board adopted the judge’s finding that the
Union gave the respondent sufficient advance notice of the walkout to
ensure security. 318 NLRB at 421. Further, there was no finding in
Federal Security that the union’s conduct was designed to compromise
security. Because the Board’s decision in Federal Security is distin-
guishable, we need not reach the issue of whether that decision contin-
ues to be viable.
11 Because the strike was not protected by the NLRA, we need not
pass on whether it was an economic or an unfair labor practice strike.
It was neither. We likewise need not pass on the judge’s dicta in fn. 39
concerning the legal ramifications of a hypothetical finding that the
strike was protected.
and must be furnished upon request. See, e.g., Deadline
Express, 313 NLRB 1244 (1994); Washington Beef, Inc.,
328 NLRB 612, 618 (1999) (401(k) plan and health and
welfare benefits); Maple View Manor, 320 NLRB 1149
(1996), enfd. mem. 107 F.3d 923 (D.C. Cir. 1997)
(health and retirement plans). An employer has a duty to
timely furnish such relevant information absent presenta-
tion of a valid defense. Woodland Clinic, 331 NLRB
735, 736 (2000).
The Respondent does not dispute the relevance of the
requested information and that it failed to respond to the
request. The judge nevertheless dismissed the allegation
that the Respondent unlawfully failed to furnish the Un-
ion with relevant information, citing the Respondent’s
belief that employees’ 401(k) account information was
confidential; that the account information was in the pos-
session of the 401(k) plan administrator rather than the
Respondent; and that the Union’s delay in bargaining
negotiations foreclosed discussion of this issue. We re-
verse the judge’s finding.
The Union requested two distinct items in its February
26 request: (1) a copy of the plans; and (2) an accounting
of all health and welfare and 401(k) funds received and
distributed for each unit employee.12 The judge did not
specifically pass on the former information request, re-
garding which the Respondent makes no claim of confi-
dentiality or claim that the information was not in its
possession. The Respondent has failed to present any
valid defense to its duty to provide the Union with such
relevant information, and we accordingly find that the
Respondent violated Section 8(a)(5) and (1) of the Act
by failing to furnish the Union with a copy of the plans.13
Turning to the request for employees’ account infor-
mation, the Board is required under Detroit Edison v.
NLRB,14 when dealing with a union request for relevant
information that is asserted to be confidential by the em-
ployer, to balance a union’s need for the information
against any “legitimate and substantial” confidentiality
interests established by the employer. Pennsylvania
Power Co., 301 NLRB 1104, 1105–1106 (1991). Fur-
ther, a party refusing to supply information on confiden-
tiality grounds has a duty to seek to bargain toward an
accommodation between the union’s information needs
and the employer’s justified interests. Id. at 1105–1106;
12 The Respondent made a single contribution for each employee,
which could be applied, at the employee’s selection, either to the medi-
cal plan or the 401(k) plan.
13 Although the Respondent argues in its brief to the Board that a
“description” of the plans was included in a draft collective-bargaining
agreement, the Respondent does not claim that it provided the Union
with the plans. We accordingly cannot agree with the dissent that the
Respondent in fact furnished this information to the Union.
14 Supra, 440 U.S. 301.
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 705
Metropolitan Edison Co., 330 NLRB 107 (1999). As the
D.C. Circuit has explained:

An employer is not relieved of its obligation to turn
over relevant information simply by invoking concerns
about confidentiality, but must offer to accommodate
both its concern and its bargaining obligations, as is of-
ten done by making an offer to release information
conditionally or by placing restrictions on the use of
that information.

U.S. Testing Co. v. NLRB, 160 F.3d 14, 20 (D.C. Cir. 1998),
enfg. 324 NLRB 854 (1997). The Respondent here made
no effort to bargain to accommodate the Union’s interest in
seeking relevant information. Indeed, it did not respond at
all to the information request. The Respondent’s legitimate
confidentiality concerns do not justify its failure to respond
to the Union’s request for account information.
Further, the Respondent was not privileged to ignore
the request because the account information was not in
its direct possession but was with the plan administrator.
The Board has explained that an employer has a duty to
supply relevant requested information which may not be
in its possession, but where the information likely can be
obtained from a third party with whom the employer has
a business relationship.15 The record shows that the Re-
spondent was aware that employees were having diffi-
culty obtaining statements of their personal 401(k) ac-
counts from the plan administrator via the toll-free “800”
telephone number provided to them by the Respondent,
and that the Respondent’s president personally contacted
the plan administrator to correct this deficiency. The
Respondent, by its own conduct, thus recognized an ob-
ligation to seek to obtain employee account information
from the company the Respondent itself had engaged to
oversee its benefit plans.
Finally, we cannot agree with the judge and our dis-
senting colleague that it was the Union’s delay or other
bargaining conduct that prevented resolution of the re-
quest for account information. Rather, the record plainly
establishes that it was the Respondent who never replied
to the Union’s request, thereby foreclosing any avenue of
discussion and accommodation.16 The Union was under

15 See Firemen & Oilers Local 288 (Diversy Wyandotte), 302 NLRB
1008, 1009 (1991); Public Service Co. of Colorado, 301 NLRB 238,
246 (1991); United Graphics, 281 NLRB 463, 466 (1986).
16 The record clearly shows that, contrary to the dissent, the Respon-
dent had absolutely no intention of satisfying the Union’s information
request without regard to the Union’s bargaining posture. Thus, the
asserted “bad-faith bargaining” by the Union recited by the dissent did
not even commence until 2 full weeks following the Union’s request
for information. The lack of a response of any kind during this period
by the Respondent to the Union confirms that the Respondent had no
intention of even attempting to comply with the request. Further, the
no duty to reiterate or clarify its unambiguous informa-
tion request.17
For these reasons, we find that the Respondent violated
Section 8(a)(5) and (1) of the Act by failing to respond to
the Union’s request for employee 401(k) account infor-
mation, rather than attempting to bargain over an ac-
commodation for the provision of this information. The
appropriate remedy is to order the Respondent to bargain
regarding the conditions under which the Union’s need
for relevant information can be satisfied with appropriate
safeguards protective of the Respondent’s confidentiality
concerns. Metropolitan Edison Co., supra, 330 NLRB at
109.
ORDER18
The National Labor Relations Board adopts the rec-
ommended Order of the administrative law judge as
modified and set forth in full below and orders that the
Respondent, International Protective Services, Inc., Tor-
rance, California, its officers, agents, successors, and
assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Failing to furnish the Union information that is
relevant and necessary to its role as the exclusive bar-
gaining representative of unit employees.
(b) Refusing to bargain in good faith with the Union
in an attempt to reach an accommodation of interests in
response to the Union’s request for relevant information
that the Respondent considers confidential.
(c) Delaying the rehire of employees because of their
refusal to provide written statements critical of the Un-
ion’s tactics.
(d) In any like or related manner interfering with, re-
straining, or coercing employees in the exercise of the
rights guaranteed them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to
effectuate the policies of the Act.

Respondent’s president explicitly conceded in his affidavit in this pro-
ceeding, which he read into the record at the hearing, that his position
was that the Union was not entitled to the requested information with-
out a collective-bargaining agreement in effect.
17 Good Life Beverage Co., 312 NLRB 1060 (1993), relied on by the
judge, is distinguishable. In that case, the respondent promptly re-
sponded to the union’s information request, stated legitimate confiden-
tiality concerns, and agreed to discuss the information request at the
parties’ next bargaining session, which never occurred because of the
union’s conduct.
18 We have modified the judge’s recommended Order to reflect the
violations found, to provide for mailing of the notice to employees
because the Respondent’s contract to provide guard services has ex-
pired, and to accord with our decision in Ferguson Electric Co., 335
NLRB 142 (2001). We further shall substitute a new notice to comport
with the violations found and to accord with our recent decision in
Ishikawa Gasket America, Inc., 337 NLRB 175 (2001).
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 706
(a) Furnish the Union with a copy of the Respondent’s
health and welfare and 401(k) plans, as requested by the
Union in its letter dated February 26, 1999.
(b) Bargain in good faith with the Union regarding its
request for information concerning all health and welfare
and 401(k) funds received and distributed for bargaining
unit employees, and thereafter comply with any agree-
ment reached through such bargaining.
(c) Make Phillip Relich whole for any loss of earnings
and other benefits suffered as a result of the discrimina-
tion against him, with interest, in the manner set forth in
the remedy section of the judge’s decision.
(d) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove
from its files any reference to the unlawful delay in rehir-
ing Phillip Relich, and within 3 days thereafter notify
Phillip Relich in writing that this has been done and that
the unlawful delay in rehiring him will not be used
against him in any way.
(e) Preserve and, within 14 days of a request, or such
additional time as the Regional Director may allow for
good cause shown, provide at a reasonable place desig-
nated by the Board or its agents, all payroll records, so-
cial security payment records, timecards, personnel re-
cords and reports, and all other records, including an
electronic copy of the records if stored in electronic
form, necessary to analyze the amount of backpay due
under the terms of this Order.
(f) Within 14 days after service by the Region, dupli-
cate and mail at its own expense copies of the attached
notice marked “Appendix,”19 on forms provided by the
Regional Director for Region 19, after being signed by
the Respondent’s authorized representative, to all em-
ployees employed by the Respondent at any time since
February 26, 1999.
(g) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file
with the Regional Director a sworn certification of a re-
sponsible official on a form provided by the Region at-
testing to the steps that the Respondent has taken to
comply.
CHAIRMAN BATTISTA, DISSENTING IN PART.
I agree with my colleagues, for the reasons set forth in
the majority decision, that the Union’s strike was not
protected by the NLRA, and that the Respondent did not
violate the NLRA by terminating the employees who
participated in the unprotected strike. Contrary to the
majority, however, and in agreement with the judge, I

19 If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of
appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations Board.”
find that the Respondent did not unlawfully fail to pro-
vide the Union with requested information.
The Union requested a copy of the Respondent’s
health and welfare and 401(k) plans applicable to unit
employees. The judge noted the testimony of Respon-
dent’s president, Sam Karawia, that “during the course of
bargaining he provided [Union director] White with cop-
ies of the plans.” The judge credited this testimony of
Karawia. Thus, the plan information was furnished to
the Union. Accordingly, the majority errs in finding that
the Respondent violated the Act by failing to provide the
Union with a copy of the benefit plans.
The majority further errs by finding that the Respon-
dent violated the Act by failing to furnish the Union with
an accounting of all health and welfare and 401(k) funds
received and distributed for each unit employee. Rather,
the record clearly shows that, following its information
request, the Union commenced a course of unlawful bar-
gaining which suspended the Respondent’s duty to bar-
gain, including its duty to provide the information.1
The Union made its information request on February
26, 1999.2 Beginning on March 12, the Union obstructed
the bargaining process by imposing conditions on con-
tinued negotiations, and rebuffed the Respondent’s at-
tempts to bargain, as follows:

• The Respondent, during the March 12 conference
call, requested a Federal mediator to aid negotia-
tions; the Union replied by stating that “maybe
[it] would negotiate with a mediator and maybe
not, and maybe [it] would get back to the Re-
spondent and maybe it wouldn’t;”3
• The Union sent the Respondent a letter dated
March 16 entitled “Conditions of Negotiations”
which stated that the Union would only meet with
the Respondent if certain “conditions and time re-
straints are agreed to” including the Union’s eco-
nomic demands;
• The Respondent replied by letter dated March 22
objecting to the Union’s conditions but neverthe-
less stating the Respondent’s willingness to con-
tinue negotiations;
• The Union by letter dated April 4 reiterated its
previous conditions and stated that it was ready to
“complete negotiations” only if the Respondent
agreed to the Union’s conditions;
1 See Double S Mining, 309 NLRB 1058 (1992); Nassau Insurance
Co., 280 NLRB 878 fn. 3 (1986).
2 All dates are in 1999.
3 I am not suggesting that there was an obligation to have a mediator.
I am relying only on the fact that the Union was equivocal as to
whether it would get back to the Respondent with a response.
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 707
• The Respondent by letter dated April 19 repeated
its interest in negotiating an agreement without
pre-conditions;
• The Union replied by letter dated April 21 again
presenting its conditions, including wage de-
mands, that the Respondent must agree to before
negotiations could resume.
• The Respondent replied by letter dated April 21
again expressing its willingness to bargain. On that
very day the Union answered the Respondent’s offer
to continue bargaining by initiating its unprotected
strike.

My colleagues assert that Respondent could have re-
sponded to the information request between February 26
(date of demand) and March 12 (date of commencement
of Union’s obstruction of bargaining). However, it is
clear that an employer needs a reasonable period of time
in which to respond. This is particularly so where, as
here, the information is voluminous, the request raises
confidentiality concerns, and some of it is in the hands of
a third party. In my view, the evidence does not estab-
lish that Respondent was dilatory in the period from Feb-
ruary 26 to March 12.4 And, as discussed above, the
Union’s obstructionist tactics began on March 12.
Finally, my colleagues point to the Respondent’s legal
position that it did not have to supply some of the infor-
mation. Even if it took that position, that would not ex-
cuse the Union’s bad-faith bargaining. Clearly, the ab-
sence of meetings was because the Respondent would
not acquiesce to the Union’s improper conditions, not
because of a lack of information.
In sum, as the judge correctly found, the record clearly
establishes that the Respondent was willing and desirous
of continuing negotiations, but the Union continually
rebuffed the Respondent. The record further shows, and
again the judge found, that the Union was bargaining in
bad faith by conditioning additional bargaining on
agreement with its economic demands.5 The majority
fundamentally errs by finding the Respondent in viola-
tion of its bargaining obligation to furnish the Union with
relevant information, when in fact it was the Union’s
conduct, rather than the Respondent’s, that obstructed the
bargaining process.

4 Indeed, there is no allegation that a delay from February 26 to
March 12 would be unreasonable.
5 See, e.g., Patrick & Co., 248 NLRB 390, 392 (1980), enfd. mem.
644 F.2d 889 (9th Cir. 1981); Lustrelon, Inc., 289 NLRB 378, 379
(1988), affd. mem. 869 F.2d 590 (3d Cir. 1989).
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government

The National Labor Relations Board has found that we vio-
lated Federal labor law and has ordered us to post and obey
this notice.

FEDERAL LAW GIVES YOU THE RIGHT TO

Form, join, or assist any union
Choose representatives to bargain with us on
your behalf
Act together with other employees for your bene-
fit and protection
Choose not to engage in any of these protected
activities.

WE WILL NOT fail to furnish the Union information that
is relevant and necessary to its role as the exclusive bar-
gaining representative of unit employees.
WE WILL NOT refuse to bargain in good faith with the
Union in an attempt to reach an accommodation of inter-
ests in response to the Union’s request for relevant in-
formation that we consider confidential.
WE WILL NOT delay the rehire of employees because of
their refusal to provide written statements critical of the
Union’s tactics.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere
with, restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of the rights
guaranteed you by Section 7 of the Act.
WE WILL furnish the Union with a copy of our health
and welfare and 401(k) plans, as requested by the Union
in its letter dated February 26, 1999.
WE WILL bargain in good faith with the Union regard-
ing its request for information about all health and wel-
fare and 401(k) funds received and distributed for bar-
gaining unit employees, and WE WILL comply with any
agreement reached through such bargaining.
WE WILL make Phillip Relich whole for any loss of
earnings and other benefits resulting from the discrimina-
tion against him, less any net interim earnings, plus in-
terest.
WE WILL, within 14 days from the date of the Board’s
Order, remove from our files any reference to our unlaw-
ful delay in rehiring Phillip Relich, and WE WILL, within 3
days thereafter, notify him in writing that this has been
done and that the unlawful delay in rehiring him will not
be used against him in any way.

INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES, INC.

DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 708
Martin Eskenazi, Esq.,for the General Counsel.
Joan E. Rohlf, Esq. (of Guess & Rudd, Anchorage, Alaska), for
the Respondent.
Charles F. Reed, of Eagle River, Alaska, for the Union.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
GERALD A. WACKNOV, Administrative Law Judge. Pursuant
to notice a hearing in this matter was held before me in An-
chorage, Alaska, on January 11, 12, and 13, 14 and February 1,
2, 3, and 4, 2000. The charges in the captioned cases were filed
on January 25, February 26, and April 26, 1999, by United
Government Security Officers of America, Local 46 (the Un-
ion). Each charge was amended on various dates after its initial
filing date. Thereafter, on August 31, 1999, the Regional Di-
rector for Region 19 of the National Labor Relations Board
(the Board) issued an order consolidating cases, consolidated
complaint and notice of hearing alleging violations by Interna-
tional Protective Services, Inc. d/b/a International Services, Inc.
(Respondent or ISI) of Section 8(a)(1), (3), and (5) of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Act (the Act). The Respondent, in its
answer and amended answers to the complaint, duly filed, de-
nies that it has violated the Act as alleged.
The parties were afforded a full opportunity to be heard, to
call, examine and cross-examine witnesses, and to introduce
relevant evidence. Since the close of the hearing, briefs have
been received from counsel for the General Counsel (General
Counsel) and counsel for the Union. Upon the entire record,
and based upon my observation of the witnesses and considera-
tion of the briefs submitted, I make the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
The Respondent is a California corporation with offices and
places of business in several States, including an office in An-
chorage, Alaska, where it is engaged in the business of provid-
ing security services to the United States Government and other
entities. In the course and conduct of its business operations the
Respondent annually provides services to various facilities
within the State of Alaska operated by the United States Gov-
ernment (an entity over whom the Board would assert jurisdic-
tion but for its exempt status) in excess of $50,000. It is admit-
ted and I find that the Respondent is, and at all material times
has been, an employer engaged in commerce within the mean-
ing of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
II. THE LABOR ORGANIZATION INVOLVED
It is admitted and I find that at all material times the Union is
and has been a labor organization within the meaning of Sec-
tion 2(5) of the Act.
III. ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. The Issues
The principal issues in this proceeding are whether the Re-
spondent has violated Section 8(a)(1), (3), and (5) of the Act by
discharging striking security guards, by imposing unlawful
conditions upon the rehire of one security guard, and by failing
to provide the Union with certain requested health and welfare
and/or 401(k) information.
B. The Facts
1. Background
The Respondent is in the business of furnishing security and
related services to various entities of the United States Gov-
ernment as well as to non-Government employers. It maintains
its administrative offices and principal place of business in
Torrance, California. In about August 1996, it contracted with
the Government Services Administration (GSA) to provide
armed security guards for seven Federal buildings in Alaska.
Five of the buildings are located in Anchorage, Alaska, and are
commonly known as the Federal Building, the Federal Build-
ing Annex, the Old Federal Building, the IRS Building, and the
FBI Building; the two other Federal buildings are located in
Fairbanks and Juneau, Alaska, respectively.
The contract between GSA and ISI (the GSA Contract) is a
4-year contract containing annual “options” for each of the 4
years. The contract was initially awarded for the contract year
August 1, 1996, through July 31, 1997, with four 1-year option
years. Option III was the 4th year of the contract. The option
process is for the purpose of providing an established period,
prior to August 1 of each year, for agreement upon contract
modifications, such as, for example, renegotiating the amount
to be paid to the Respondent as a result of the Respondent’s
increased costs, including labor costs. Thus, it is essential that
the Respondent know what its labor costs will be so that it can
negotiate this increase with GSA prior to the start of each suc-
ceeding contract year.
On November 25, 1997, the Union was certified by the
Board as the collective-bargaining representative of the Re-
spondent’s employees in the following unit which, at that time,
consisted of about 45 or 50 employees:

All full-time and regular part-time guards, employed by the
Employer who provide security services for offices of the
United States Government located in Anchorage, Fairbanks,
and Juneau; excluding all office clerical employees, profes-
sional employees, managerial employees, temporary employ-
ees, casual employees, substitute employees and supervisors
as defined in the Act.

For reasons not contained in the record it was not until June
2, 1998, some 7 months following the certification, that Edwin
White, director, northwest region of the Union, who maintains
his office near Tacoma, Washington, wrote to the Respondent
stating that it was providing “official notification” that it was
prepared to negotiate a labor agreement.
On June 9, 1998, the Respondent’s vice president of opera-
tions, Richard DeLong, who works out of the Respondent’s
principal office in Torrance, California, suggested that negotia-
tions commence as soon as possible. Receiving no response
from White, DeLong again wrote White on June 19, 1998, and
again on June 26, 1998, renewing his request. DeLong’s inter-
est in negotiating the contract as soon as possible resulted from
the fact that any proposed collective-bargaining agreement,
particularly contract wage rates, had to be submitted for ap-
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 709
proval of GSA within the prescribed GSA contract extension
period.
It appears that sometime after June 26, 1998, White and the
Respondent’s president, Osama (Sam) Karawia, commenced
negotiations. Negotiations took place solely by telephone and
fax. Karawia testified that the only issue of any consequence
was the Union’s insistence that the unit employees, who were
then earning $11.09 per hour, be given the same wages as the
court security guards who worked in some of the aforemen-
tioned Federal buildings. Thus, the Respondent’s security offi-
cers provided security for each of the buildings and the occu-
pants of the buildings, while the court security officers, who
were not covered by the GSA contract and were earning ap-
proximately $23 per hour, provided security specifically for the
various courts and court personnel located within some of the
Federal buildings.
Karawia explained to White that whatever wage rate was
agreed to during negotiations between the parties would have to
be approved first by the Department of Labor and then by GSA,
and that he could never justify an excessive wage increase of
approximately $12 per hour to the Department of Labor; rather,
a series of reasonable wage increases would have to be incre-
mental over a period of years. Karawia told White that he was
willing to negotiate a reasonable wage increase that he be-
lieved he could justify to the Department of Labor. Karawia
also warned White that the window of opportunity for any
wage increase whatsoever was narrowing, as the deadline for
submitting a proposed collective-bargaining agreement to GSA,
including wage increases, was fast approaching. White kept
insisting on a wage rate of $23 per hour.
On July 24, 1998, DeLong wrote a letter to White explaining
that, “[a]s you are aware, the Option III for this contract begins
August 1, 1998.” The letter continues as follows:

As of yesterday, July 23, 1998, our contracting officer in-
formed us that the deadline for providing a signed CBA
[collective-bargaining agreement] has come and gone. This is
a serious problem. Sam Karawia is making every effort to ob-
tain an extension; however, there is no guarantee that one will
be granted.
. . . .
I feel we should complete our negotiations with the under-
standing that all financial increases will be on hold until the
next option or new contract. The only exception would be if
GSA does allow an extension.

No extension was granted by GSA and thereafter the parties
continued their telephonic negotiations from their respective
offices. Only White bargained on behalf of the Union and
DeLong and Karawia bargained on behalf of the Respondent.
No negotiations were face to face, and proposals were transmit-
ted by facsimile or by mail. Indeed, Karawia testified that the
first time he met White face to face was sometime after the
strike began on April 21, 1999 (infra).
The Union’s local president, Charles Reed, a security guard
employee of the Respondent, handled local union matters, and
did not engage in negotiations.
The Respondent received a contract proposal from White on
August 3, 1998. In this contract proposal the Union proposed
that the hourly rate for security guards be immediately in-
creased from $11.09 per hour to $17.76 per hour, and thereafter
by an additional 3.25-percent increase for each ensuing contract
year beginning with the 1999 contract year. DeLong replied by
letter dated August 6, 1998, advising, inter alia, as follows:

As to being able to have this CBA become the wage determi-
nation, I am concerned that we are too late. The contracting
officer has told us that CBA will not be considered until the
next option.

All negotiations will be based on the premise that any final
aspects will be submitted prior to the next option and renewal
and not the present option which began on August 1, 1998. I
will read the proposal you provided and get back to you.

White wrote three letters in reply,1 apparently accusing the
Respondent of attempting to interfere with the employees’ right
to select a collective-bargaining representative, and DeLong
replied on August 25, inter alia, as follows:

Mr. White, please understand that ISI has many employees
represented by unions, as we as an employer do not concern
ourselves one way or the other in regards to whether an em-
ployee wishes to be represented by a union.

While I do not share your positive attitude about obtaining
any financial changes in this contract year, I certainly do
[not]2 want to obstruct your efforts.

On September 24, 1998, White wrote a vitriolic letter to
GSA Contract Specialist Eileen Perez. Perez3 is a contract
specialist for GSA who was assigned to administer GSA’s con-
tract with the Respondent and works out of GSA’s Auburn,
Washington office. The office is headed by Contracting Offi-
cer Pat Tackett. White begins by stating that the Union has
“asked for an investigation into the lack of performance by
GSA personnel related to wage surveys and wage determina-
tions; he points out the great disparities between what building
security guards who guard entrances and surrounding areas at
Federal facilities are paid in comparison with the pay received
by court security officers who guard courtrooms and adjoining
areas in those same buildings; and he requests that a retroactive
increase be given to the union security guards in an effort to
provide them with a fair and equitable wage. Lastly, he advises
Perez that “[i]f you choose not to assist us then I will give our
congressional people your name as a focal point to begin their
investigation.”
On September 30, 1998, Perez replied to this letter by advis-
ing White that the letter had been forwarded to the Respondent
for disposition, and suggested that he direct such labor matters
to the Respondent. She also states that, “[i]n addition, the U.S.
Department of Labor is the sole sovereign in establishing its
schedule for wage surveys and subsequent wage determina-
tions. GSA is only required to submit requests for wage deter-

1 These letters were not introduced into evidence.
2 It was agreed at the hearing that the omission of the word “not”
from the sentence was a typographical error.
3 Perez, currently Eileen Trezise, will be referred to herein as Perez
as this was her name on the relevant documents and during the events
in question.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 710
minations on an annual basis and is diligent in fulfilling this
requirement.”
The last proposal the Union presented to the Respondent is
dated October 6, 1998. This proposal contains the following
language under the heading “Wage Schedule”:

Wages, and other economical [sic] issues, are pending and
under congressional review.4 Contract will include wages
General Services Administration and Department of Labor
approve.
2. Requesting employees to sign overtime waiver forms
Regional Manager Thomas Dufresne is in charge of the Re-
spondent’s Anchorage office. In February 1999,5 Dufresne was
advised by his superiors that if the employees who were then
working four 10-hour shifts (four-10s) wanted to continue do-
ing so they would have to sign a document titled “Flexible
Work Hour Plan” issued by the State of Alaska Department of
Labor Wage and Hour Administration (ADOL) which consti-
tutes an acknowledgment that the employee is voluntarily waiv-
ing overtime pay for hours worked in excess of 8 hours per day
in order to enable the employee to work a 4-day workweek of
10 hours each day. This flex plan had been specifically ap-
proved for the Respondent’s use by ADOL in January 1997,
and had been utilized by the Respondent since that time in con-
nection with other contracts not involved herein.6
Dufresne testified that in early February he gave copies of
the form to Supervisor Lewis Ketchum.7 Ketchum reported
directly to Dufresne and supervised all of the security guards
under the GSA Contract. He instructed Ketchum to provide
such forms to the two employees who were currently working a
four-10’s schedule and to request that they sign the forms if
they wanted to continue working that schedule. He further
instructed Ketchum that if for some reason they did not want to
sign the forms, Ketchum was to advise them that they would be

4 This appears to mean the Union is pursuing or intends to pursue its
request for an investigation of GSA, as suggested in White’s aforemen-
tioned letter to Perez, and/or a similar investigation of the Department
of Labor, regarding the failure of these agencies to assist the Union in
obtaining an immediate wage increase.
5 All dates or time periods hereinafter are within 1999 unless other-
wise specified.
6 The form is a three-part document: The first section of the form
constitutes the Respondent’s application or request to ADOL to enter
into the flex plan with the Respondent’s employees; the second part
contains ADOL’s approval of the request, and is dated January 27,
1997; the third part of the document contains signature and date lines
for employees who want to sign up for the plan, and specifically states
that it is “TO BE SIGNED BY EMPLOYEE AFTER DEPARTMENT
APPROVAL.” (Original emphasis.)
7 Ketchum did not testify in this proceeding because he left the Re-
spondent’s employ in about April and moved to Florida, and the Re-
spondent has been unable to contact him. It is important to note that
although Ketchum, as the Respondent’s highest ranking supervisor, was
excluded from the unit, he was instrumental in bringing in the Union,
attended union meetings, and even assisted the Union by notifying
employees by phone or radio on the morning of April 21 that the strike
was on, infra; one employee described Ketchum as one of the two top
leaders of the Union. The Respondent was not aware of Ketchum’s dual
loyalties.
placed on a “five-eight’s” schedule (5 days per week, 8 hours
per day). In either case they would be working a regular work
week of 40 hours per week. Dufresne testified that he did not
tell Ketchum that the employees would be terminated if they
did not sign the form.8
Thereupon, Ketchum simultaneously presented copies of the
form to the two employees, namely Charles Reed, local union
president, and Kenneth Woods, who were apparently the only
employees working four-10s at that particular time. Both Reed
and Woods refused to sign the document because they believed
the form, bearing a 1997 date, was outdated, and they feared
that if they signed it they would be jeopardizing their right to
back overtime pay which the State of Alaska claimed was due
them and other employees since 1996.9 Ketchum then advised
them, according to the testimony of Reed and Woods, that if
they did not sign the form they would be terminated. Neverthe-
less, both refused to sign the form.
The Respondent did not advise the Union in advance that it
was requesting employees to sign the flex plan forms and envi-
sioned no problem with this procedure as, during the course of
contract negotiations, the Respondent and Union had agreed to
tentative contract language that provided overtime pay only for
all hours worked in excess of 40 hours per week, and, in addi-
tion, also provided that, “[s]hifts shall be scheduled at the
discretion of the Employer.” During times material herein,
infra, the Union was insisting that the Respondent sign a
contract containing such provisions; but the Respondent refused
to sign it because it was not a complete contract as contractual
wage provisions and certain other matters had not yet been
negotiated.
On February 4, Local Union President Reed wrote a letter to
Dufresne stating that he had advised union members not to sign
the form because it is outdated. Further, he requested that Du-
fresne “refrain from making threats, or attempts to coerce our
members on matters that are in question.” The letter also states
as follows:

If you obtain new forms with a current date, or if you wish to
send me a letter of intent or agreement that this form only per-
tains to the future, I will be happy to give it my blessing. If
you will do this I will ask our members to sign your form.

Neither Reed nor Woods were terminated or further threat-
ened for refusing to sign the form. Rather, on February 9, they
were presented with an identical but currently-dated form
which Dufresne had obtained from ADOL. Both Reed and
Woods voluntarily signed this form because it was their prefer-
8 I credit this testimony of Dufresne.
9 The Respondent had kept the Union apprised of this situation
which resulted from the fact that GSA had initially misled the Respon-
dent by advising that federal wage and hour laws superseded State
laws. It turns out that this is true except in Alaska. GSA acknowledged,
and Perez so testified, that because the Respondent had been misled and
had since 1996 relied upon GSA’s erroneous interpretation of wage and
hour provisions, that GSA had assumed liability for the back overtime
pay. The Respondent had advised White that this could take some time
to calculate and that when the money was received from GSA the Re-
spondent would pass it on to the employees. The flex forms were util-
ized to correct the error.
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 711
ence to work four-10s with no overtime in exchange for a 3-day
weekend. Thus, insofar as Reed and Woods were concerned,
the signing of the flex plan document was a mere formality that
did not alter their agreed-upon terms and conditions of em-
ployment.
3. The request for information
In a letter from White to Karawia, dated November 3, 1998,
White requests, inter alia, that the Respondent “Submit ac-
counting of Health and Welfare expenditures, including docu-
mented cost of medical insurance currently forced upon Local
#51 [sic] employees.”
Nearly 4 months later, in a letter from Reed to Dufresne
dated February 26, Reed states as follows:

Please consider this letter as the Union’s official request for a
full and accurate accounting of all Health and Welfare and
401(k) funds received and distributed for each employee in
our union bargaining unit. I am also requesting that you pro-
vide me with a copy of both plans including all benefits, op-
tions, and all other important information and descriptions.

We have requested this information several times in the last
year to no avail. I will expect to receive this information from
you, not later than ten (10) days following receipt of this let-
ter.

If you have any questions, please call me.

Dufresne did not respond to the letter but simply forwarded
it to the Respondent’s California headquarters. The Respon-
dent did not specifically respond to this request for information.
The Respondent maintained an interrelated health and wel-
fare (medical insurance) and 401(k) benefit program that was
complex and not readily understandable. It applied to all of the
Respondent’s employees, not merely those involved in the in-
stant matter. Upon being hired, all employees, without excep-
tion, were required to enroll in the medical insurance plan, and
thereafter, during certain enrollment periods, could opt out of
the medical coverage, provided they could show proof of other
medical coverage, and enroll in the Respondent’s 401(k) plan.
Once enrolled in the 401(k) plan they could choose certain
funds in which to place their money, but if those funds were not
performing satisfactorily the administrator of the plan had been
given the authority and discretion, apparently embodied in
documents signed by the employee, to place the money in a
different fund without specific authorization from the em-
ployee. The coverage/contribution for the medical/401(k) plan
was paid for by the Respondent and each employee received
approximately $1.30 per hour which, as noted above, was ap-
plied either to the health and welfare or to the 401(k) part of the
plan.
Many employees were complaining to Dufresne and to the
Respondent, verbally and by letter, about different aspects of
this convoluted arrangement. Some believed that the medical
insurance coverage was grossly inadequate; those employees
who put the money into the 401(k) plan complained about the
failure to be kept up to date by the plan administrator regarding
their account balances and even about the particular fund in
which their money had been invested; and still others believed
that, because of the nonresponsiveness of the plan administra-
tor, the arrangement was suspect and that perhaps the Respon-
dent was engaging in unlawful activity and profiting from the
plan. As a result of the confusion and discontent, the Union
proposed that the employees be given the option of participat-
ing in the plans or of receiving the corresponding amount of
money in their paychecks. This proposal was a matter of con-
tention that warranted further bargaining, as the Respondent
was apparently not receptive to the Union’s proposal in this
regard. Several employees testified that they voted to strike in
large part because of their dissatisfaction with the plans in gen-
eral or with specific parts of the plans that they found objec-
tionable or did not understand.
Upon the Union’s request the Department of Labor con-
ducted an audit of the Respondent with regard to the plans and
other matters. It found that the plans complied with the legal
requirements for such health and welfare and 401(k) programs.
It also determined, apparently as a result of a technicality, that
some few employees were owed backpay for vacation benefits,
but this in no way involved the health and welfare/401(k) plans
and amounted to a nominal total amount of approximately
$2000. The Respondent, while believing that it did not owe
this money, nevertheless paid the employees the amounts de-
termined by the auditors because the total amount was nominal
and it was not considered to be cost effective to pursue the
matter. These payments were made to the effected employees
in March.
Dufresne testified that upon being hired each and every em-
ployee received a copy of the plans, and that employees who
complained about their benefits were given the toll-free “800”
number of the plan administrator. Karawia testified that during
the course of bargaining, he provided White with copies of the
plans, and, upon learning that the employees were having trou-
ble contacting the plan administrator and himself discovering
that there was indeed a problem with the 800 system, person-
ally attempted to get the plan administrator to correct these
deficiencies.
Karawia also testified that all of the Respondent’s employees
nationwide were covered by the same health insurance and
401(k) plan, and that with regard to each of the Respondent’s
contracts with governmental or nongovernmental clients it was
the Respondent’s practice to submit to the plan administrator, at
regular intervals, a lump sum payment calculated by simply
multiplying the number of employees on the payroll by the total
hours worked; and upon receiving this payment the plan admin-
istrator would allocate the money to the appropriate health and
welfare or 401(k) fund in which the employee had previously
enrolled. The Respondent was not furnished with any records
by the plan administrator showing the details of each em-
ployee’s account, and therefore could not furnish the Union
with any such records.
Karawia admitted that he did not respond to Reed’s February
26 request for information. Indeed, as noted above, the plan
administrator did not furnish the Respondent with information
regarding each employee’s 401(k) account and therefore the
Respondent did not have the information. Further, according to
Karawia, he believed the Union was not entitled to personal and
confidential information such as the amount of each em-
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 712
ployee’s 401(k) portfolio. Believing that the Union had all the
information that the Respondent could furnish, and also, ac-
cording to his affidavit, that the Union was not entitled to the
details of employees’ personal accounts, he did not reply to
Reed’s request by advising Reed or the Union that no further
information was in the Respondent’s possession. Karawia also
testified that at no time thereafter did the Union ever renew this
request or indicate that this was a reason for striking. Thus, this
was not mentioned during the March 12 conference call, and
was not mentioned in the Union’s various communications with
the Respondent prior to the strike, infra.
4. Threats to strike; the March 12 conference call;
and the strike vote
By letter dated March 10, Reed sent the following letter to
GSA Contract Specialist Perez:

I am writing to give you a heads up on Local 46 pending ac-
tion. A strike by our Union, Local 46 against International
Services is imminent within the next few weeks. The strike
will occur at the most opportune time after we take a strike
vote among our members. I can assure you that we are
unanimous in our effort to bring International Services to jus-
tice.

The reasons for the strike, you are already aware of. Once
again I have listed them for your convenience and to refresh
your memory.

1. Bad faith Bargaining.
2. International Services refuses to bargain with Local
46.
3. Numerous safety violations which involves the
officer’s safety and the safety of others.
4. Numerous varied unfair labor practices.
5. The company’s refusal to abide by State and Fed-
eral Laws.
6. Employee coercion.

As you are aware we have advised you and your representa-
tive, Mr. Joe Sturrup,10 of all these items numerous times.
We had hoped that you would assist us in resolving these
problems. We sincerely regret the fact that you could and
would not get involved in assisting us to resolve the problems.
In the world today many things can be accomplished with
positive results through cooperation and team effort. It would
be much better if we could be partners, or team members
rather than adversaries.

I want you to know that this strike is against International
Service, Inc., and not against any Federal Government
agency. I did not want this to be a surprise to you. A “Strike
Vote” will be conducted among the members of Local 46 and
then a strike will be planned shortly thereafter.

10 Joseph Sturrup was, at that time, the onsite contracting officer’s
representative (C.O.R.) who worked for the Federal Protective Service
(FPS), an adjunct to GSA, and was responsible for federal building
security and overseeing GSA’s contract with the Respondent to insure
that all provisions of the contract, including the hiring of qualified
employees, were being adhered to by the Respondent.
Once again, if there is any way we can come to an agreement,
or you can assist us, or work with us please let me know as
soon as possible. We are always willing to listen and work
together for a successful completion. All we are asking is
fairness and a reasonable conclusion.

If you have any questions please call me so we can discuss
them.

A copy of this letter was sent by Reed to a list of ten addressees
including the NLRB, Alaska Congressman Don Young, Senator
Ted Stevens, the vice president of the United States, the U.S
Department of Labor, the U.S. Federal Protective Services,
GSA, the Union’s northwest director, Ed White, and the Un-
ion’s International president, Jim Visar; significantly, however,
a copy of the letter was not sent to the Respondent.
Upon receiving this letter either Perez or her superior, Pat
Tackett, immediately contacted Karawia and suggested that he
initiate a conference call with the Union to discuss the problem.
On March 12, a conference call was held. Those participating
were Perez and Tackett on behalf of GSA, Joseph Stirrup on
behalf of FPS, Karawia on behalf of the Respondent, and
White and Reed on behalf of the Union. Karawia testified that
the overriding issue was GSA’s concern for the safety of the
public and the security of the Government facilities, and
Tackett attempted to elicit definitive responses from White
regarding whether and when a strike would commence. White
was noncommittal and said there may or may not be a strike.
Tackett also asked Karawia whether the Respondent was ready
for a strike, and Karawia replied affirmatively.
Karawia testified that two other matters were discussed dur-
ing this conference call. White, who did most if not all of the
speaking on behalf of the Union, brought up the subject of the
overtime backpay that some employees were owed. Karawia
assured him that the amounts owed to the employees were be-
ing calculated and that the employees would receive the over-
time backpay when this process was completed.11 Primarily,
however, White’s emphasis was upon wages, and he renewed
his demand that the Respondent grant a wage increase to the
unit employees that would make their wages comparable to
those of the court security officers. Karawia again explained
that the Respondent could not agree to this, and suggested that
the only way this could be accomplished was for the Union to
go directly to the Department of Labor and attempt to get the
Department of Labor to reclassify the unit employees to the
same classification as the court security guards; then the Re-
spondent would be able to justify these wages in a collective-
bargaining agreement which the Department of Labor and GSA
could approve.
During the conference call Karawia told White that he
wanted to continue contract discussions with the Union but that
he would do so only on the condition that negotiations be con-
ducted with the assistance of a Federal mediator, explaining
that he deemed this to be necessary because the Union’s unjus-
11 Reed agreed that both Karawia and Perez said that they were
working on computing the amount of overtime backpay for those em-
ployees who were entitled to it, and he assumed that this meant they
were intending to pay it in due course.
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 713
tified accusations to multiple Government agencies and other
influential individuals were damaging to the Respondent’s rela-
tionship with GSA. White, according to Karawia, was very
argumentative, and nothing was accomplished. Responding to
Karawia in the same vein he had responded to Tackett regard-
ing the threatened strike, White simply said that maybe the
Union would negotiate with a mediator and maybe not, and
maybe the Union would get back to the Respondent and maybe
it wouldn’t. Significantly, neither Reed nor White brought up
any other issues, and neither renewed any request for informa-
tion about health and welfare benefits or the 401(k) plan.
Perez testified that it was Tackett’s idea to have the confer-
ence call in order to dispel or confirm rumors of a possible
strike, as a strike would place the Federal buildings and their
occupants at risk, and jeopardize the security measures that
were designed to protect lives and property. According to
Perez, this was explained to the Union during the conversation.
Contracting Officer Tackett “point blank” asked White two
times during the call whether there was going to be a strike, and
White’s response on both occasions was, according to Perez,
“We didn’t have to answer that.” Perez suggested that a media-
tor be contacted to assist the parties in working out their differ-
ences. Karawia indicated that he was not opposed to this, and
White indicated that he would get back to Karawia about this
suggestion. Although the conversation lasted for more than an
hour Perez was unable to recall any other subjects discussed, as
the conversation was very heated and apparently was difficult
to follow in terms of any logical exchange of ideas. During the
call Tackett asked C.O.R. Sturrup if he was prepared for a
strike, and Sturrup said yes. She also asked Karawia the same
question, and Karawia said yes.
On March 14, Reed conducted a strike vote. According to
Reed, the vote in favor of striking was unanimous. The docu-
ment he prepared for the employees’ signatures is as follows:

STRIKE VOTE AND AUTHORIZATION TO STRIKE.

WE THE UNDERSIGNED AUTHORIZE OUR UNION,
UGSOA, LOCAL 46 AND OR OUR PRESIDENT
CHARLES F. REED TO CONDUCT A STRIKE AGAINST
OUR EMPLOYER INTERNATIONAL SERVICES FOR
UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES DURING THE MONTHS
OF MARCH AND APRIL 1999 AT AN APPROPRIATE
TIME SUITABLE TO OUR PRESIDENT.

THIS VOTE WAS CONDUCTED ON SUNDAY, MARCH
14, 1999 BETWEEN THE HOURS OF ONE AND FIVE
P.M.

On March 16 White sent the following letter to Karawia re-
garding the March 12 conference call, with copies to Perez, to
GSA Deputy Associate for Acquisition Policy Ida Ustad, and
to the vice president of the United States:

Re: Conditions of Negotiations

Dear Mr. Karawia,

That conference call fiasco was a real antiunion piece of
work. I complement you for being able to get GSA employ-
ees to take your side. We had tried countless times to get Ms
Perez off her bureaucratic butt and she just quoted to [sic]
many ways the federal laws prevented her getting involved.
Then poor “Sam” [Karawia] is in danger of being struck be-
cause of his anti-union attitude, unfair labor practice and bad
faith bargaining charges and she swings into action. The Un-
ion has filed additional charges against you for intimidation,
coercion, threats against Union members with the National
Labor Relations Board. We are also filing official complaints
against Eileen Perez and Pat Hackett, for interfering with legal
and federally sanctioned activities, and intimidation of union
members for the purpose of preventing our legal and justified
right to strike. It will be impossible to deny the close relation-
ship between you and Ms Perez because we recorded the en-
tire conference call.12

Mr. Karawia, the union will meet with you, and a member of
the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, if the follow-
ing conditions and time restraints are agreed to. If you cannot,
or will not, meet these conditions you can resume planning
for a strike. They are as follows:

1. Pay all back overtime pay, as directed by the State
of Alaska, by April 1, 1999. (plus 5-percent interest)
2. By April 1, 1999, drop the useless medical cover-
age you provide the security officers and pay the U.S De-
partment of Labor Health & Welfare Payments, ($1.39 per
hour) and notify employees, in writing, the medical cover-
age/401K is no longer mandatory.
3. By April 1, 1999, sign the contract proposal sent to
you in October of 1998 and agreed upon at the table by
your representatives and the Union.
4. Instruct Mr. Dufresne to stop harassing Union
members and participate in safety procedures that prevent
firing on the pistol range when the temperature is 20* [de-
grees] with a wind chill factor of 30* [degrees].

If you can meet these conditions we can meet and settle all of
our differences. If you cannot you are making a statement to
the union and your friend Ms. Perez. She, nor Ms. Hackett,
will not be able to help you if we strike. They will be too
busy trying to explain to their bosses how they allowed a
strike to happen.

You can fax your answer to me, do not call me, or call Local
President Chuck Reed. We will wait until March 22, 1999 for
your response. If you agree, you have until April 1, 1999 to
implement the conditions stated above. If we do not hear
from you by the 22nd we will begin making plans most ad-
vantages [sic] to the union and the citizens of Alaska.

Karawia replied by letter dated and faxed on March 22, the
deadline given by White. Karawia expressed his disappoint-
ment with White’s reaction to the conference call and took
offense with White’s “tone, allegations, and unreasonable de-
mands.” He advised White that, “In the interest of fairness to
all parties, any negotiations must be conducted by a Federal

12 Prior to and at the outset of the hearing in this matter the Respon-
dent requested the tape recording of the conversation. Reed testified
that it no longer existed as he had destroyed it because of the Respon-
dent’s contention, infra, that the recording of such a conversation was
violative of California law.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 714
mediator, or other disinterested party;” that he would be forced
to take action if White continues to defame his name, character
and reputation; that the Respondent will not respond to unrea-
sonable demands or threats; that if the Union should decide to
strike, the Respondent “will have no recourse except to take
any necessary steps deemed necessary by the company and/or
the GSA to protect the citizens of Alaska, and the property of
the United States Government;” and that the Union’s recording
of the conference call is deemed by California law to constitute
an invasion of privacy and may constitute either a misdemeanor
or felony depending on the circumstances. Karawia concludes
the letter by stating that his dealings with other unions on other
government contracts have proved to be very satisfactory as
those unions “took the time to look into the requirements of the
GSA, and followed the necessary procedures,” and that, “We
have tried to work amicably with you from the beginning, and
still would like to do so . . . . We look forward to continuing
negotiations with the aid of professional mediation in the inter-
est of fairness for all parties.”
5. Audit of unit security guards; removal of Reed and Ketchum
from the contract
Meanwhile, by mere coincidence, another development that
exacerbated the situation surfaced on March 12, the date of the
conference call. On that date a memorandum was sent by
C.O.R. Sturrup to Dufresne, entitled “Contract Guard Certifica-
tion Discrepancies.”13 The background of this situation is as
follows: Reed was apparently able to persuade U.S. Congress-
man Don Young’s office to inquire about the qualifications of
the unit security guards.14 This caused Sturrup and FPS to
commence a detailed audit of employees’ qualifications, and
the audit results were set forth in Sturrup’s March 12 memo-
randum. It was found that six guards did not have current first
aid or CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) documentation,
and that arrest authority documentation was missing for six
other guards, including Reed and Supervisor Lewis Ketchum.
Under the GSA Contract, guards are ineligible to be hired
unless they have documentation that establishes “proof of arrest
authority in the last 10 years.” The memorandum concludes
with the following request from Sturrup: “Please provide this
office with the requested documentation or a plan of action to
provide the documentation by close of business on Friday,
March 19, 1999.”
With regard to those employees who did not have current
first aid or CPR certifications, the Respondent was able to rec-
tify this by scheduling the appropriate first aid classes. With
regard to four of the guards who did not have proof of arrest
authority, the Respondent was able to furnish requisite docu-
mentation that existed but was apparently simply missing from
their files, showing that they not only had proof of arrest au-

13 The GSA Contract contains stringent requirements for the hiring
and qualifications of contract security guards. The Respondent is re-
quired to screen applicants to insure that they meet these qualifications
and to forward the underlying documentation to the FPS. The FPS, in
turn, is required to investigate the credentials of these applicants and to
certify that they do in fact have the appropriate qualifications.
14 Why Reed would request such an investigation of the very em-
ployees the Union represents is not explained in the record.
thority but also that such authority had been granted within the
last 10 years prior to their being placed on the GSA contract.
However, the documentation of proof of arrest authority of both
Reed and Ketchum disclosed that this authority had been
granted more than 10 years prior to their being placed on the
GSA contract. Therefore, it appeared that they never should
been hired to work under the contract as they did not meet the
hiring qualifications in the first instance. This became a prob-
lem that resulted in the removal of Reed and Ketchum from the
contract for about 1 day, and nearly resulted in a strike on
March 23, infra.
On March 13, White wrote a lengthy letter to Sturrup accus-
ing him of, in effect, conspiring with the Respondent to lay off
qualified security guards, threatening to file unfair labor prac-
tice charges against him, and characterizing his action as “more
union intimidation and coercion.” He advises Sturrup that,
“Whether or not there will be a strike is not your direct con-
cern,” and that, “[l]aying off these two very qualified men just
to show the other union members you have the power will
backfire on you.” He further states that, “[a]t the Union’s re-
quest the U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division,
is currently investigating [the Respondent] at their home offices
in Torrance, California,” and that “Ms. Ida Ustad, Deputy As-
sociate Administrator, General Services Administration in
Washington, D. C. is investigating the wage problems, wage
determinations, and wage disparities between GSA security
officers and court security officers.”
Dufresne testified that he spoke with Reed and Ketchum
about the matter. The GSA contract provided that an applicant
could substitute documentation of an Associate Degree (AA) in
Law Enforcement to meet the arrest authority requirement, and
Dufresne asked each of them whether they had such a degree.
Ketchum said no. Reed said yes. Dufresne asked Reed to send
away for his college transcript showing that he had the degree
or appropriate college credits for the degree, and Reed replied
that he would do so if the Respondent would pay for the college
transcript. Dufresne declined, stating that it was Reed’s re-
sponsibility to obtain the documentation.15
Dufresne testified that he did not want to remove Reed and
Ketchum from the contract. According to Dufresne, the Re-
spondent was short of security guards and was “eating over-
time” because it was very difficult to find sufficient qualified
personnel who would meet the stringent and extensive qualifi-
cations required by the GSA Contract16 and who were willing
to work for $11.09 per hour.17 The removal of Ketchum and
15 On March 16, Reed wrote to Dufresne advising him that the action
contemplated by Dufresne and Sturrup was unwarranted and consti-
tuted union intimidation and coercion, and that Sturrup had told him
that he would ask the GSA contracting officer for a waiver. Further,
the letter states as follows: “You asked if I would get a transcript of my
college grades. I will do that but I must tell you that on prior occasions
it took anywhere from 6 weeks to 6 months to finally obtain a transcript
from the University of Alaska in Fairbanks for old records.”
16 There are specific requirements pertaining to training, health and
physical fitness, prior work experience, firearms qualifications, proof of
arrest authority, and other requisite qualifications.
17 It appears that the unit complement had decreased from about 45
or 50 employees to approximately 35 employees as a result of the Re-
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 715
Reed from the contract would merely exacerbate the staffing
problems and require him to schedule still more uncompensated
overtime for the remaining employees. On March 22, at about
5:30 p.m., Dufresne met with Reed and advised him that he was
being removed from his post due to GSA contract qualifica-
tions.18 Reed, according to Dufresne, said, “fine” and started to
leave. Dufresne, who had been told by Karawia not to dis-
charge Reed but to offer him a position elsewhere, offered Reed
a different post under a different contract. Reed asked what it
paid, and Dufresne said that it paid $6.06 per hour. Reed de-
clined to accept it and said that he would return his equipment
and uniforms by the end of the week.
Sturrup testified that Congressman Don Young’s office con-
tacted the Regional Office of GSA in Auburn, Washington,
regarding the Union’s request that the qualifications of the se-
curity guards be investigated, and two individuals from the
Regional Office came to Anchorage to audit the records. The
audit took about 2 days.19 Normally GSA does not permit un-
qualified guards to remain on the contract, and has the authority
to request that the contractor remove an employee. FPS, how-
ever, has no authority to request that an employee be removed
from a contract, and may only take immediate action in the
event of exigent or life threatening circumstances. Because this
was something that should have been caught when Reed and
Ketchum were hired but was overlooked at the time, Sturrup
told Reed and Ketchum that he would apply for a contract
“waiver” so that they could continue working. He also told this
to Dufresne and Karawia, infra. Sturrup testified that in other
instances such experience waivers have been granted when
requested prior to the time the employee is actually hired in
order to make it easier for a contractor to obtain employees.
When asked whether the waivers for Reed and Ketchum
were granted because of concerns that there would be a strike,
Sturrup testified that, “[i]t was considered.” Sturrup testified
that shortly after the issuance of the March 12 deficiency letter,
he spoke with Karawia and advised him “that we were going
after a waiver and if the waiver was granted that I thought that
keeping these two gentlemen on board would probably go a
long way towards settling the [strike] problem.” Karawia, ac-
cording to Sturrup, said that “he would look into it and if that’s
what it would take to resolve the situation then he probably
would keep them on.” Karawia, according to Sturrup, never
said that he would discharge either Reed or Ketchem.
Perez testified that after she received the memorandum from
Sturrup, she spoke with him about the matter. Sturrup told her
that it did not seem necessary that the employees working un-

spondent’s inability to retain qualified personnel, and that this resulted
in considerable overtime for the remaining employees. In fact, Reed
testified that one of the complaints was that “many of us were forced to
work overtime whether we wanted to work overtime or not. Because
for the majority of their time they never had enough people, they
weren’t able to keep people here on the contract and many of them
came and went.”
18 Dufresne had removed Ketchum earlier that day for the same rea-
son.
19 Sturrup testified that sometime shortly after the audit he was re-
moved as C.O.R., “probably” because of his permitting unqualified
personnel to be hired.
der this contract should be required to have proof of arrest au-
thority within the last 10 years, and that he would recommend a
contract modification. She phoned Karawia on March 17 and
spoke to him generally about how the documentation was com-
ing and what was the status of the discrepancies listed in Stur-
rup’s March 12 memorandum of the audit results, as GSA
expected the Respondent to take care of those deficiencies.
Reed and Ketchum, and another individual, were specifically
discussed. Karawia requested that she send him a “cure notice”
so that he could correct those deficiencies by removing the
individuals from the contract and replace them with guards who
had the requisite arrest authority.20 Perez told Karawia that a
cure notice was not the answer, as the problem seemed to be a
mutual oversight by both the Respondent and the FPS, and that
the matter could be rectified by modifying the contract. Thus,
she made it clear that GSA was not going to issue a cure notice
in this instance. Karawia said okay, “[J]ust fax me the mod
[modification] and I’ll have my legal office take a look at it
. . . .” Karawia, according to Perez, did not oppose a modifica-
tion.
The testimony of Perez, together with her letter of March 22
and her notes of pertinent phone conversations, shows that the
following sequence of events transpired after March 12.21
Perez understood that Sturrup would be recommending that
Contracting Officer Tackett issue a contract modification for
Reed and Ketchum. At some point Perez spoke with Tackett
and explained the situation, and was told that “we should mod-
ify the contract when [Sturrup] submits his recommendation.”
On March 17 she phoned Karawia and asked him what he was
going to do to take care of the deficiencies enumerated in Stur-
rup’s March 12 memorandum. Karawia said that he just re-
ceived notice that Reed and Ketchum were not qualified and
should be replaced with guards that had the requisite arrest
authority, and asked Perez for a cure notice that required him to
remove Reed and Ketchum from the contract in order to correct
the deficiency. Perez, at this point, then explained to him that
the problem seemed to have resulted from a “mutual oversight”
by both the Respondent and the FPS and could be rectified by
modifying the contract, and, according to her notes of the con-
versation, that “we’d have to consider the circumstances and
the CO [Contracting Officer Tackett] will make a determination
on a case by case basis. Waivers22 can be granted but must be
20 A cure notice is, in effect, a demand letter by GSA requiring that
certain action be taken in order to remedy contract violations.
21 Perez was subpoenaed by the Respondent to testify in this matter.
She was called out of order so that she could make a flight back to her
office in Auburn, Washington, and it appears that she had not been
prepared by counsel beforehand. Although she was attempting to be as
accurate as possible, she had an uncertain recollection of the somewhat
convoluted sequence of events, and I find that her contemporaneous
notes and the March 22 letter are more reliable than her memory of the
events in question. Therefore I rely on her accounts of various conver-
sations with Karawia only to the extent that such accounts are not in-
consistent with the documentary evidence.
22 It appears that both Sturrup and Perez were initially considering
contract “waivers” for Reed and Ketchum. A waiver is much different
than a “modification,” and Perez emphasized during her testimony that
in fact waivers for Reed and Ketchum were not granted; rather it was
necessary to issue a contract “modification,” to resolve the problem. A
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 716
requested from contractor.” In other words, Perez simply told
Karawia that a modification was being considered and that
Contracting Officer Tackett would be the person making the
decision. Karawia said okay, “[J]ust fax me the mod
[modification] and I’ll have my legal office take a look at it
. . . .” He did not say that he did not want or would not sign a
modification.

Then, on March 18 Sturrup emailed Perez stating, “per our
conversation this morning I wish to request the following modi-
fication to the contract . . . .” On March 20 Sturrup again called
her and wanted to know when the modification document
would be completed because the Respondent was preparing to
remove Reed and Ketchum from the contract. It was not until
March 22 that Perez phoned Karawia and, according to her
notes, the following conversation took place:

. . . told him will be modifying requirement and will fax the
mod to him today for signatures. He stated he will have to go
through his legal and will sign it today if they okay it. Told
him this mod will allow him more flexibility in hiring more
individuals and the current guards will be in compliance.

She faxed the document to him, bearing an “Effective Date” of
March 22, with a covering letter, also dated March 22, request-
ing that he sign the modification and return it “as soon as pos-
sible.” Karawia returned it to her on the following day, March
23, on which date Contracting Officer Tackett also signed it,
and it became effective.
Perez testified that the requested modification was approved
by Tackett not as a benefit for any individual but because the
modification was “in the best interest of the government.”
Perez stated that GSA did indeed want to avert a strike, but
denied that union pressure had anything to do with Tackett’s
approval of Sturrup’s modification request.
In the interim, Dufresne was strongly reprimanded for per-
mitting the hiring of unqualified guards. Thus, on March 19,
DeLong sent the following letter to Dufresne:

While I appreciate you faxing the letters sent to you
and Joe Sturrup by Charles Reed, I am concerned that I
was not apprised of the Contract Guard Certification Dis-
crepancies “FPS” Memo of 12 March 1999 as mentioned
by Reed in his letter.
Such a document should have been immediately sent
to corporate for review. By not providing said information
in a timely manner you have compounded the problem and
further injured ISI’s credibility with FPS and GSA.
. . . .
Thus, by contract all applicants must have the mini-
mum experience. That contractual obligation can only be
amended, modified or deviated from upon orders from the
Contracting Officer. The contracting officer representa-
tive [that is, Sturrup or Cape] is not allowed this power.
[Original emphasis.]
. . . .

contract modification is a more significant change and in this case the
modification deleted the contractual requirement for proof of arrest
authority for all current and future guards, not just for Reed and
Ketchum.
An additional six ISI employees lacked documentation
of arrest authority, arrest authority with [sic] the past ten
years and Law Enforcement Academy certification. You
have informed me that four of the above have corrected
their records. However two: Lewis Ketchum and Charles
Reed were not qualified at the time they were hired and
are not qualified per the contract at this time. Both Lewis
Ketchum #1450 and Charles Reed #1454 are to be re-
moved from the GSA contract immediately. They should
be transferred to non-government positions, not termi-
nated.
. . . .
Hiring personnel that do not meet the minimum re-
quirements is a serious breach of your management duties.
Allowing security officers to work with expired First
Aid/Firearms is also in violation of your assigned duties.
Either area could cause irreparable damage to ISI’s rela-
tionship with GSA. You are to abide by the contract
unless notified by this office. Any further discrepancies
will cause you to be disciplined up to and including termi-
nation.

Similarly, on March 22, DeLong sent a memorandum to “All
Managers’’ regarding “Applicant Profile Form/New Hires,”
stating, inter alia, the following:

Recently I have received complaints from our government cli-
ents regarding ISI hiring security officers that do not meet the
minimum requirements. To end this problem once and for all,
an applicant profile must be filled out and signed by the
manager each time you hire, submit paperwork for clearance
or whatever step is taken that would result in the applicant be-
coming an ISI employee.

Karawia testified that he was not aware that Supervisor
Ketchum was involved with the Union, and believed that
Ketchum was doing a good job as a supervisor. He testified
that in the past GSA has required that guards be removed from
the contract for various reasons, including neglect of duty and
leaving their post without proper relief, and that GSA required
strict adherence to the requirements of the contract.23 He also
testified that his experience with GSA has been that “its will-
ingness to grant modifications or waivers of experience re-
quirements” after the employees had been hired was “close to
impossible” to obtain. In other words, requests that GSA grant
waivers or modifications regarding personnel qualifications
would have to be submitted and acted upon prior to the hiring
of the individuals in question, and even then it was difficult to
receive an affirmative response from GSA.24 25
He did ask Perez for a “cure notice” which would constitute,
in effect, a demand letter from GSA that Reed and Ketchum be
removed from the contract, because he knew that discharging
23 Documents introduced into evidence by the Respondent corrobo-
rate this testimony.
24 However, modifications regarding contract renewals, or changes
in contract rates, or other modifications of a technical nature were
almost routine,
25 Documentary evidence introduced by the Respondent appears to
corroborate this testimony.
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 717
Local Union President Reed would result in more charges and
accusations against the Respondent, and a cure letter would
constitute proof that GSA demanded that the Respondent take
such action. He did not simply wait and see whether the modi-
fication would be issued because, “if you have nothing in writ-
ing from the Government it doesn’t work and that’s the way I
learned in the past. Verbal doesn’t work with the Government,
it has to be black and white. If there’s no mod to meet any
special provisions in a contract it’s not covered.” Thus, Reed
and Ketchum were removed from the contract because at that
point in time the Respondent, according to Karawia, was
clearly “in violation of the contract” and there was nothing in
writing to the contrary. However, upon receiving the modifica-
tion, he immediately signed it and returned it, without taking
the time to submit it to his attorney.26 And thereupon Reed and
Ketchum were reinstated, having been removed from the con-
tract for one day.
Finally, as noted above, Sturrup was demoted from his posi-
tion as C.O.R. because he had permitted the Respondent to hire
unqualified employees contrary to the provisions of the GSA
contract which he was responsible for administering and over-
seeing on behalf of GSA.
6. Reed’s negotiations with Sturrup; the aborted strike
Reed testified that March 23 was the first day that the Union
threatened to go on strike. On that day he and Ketchum had a
conversation with Sturrup and, according to Reed, “[I]n the
light of trying to prevent a strike they issued this waiver.” This
conversation apparently followed a conference call earlier that
day between Reed, Sturrup, Perez, and Karawia.
Reed testified that he was suspended by Dufresne on March
22, late in the afternoon at approximately 5 p.m. Dufresne told
him that pursuant to Karawia’s instructions, he was going to
have to let Reed go and that he had no choice in the matter.
Reed started to walk out the door and Dufresne said that he
guessed he could put Reed to work over in the computer sci-
ence center for the Municipality of Anchorage, but the pay
would only be $6 per hour. Reed said no thanks, that he would
be hearing from the Union’s legal counsel.
Reed testified that he had planned a strike for noon on March
23, the day following his suspension. It appears that Reed had
notified the unit employees of an anticipated strike in the event
that he and Ketchum were removed from the contract. Reed
had prepared a letter/leaflet dated March 22, on Reed’s union
letterhead as president of Local 46, addressed to “fellow Gov-
ernment Workers, labor union employees, fellow citizens and
neighbors of Alaska” in order “to explain our strike against our
employer.” The letter includes a lengthy list of the Union’s
concerns, including “The Company’s decision to dismiss it’s

26 Karawia testified that he believed his signing of this modification,
which he was not obligated to sign, proved to be highly detrimental as
it modified the contract requirements to the extent that it provided GSA
with an excuse to not renew his fourth year option and to reopen the
contract for bid. In fact the contract was reopened for bid and the Re-
spondent was not an eligible bidder because at that point in time its
volume of business exceeded the “small business” eligibility guidelines
established by GSA. Thus, the Respondent’s contract expired on July
31, and a different entity was awarded the contract after that date.
own supervisor on this contract as well as the removal of the
Union President, from his position under this contract.”
According to the testimony of Reed, the reason there was no
strike at that time is because he and Ketchum went to Sturrup’s
office on the morning of March 23 and “negotiated” with Stur-
rup, telling him that there would be a strike at noon if the mat-
ter of their removal from the contract was not resolved or cor-
rected. Sturrup, according to Reed, made phone calls to Perez
and Karawia at about 10:30 or 11 a.m. that morning. Sometime
thereafter, apparently while still in Sturrup’s office, the afore-
mentioned modification was faxed to Sturrup. Sturrup gave a
copy to Reed and told him that as a result of the modification
he and Ketchum would be permitted to return to work. Reed
testified that he called off the strike because of “this negotiat-
ing process between myself, Mr. Ketchum and Mr. Sturrup
[that] took place in Mr. Sturrup’s Office.” Reed testified that
he was negotiating with Sturrup “Because if the [removal of
Reed and Ketchum from the contract] was not rescinded there
would have been a strike at noon time.”
Reed testified that the strike vote was taken on March 14,
and that he was given authority to call a strike anytime “over
the next 2-month period” and “[a]t the most opportune time,
and whenever—a matter arose that would cause this to hap-
pen.” He acknowledged that being removed from the contract
was such a matter that would precipitate a strike, and that the
reason no strike occurred on March 23 is because the Respon-
dent signed the modification. Reed testified that on the day of
the strike vote, March 14, it was decided that “they would go
on strike immediately” if he or Ketchum were fired, and that in
any event a strike would happen very soon thereafter in protest
of other matters.
Security Guard Richard Gamble testified that there was an
understanding among the employees that they were not to tell
the Respondent when they were going on strike and that the
strike would be scheduled to occur at the

most inopportune time for ISI and for FPS. Specifically for
when Jerry Cape and Mike Snowden who are FPS employees
were going to be gone. So that they couldn’t help fill in when
we went on strike.

Gamble testified that although he had originally voted to strike,
he changed his mind about supporting a strike because, “I felt
that the way that they were dealing with things was unprofes-
sional. I felt that the way they were leading it was going to
eventually end up and get everyone fired. And it was some-
thing I decided I wasn’t going to support.”
On March 29, Gamble wrote a letter to Dufresne and also to
Eric Gonzales, chief division counsel, Federal Bureau of Inves-
tigation, regarding a “Security Protocol Violation” on March 23
by Reed, who had been removed from the contract the day
before. Included in the letter is the following account of Reed’s
conduct:

Mr. Reed entered the [FBI] building to speak with SGT
Woods and me concerning our reasons for not supporting a
union-organized strike that day. Mr. Reed wanted SGT
Woods to explain his reasons for his decision and also wanted
to know if all the other guards at the FBI building supported
his decision. After he got SGT Woods’ explanation, he
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 718
turned to me and asked if those were also my reasons. I told
him that I made my decision for my own reasons but that I
supported SGT Wood’s decision not to walk out on a strike
that day. After that, Mr. Reed turned back to SGT Woods and
said “You don’t run fucking union business. Mr. Reed’s use
of vulgarity only emphasizes his hostility which was directed
at SGT Woods and me. 27

Securilty Guard Kenneth Woods corroborated the testimony
of Gamble. On March 26 Woods also submitted a handwritten
memorandum to Dufresne, dated March 26, regarding the same
incident, namely, that Reed was angry that the security guards
at the FBI building were not willing to strike at a time when the
building was very busy and there were 50 or more visiting mili-
tary personnel in the building.
Security Guard Bruce Ward corroborated the testimony of
both Gamble and Woods and wrote a similar memorandum,
dated March 29, recounting the aforementioned incident. Ac-
cording to Ward’s memorandum, Reed returned to work at the
FBI building on about March 25 and refused to engage in
friendly conversation with Ward because Ward had stated, on
about March 22, that he, too, would not participate in a strike at
that time due to the presence of the visiting dignitaries in the
building. According to Ward’s memorandum, this prompted
Reed to “very hatefully” call him a scab. The memorandum
states that the reason the security guards at the FBI building
were refusing to strike at the time Reed had intended to call the
strike was “due to a major conference that was ongoing [sic]
that morning. A strike would severely embarrass the FBI’s
Senior Agent in Charge, and be a major security risk to 50 ma-
jor law enforcement and military officials.”
7. Union demands; the April 21 strike
On April 4 White wrote to Karawia, inter alia, as follows,
with copies to various persons:

Once again the Union is writing to you to insist you fulfill
your obligations and complete negotiations. You averted a
strike in March, by the skin of your teeth, but you may not be
so fortunate the next time. If you would refer to the letter the
Union sent on March 16th you will be reminded you have not
met all the obligations we listed. These must be met by end
of workday, April 16, 1999, or you will bear the responsibility
for what happens thereafter.

I will list the requirements once more so you cannot claim ig-
norance, at a later date. They are:

1. Pay all back overtime pay, as directed by the State
of Alaska, that you admitted you were obligated to pay,
plus interest. (NLRB currently list [sic] rates at 8-percent).
2. Drop the useless medical coverage you now hide
behind and give employees the cash payment of $1.39

27 The letter goes on to detail the unauthorized access by Reed to
other offices in the building, and it is not clear whether the “Security
Protocol Violation” specifically includes the confrontational conversa-
tion between Reed, Gamble and Woods, or whether this conversation is
merely a predicate to Reed’s subsequent conduct in entering other areas
of the building without proper authorization.
commencing with the next payday after the listed per-
formance date.
3. Sign the partial contract, negotiated with your rep-
resentatives, the Union sent to you in October of 1998.
4. I will concede Mr. Dufresne has been advised to
consult with you and Federal Protective Service personnel
before making any additional uninformed and/or impracti-
cal orders.

If you can meet these provisions the Union will advise Mr.
Jeff Clark, commissioner, National Mediation and Concilia-
tion Service, we are ready to complete negotiations between
International Services Inc. These negotiations will require
your presence, or a written and notarized affidavit confirming
that agreements made by your representatives will be honored
by you.

Contacting Ms. Perez or Ms. Tackett at General Services
Administration probably will not produce the same results for
you as the last time. The Union is filing charges against Ms.
Perez and Ms. Tackett for interfering in Union-Company
CBA negotiations . . . .

The obvious objective of both Ms. Perez and Tackett was to
assist you in averting a strike. That conference call was used
to intimidate and coerce the Union into reconsideration of the
planned strike . . . .

I think Ms. Perez will be too busy defending her own lack of
interest and response to help you this time. It is time for both
of you to step up to the plate and do what is legally and mor-
ally expected of you. This whole matter is in your lap, Mr.
Karawia. The Union has lost all patience with your posturing
and stalling. It is time to get this all settled. You paid the
backpay ordered as the result of our requested audit by the
Department of Labor (a point you denied to Ms. Perez & Ms.
Tackett). Why can’t you just do this for the whole slate?

Karawia replied by letter dated April 19, as follows:

On March 22, 1999 we sent you a letter expressing our wishes
to enter into equitable and productive negotiations with the
assistance of an impartial mediator. To date we have received
no response to our letter, only another accusatory and in-
flammatory letter dated April 4th, which does not even ac-
knowledge our wishes to resume negotiations.

We are in the process of calculating the pay due our officers,
and we will issue payments as soon as the necessary paper-
work is completed. All other matters are pending until we
complete negotiations with a mediator as requested. We feel
this is the only way to prevent further accusations of unfair-
ness from you. We have done all we can until you agree to
join us at the bargaining table.

Your threats and accusations serve no purpose but to annoy
and alienate those of us who are attempting to work with you
to reach a successful resolution to these matters. You seem
more interested in inciting anger than in negotiating a Collec-
tive-Bargaining Agreement.

I truly hope you can move beyond your present emotional
state so we can focus on the true purpose of the Union, which
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 719
is to negotiate an agreement that will benefit all of our officers
in Alaska.

White faxed the following letter to Karawia on the morning
of April 21:28

Tonight I received a telephone call from Mr. Reed, President
of Local #46, Anchorage, Alaska. He related you were will-
ing to present a show of “good faith” to avoid the pending
work stoppage. We are willing to accept a “good faith” offer
if it meets, or greatly satisfies, the goals we have been at-
tempting to achieve to this point. If it is true you have really
made such an offer then the Union proposes the following:
1. Sign the negotiated, and agreed upon, contract sent
to you in October of 1998.
2. Give written statement assuring employees will re-
ceive back overtime pay, as directed by the State of
Alaska, to March, 1997, paid no later than June 1, 1999.
3. Give the employees the new wage determination,
$12.62, plus the $2.00 per hour you allegedly offered to-
day, and the schedule as shown below:

$12.62 + $2.00= $14.62 effective May 1, 1999.
$14.62 + $2.00= $16.62 effective August 1, 1999.
$16.62 + $2.00= $18.62 effective August 1, 2000.
$18.82 + $2.00= $20.62 effective August 1, 2001.

4. Agree to meet and finish formal contract negotia-
tions within 30 days of this agreement, with the assistance
of Jeff Clark, Commissioner, Federal Mediation & Con-
ciliation Service.

If you wish to avoid a work stoppage, and establish a working
relationship with the Union, take a long look at our proposal.
All we want is to be treated fairly and honorably. The Union
will guarantee you the same high quality work force. With
the above additions, and a signed labor contract, it will be eas-
ier to recruit more quality officers.

Mr. Karawia, I must receive a signed & notarized affirmative
response from you by 1100 hours, 04–21–99 Alaska time, to
avoid the pending work stoppage. Please sign and notarize
this document and fax it to me at . . . then Federal Express the
original to me at . . . .
. . . .
I agree to the provisions as stated above in items 1, 2 , 3, 4
and will implement each as established in these four items. I
do so knowing the Union will not cause a work stoppage and
meet and bargain a complete Collective-Bargaining Agree-
ment.

Ousama Karawia, President
International Services, Inc.

________________________
April 21, 1999

Karawia responded with an immediate reply as follows:

28 While the letter is dated April 20 and was apparently prepared by
White on the night of April 20, it was not sent by White or received by
the Respondent until the next day.
We are in receipt of your letter and have reviewed what the
Union “proposes.”

1. This first item is impractical at this time. We do
not know the contents of the final contract at this point,
and so we cannot sign it today.
2. As you have been informed, we are working on the
back overtime pay, and we anticipate that all funds should
be disbursed by June 1, 1999, as requested.
3. We will be happy to negotiate increased rates for
the contract year commencing August 1, 1999 in the new
Collective-Bargaining Agreement. Please be advised that
employee rates cannot change in the middle of the contract
year. After the GSA budget has been approved for the
contract year we cannot go back and have pay rates in-
creased.
4. Meeting with Jeff Clark within 30 days is accept-
able to us, and after we have worked out all details with
his assistance, that is the time the contract will be signed.
If the contract were to be signed today, there would be no
point in engaging in mediation with him.

Please understand we have been diligent in our efforts to work
with you, and in return we keep receiving threats and unrealis-
tic deadlines on items that cannot be accomplished.

We are pleased you want to commence work with a mediator
within 30 days. However, it seems ironic that about 30 days
ago, on March 22nd, that is exactly what we requested of you.
Had you worked with us at that point, we could already have
had an equitable CBA in place for the coming contract year.

We look forward to meeting you at the bargaining table for
the benefit of our employees.

The strike commenced at approximately 12 noon that day,
April 21. The Respondent was never notified by the Union of
the date or the time the strike was to commence. While Reed
testified that he notified Dufresne of the impending strike on
the afternoon of April 20. Dufresne testified that he was posi-
tive that Reed did not notify him. Rather, he first learned that a
strike might occur when he received a phone call from C.O.R.
Cape on April 20 stating that there were rumors of a strike.
Cape told him to begin preparing for a possible strike the fol-
lowing day by contacting standby replacements. Dufresne did
so, but the people he contacted included security guards who
did not have licenses to carry firearms. On the morning of the
following day, April 21, Dufrene received another call from
Cape who stated that it looked like the strike would be occur-
ring. Cape also advised him that any replacements would be
required to have 2 years of armed security work.
Cape testified that on April 20 he heard a rumor of the possi-
bility of a strike the next day. He brought this information to
the attention of his superiors, and made plans to have two FPS
officers from Portland, Oregon put on a plane at a moment’s
notice to provide support. He also called Dufresne and passed
the information on to him. Dufresne, according to Cape, said
that he had not heard anything about the possibility of a strike.
On April 21, at about 8:30 a.m., Cape was told by Reed that the
guards were going to strike that day at noon. At about 9:30
a.m. Cape phoned Dufresne and DeLong, who had arrived at
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 720
the Respondent’s Anchorage office by that time, and advised
them that there would be a walkout at 12 noon. Then he went
to the Respondent’s offices where strike preparations were
discussed. Cape was told by DeLong that the Respondent
would have armed replacements available by 11 a.m. at the
Federal Building, but that there were not enough replacement
guards and nonstriking guards to fill four of the posts.29 Ulti-
mately, three of the posts were filled by FPS personnel, and one
additional post was left unfilled. Immediately after the strike
commenced and the replacement guards had assumed their
assigned posts they were given some minimal training by FPS
personnel and court security officers regarding how to use the
x-ray and magnetometer (metal detector) machines at the en-
trances to the Federal Building. Customarily, according to
Cape, proper security training for guards operating these ma-
chines at building entrances, and for other related duties, would
take about 16 hours.
It was Cape’s understanding from his conversation with
Reed that the guards would leave their posts whether replace-
ments were there or not, as Reed said nothing to the contrary.
Further, according to Cape, Officer Royals and Officer Swan-
son left their posts before the 12 noon walkout time, and two
FPS officers were sent to cover their locations. Cape testified
that, “We were very concerned because the posts were left
unmanned.”
On April 24, Cape wrote a “Memorandum to Record” re-
garding “Post Abandonment” as follows:

On Wednesday, April 21, 1999 at approximately 1135 hours,
I received a telephone call from Mike Ofenloch, Property
Manager for the Old Federal Building. He informed me that
GSA Mechanic Gil Sauer had notified him that the guard,
James Royals had left the property at 1130 hours and walked
off down the street away from the building and had not re-
turned.

PSS Mike Snowden was sent to the Old Federal Building to
cover the post until such time as a replacement guard could be
sent. On his arrival at the building at approximately 1150
hours, PSS Snowden confirmed that Royals was not present at
the building.

At approximately 1130 hours PSS Joe Sturrup was sent to
University Plaza to stand by for when the security guard de-
parted the building at 1200 hours until a replacement guard
could arrive. At about 1210 hours PSS Sturrup contacted me
by cell phone and informed me that on his arrival at about
1145 hours he was met by the guard, Ray Swanson at the
door of the building as he was walking out. He said Swanson
handed him the keys as was [sic] leaving and had already
changed into civilian clothes.30

29 It was Cape’s understanding that the Respondent was preparing
for the strike and that this is why DeLong had come to town.
30 Both Royals and Swanson testified in this proceeding and pro-
vided their account of the matter. It is significant that during the course
of their testimony neither employee testified that they had been given
instructions by Reed or the Union to refrain from leaving their post and
participating in the strike until properly relieved.
Cape testified that a decision had been made on the morning
of April 21 to take I.D. cards and key cards from the guards as
soon after 10 a.m. as possible, in anticipation of the walkout, so
that they would no longer be able to gain access to the build-
ings after the strike commenced. However, the guards were not
relieved of their badges, uniforms or weapons and were there-
fore able to continue guarding their posts and performing their
duties until they walked out.
8. Events following the strike; termination of the strikers;
and subsequent communications
On April 23 the Respondent, by Vice President of Opera-
tions DeLong, issued the following letter to each of the ap-
proximately 19 striking guards:

You have self-terminated your employment with International
Services, Inc. by abandoning your post. Please bring all is-
sued equipment with your clean uniforms to the ISI office . . .
on Monday, April 26, 1999. Your final checks will be avail-
able after 1200 on that date.

Two weeks later, on May 7, Reed sent the following letter to
Karawia:

As a show of good faith, the GSA security guards who are on
strike in Anchorage will return to work unconditionally on 16
May 1999 at 0700.

Please advise of any details. If you have any questions please
call me. We hope that this good faith will entice you to begin
bargaining with us so that we may come up with a contract for
the coming year.

DeLong replied by letter dated May 14 as follows:

While ISI appreciates what you describe as a “show of good
faith”, we do not accept your offer to return to work.

ISI will, as a good-faith offer, place those employees that
abandoned their posts to engage in an economic strike, on a
preferential hiring list, to be hired when and if a position is
available.

ISI takes it obligation to secure the Anchorage Federal build-
ings very seriously. When ISI learned, not via the Union that
ISI employees were abandoning their posts, to engage in an
economic strike, the Company arranged to hire permanent re-
placements.

Mr. Reed, ISI continuous [sic] to bargain in good faith as Mr.
Karawia stated in his letter of April 30, 1999, we will only
negotiate through a mediator.

Please direct all replacement employees to contact ISI’s An-
chorage office to be placed on the list, if they so wish.

On May 26 DeLong sent the following letter to the striking
employees:

This letter is to inform you that International Services, Inc. is
rescinding the letter it sent to you on April 23, 1999. ISI
deems that you are a striking employee of ISI and that ISI will
accord you all rights as a striker under the National Labor Re-
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 721
lations Act. Any reference to your being discharged from ISI
will be permanently expunged from your files.

Further, ISI presently stands ready to continue bargaining in
good faith over all the terms as [sic] conditions of your em-
ployment with the UGSOA, Local 46, and hopes we can
reach a mutually agreeable collective-bargaining agreement in
the near future.

Lastly, ISI wants to assure you that you will receive any back
overtime pay you are entitled to pursuant to the determination
by the State of Alaska Department of Labor.

On May 29 White wrote to the Respondent’s counsel, David
Crittenden, as follows:

I received your fax and letter, informing me you are now the
labor representative for International Services, Inc. Evidently
your client, or at least his subordinate Richard DeLong, did
not get this message. On May 26, 2 days after your represen-
tation letter, Mr. DeLong sent the Union a letter trying to
eliminate a serious mistake. Mr. DeLong is “rescinding” the
April 23, 1999 letter that terminated all ISI employees that are
striking.

The Company sends this letter after these employees have
been on strike for nearly six (6) weeks, and after refusing to
pay legally due payroll checks unless all equipment was
turned in and employees accept a check that referred to the
check as their final payment; after the company terminated all
striking guards for illegally striking for economic reasons; af-
ter they brought in untrained and unqualified “scabs” to re-
place qualified and experienced guards, and after refusing
twice to bargain in good faith with Local #46 UGSOA.

This is a real interesting tactic after the Company has used just
about every dirty trick to break the strike and turn the Federal
Protective Service and General Services Administration em-
ployees against the guards and place the blame on them for
the strike. I will not address that issue at this time. The Na-
tional Labor Relations Board, the Department of Labor, and
the Office of Inspector General for General Services Admini-
stration will sort out the relationship between ISI manage-
ment, GSA Employees, and Federal Protective Service Em-
ployees.

I want to give you an opportunity to save you[r] [sic] client
from further financial loss. You have a small window to get
this strike settled and the guards back to work where they be-
long. The guards want to return to work and the occupants of
the Federal Building want them back. It is up to you to con-
vince Mr. Karawia that it will benefit him greatly to settle this
himself.

The President of Local #46 is preparing a list of conditions
that must be met before we will allow Mr. Karawia to settle
this strike. It may already be to[o] [sic] late for him to save
the contract but what has he got to loose, except more money?
The same conditions exist now that did when we went on
strike: sign or sign off on the operational contract he was sent
in October of 1998, abide by the judgment sent him by the
State of Alaska in 1997—with interest, and refrain from fur-
ther unfair labor practices and bad-faith bargaining. There are
also a substantial number of NLRB and U.S. Department of
Labor charges that will have to be addressed.

I see five events that must take place as soon as possible:

1. All striking guards of Local #46 must be returned to
work with all pay and allowances paid back to the date of
the strike.
2. Money that is being held in lieu of equipment being
turned in be paid immediately.
3. All scab guards must leave the building and not be
allowed employment unless there is an opening after all
union guards return and they meet the same qualifications
as the union guards.
4. The conditions being prepared by the union local
president will be dealt with as soon as possible before
guards will return to work.31
5. You, and your company, will guarantee that all
conditions agreed to by ISI are fulfilled. We will not ac-
cept the word of Mr. Karawia alone. We know there will
be a time lag between agreement and accomplishment.
We will accept the lag if guaranteed by you and your com-
pany. We have seen too many of Mr. Karawia’s promises
and/or agreements never fulfilled.

I am enclosing a copy of DeLong’s letter, just in case you
didn’t get a copy. I hope to hear from you soon. Remember,
this is a small window don’t waste time.

9. Alleged conditional rehiring of Phillip Relich
Apparently on about April 28, Phillip Relich, a striking em-
ployee who had been terminated, phoned Dufresne and asked
if he could return to work. Relich went to the Respondent’s
office and Dufresne asked him whether he would continue to
participate in the strike if he was permitted to return to work,
and Relich apparently said no. Dufresne asked him whether he
wanted his old shift back, and Relich said yes. Then Dufresne
said fine, and told him to report to Supervisor Ketchum and that
he could begin working that night because he still had his uni-
form and equipment. He was told to return that afternoon.
When he returned, Dufresne, DeLong, and Supervisor Ketchum
were there. Dufresne told Ketchum that Relich was going back
to work, and, according to Relich, “Ketchum said that he saw
[Relich] out there on the picket line and that if they took
[Relich] back they’d have to take everyone else back, too.”
DeLong asked him if he had been one of the strikers and
whether he had been on the picket line. Relich said yes, but
that he needed to go back to work. DeLong said that didn’t
make any difference, that Relich was one of the strikers and
was fired for walking off his post. Relich replied that he had
not walked off his post, as his shift had ended about 3 or 4
hours before the strike had begun that day. DeLong asked if
Relich had been out front with a picket sign in his hand, and
Relich said yes. DeLong said that Relich had failed to show up
for work and was fired, and then, according to Relich, Delong

31 Reed testified that he was not preparing such a list and that he did
not know what White was referencing. I do not credit the testimony of
Reed.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 722
began asking questions in order to discover “some distinguish-
ing feature between me and the other strikers” such as whether
he had been pressured by the Union to join the strike. He was
asked to write some statement to this effect, and would be taken
back “pending the . . . company president’s approval.” DeLong
and Relich then apparently had a discussion about the situation
and DeLong attempted to explain that the Union had been mis-
informing the employees about important matters and was
denying members critical information. He asked Relich if he
knew of any other strikers who wanted to return to work.
Relich was apparently told to write out a statement and that he
could return to work the following night.
Relich went to the Respondent’s office the following day and
was given the opportunity to write out a statement. He didn’t
know what to write and made an excuse to leave. He returned
the following day with a statement that simply said that his shift
had ended 3 hours before the strike and that the Respondent’s
president should put something in writing that demonstrated
good faith in the bargaining process; he could not think of any-
thing negative to say about the Union. He turned this in, and
later that day got a call from Dufresne who told him that this
was not what DeLong expected; and he was told to come in and
rewrite the statement. He did not do so. Rather, he contacted
Reed who took him to the Board”s office where he gave an
affidavit, and then went home. A few hours later he received a
call from Dufresne who said, “Mr. Relich, you are playing
games with us . . . I know you’ve been [to] the NLRB, I want
you to turn in your uniform and pick up your final check.”
Relich did so. On May 18 he was reemployed by the Respon-
dent without having to sign any statement. He was required to
reapply as a new employee for the position, and was told that
he would lose his prior seniority.
Delong did not testify in this proceeding. Dufresne testified
that Relich came to the office during the afternoon of the day
he was to begin working, and happened to remark that the Un-
ion had lied to him about certain matters. DeLong then asked
him questions about the Union, and, after some discussion,
asked if Relich would make a statement regarding such matters.
Relich said yes, and apparently did so. He was also given an
employment packet to fill out. Then Relich left, and called
Dufresne a short time later stating that he needed a few days to
think it over. Dufresne “blew up” and told him to turn his uni-
forms in, as Dufresne had already scheduled him to work that
evening. Relich, according to Dufresne, had already written
the statement, and Dufresne had called DeLong and told him
that that the statement did not contain what had been discussed.
At no time did he or DeLong tell Relich that his job was de-
pendent upon such a statement.
10. The nature of the strike; security concerns
Reed acknowledged that during the March 12 conference
call Karawia expressed concern for the safety of the people in
the Federal building if the guards did not show up for work. He
testified that when Perez and/or Tackett were trying to get the
Union to reveal the date of the strike, he felt that it was not in
the Union’s best interest to furnish that information. In his
Board affidavit Reed states that the Union did in fact provide
advance notice of the strike in order to enable the Respondent
to “get coverage of the buildings and maintain a level of secu-
rity.” Such notice, according to Reed, was provided by White’s
aforementioned April 20 letter to Karawia (which was not re-
ceived until April 21) and by Reed’s verbal notice to C.O.R.
Cape on the morning of April 21 that the strike would com-
mence at noon on that day. While Reed testified that he ad-
vised Dufresne the “afternoon before” the day of the strike that
there would be a strike the following day, he does not mention
this in his affidavit.
Reed, expressing concern for the security of the buildings
and their occupants, testified that it “was most certainly our
intention” not to walk out unless there were replacements lined
up, and explained that indeed there would have been no strike
so long as the FPS and ISI never brought replacements on
board. Thus, according to Reed, the employees were not to
abandon their posts and were to remain at their assigned posts
until they were properly relieved, and all the Respondent had to
do to prevent a strike at that time was to not have replacements
available. However, this was not made known to the Respon-
dent or FPS, and Reed had no intention of revealing the Un-
ion’s intentions in this regard. According to Reed, “We would
not have left our post without there being replacements.”
Sturrup testified that GSA and FPS personnel were con-
cerned about the possibility of a strike, particularly during the
months of March and April, explaining that the anniversary of
the Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing was approach-
ing; and further, that there were several other ominous anniver-
saries of infamous individuals in March and April that bring “a
lot of the kooks . . . out of the woodwork,” and that this is the
time when the majority of bomb threats are received. Accord-
ingly, during March and April security is “tightened” in the
sense that the security guards are reminded to be sensitive to
the heightened security risk.
Jerry Cape, Criminal Investigator for the FPS and Sturrup’s
replacement as C.O.R. for the GSA contract, testified that the
Oklahoma City bombing was the catalyst for heightened secu-
rity for Federal buildings throughout the United States, and that
was the reason security officers at the Anchorage Federal
Building were stationed at each entrance with x-ray machines
and magnetometers. Prior to this event the building had only a
limited number of security officers roving the building. Cape
testified that there are certain times of the year when security is
heightened and that this was the case on about April 21, around
the anniversary date for the Oklahoma City bombing:

Generally, around the anniversary date for Oklahoma City.
It’s not due to it being the anniversary date for Oklahoma
City, but other hate groups recognize that date as important to
them. Hitler’s birthday, things of that nature . . . . That’s the
date that most of these groups recognize with or associate
with, so we kind of heighten security around that time frame
. . . we required that the security officers be a little more vigil
[sic] as to what was going on. You know, vehicles parking
outside our doors and packages that were being screened, on
the loading dock.

Cape testified that there are particular Federal agencies in the
building “that give rise to controversy that might lead to secu-
rity issues.” Thus, according to Cape, Social Security receives
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 723
quite a few threats against its Administrative Law Judges and
its employees; similarly, the U.S Attorney’s Office, and the
Environmental Protection Agency, and, to a lesser extent, the
Bureau of Land Management and the Federal Aviation Admini-
stration receive threats; and further, the Federal courts located
in the building, with their own security officers, are also at risk.
Both Sturrup and Cape testified that for security-related and
logistical reasons the most inopportune for a strike was during
noontime on a weekday, as this is when the security guards
would be the busiest due to the increased traffic of employees
and others entering and exiting the buildings.
C. Analysis and Conclusions
1. Preliminary statement
On August 25, the Regional Director for Region 19 of the
Board approved the Union’s withdrawal of its charges alleging
that the Respondent violated the Act by misrepresenting to the
Union the legal status of overtime provisions under the Alaska
Wage and Hour Act, by misrepresenting the date for reaching
of a labor contract for GSA approval, and by refusing to meet
and bargain after November 3, 1998.
2. Direct dealing and threat to employees
I credit Regional Manager Dufresne and find that he did not
instruct Supervisor Ketchum to advise Reed and Woods that
they would be dismissed if they did not sign the original
“Flexible Work Hour Plan” issued by the State of Alaska De-
partment of Labor Wage and Hour Administration. However, I
find that Ketchum, in early February, did make such a state-
ment, whether by inadvertence or otherwise. It is alleged that
this remark by Ketchum constitutes an unlawful threat to em-
ployees. The record reflects that presenting the document to
the employees for their signature was understood by the Union
to be an unobjectionable and even necessary formality under
the circumstances and did not amount to bypassing the Union
and dealing directly with the employees, as alleged. Had the
form been dated differently Reed and Woods would have read-
ily signed it, Ketchum would have made no threat, and that
would have been the end of the matter. It is clear that the al-
leged threat was the result of a miscommunication and misun-
derstanding regarding the document to which Reed was willing
to give “his blessing” if properly dated. In fact, it was properly
dated, but the form was confusing because it bore a 1997 date
that, under the circumstances, caused Reed and Woods to be-
lieve that perhaps they would be jeopardizing their entitlement
to back overtime pay by signing it; therefore, they simply re-
fused to sign it. The situation was clarified within a short time
when both Reed and Woods willingly signed the identical but
currently-dated form. It appears that this was a rather innocu-
ous matter that was readily rectified; there is no evidence of
other similar or related conduct, and the employees involved,
having been presented with a form to their liking, must have
realized that no threat was intended and that the Respondent
was merely attempting to comply with ADOL requirements. I
believe that under the circumstances the matter is de minimus
and that no finding of a violation is warranted. I shall dismiss
this allegation of the complaint.
3. Request for information
Regarding Local President Reed’s February 26 request for
information concerning the medical/401(k) plan, it is clear that
many employees were very concerned about various aspects of
these interrelated plans. Having been frustrated in their own
attempts to understand the convoluted system, they wanted
their bargaining representative to pursue the matter. While the
Union and each employee, upon being hired, had been given
booklets describing the operations of the plan, the employees
were having difficulty in obtaining details regarding their per-
sonal accounts, and this, in part, is precisely what Reed re-
quested in his February 26 letter. I credit the testimony of
Karawia and find that in fact only the plan administrator and
not the Respondent had access to such information.
During the March 12 conference call and in various subse-
quent written communications the Respondent urged the Union
to resume bargaining negotiations. Had such negotiations oc-
curred, the Union could have utilized the opportunity, had it
still been interested, to reiterate its request for such information
and the matter could have been discussed in order to facilitate
the furnishing of the information, to the extent it was not confi-
dential, by the plan administrator to the Union since, as noted,
the Respondent did not possess such information. However the
Union delayed further bargaining negotiations by making con-
ditional demands before it would agree to return to the bargain-
ing table, thereby foreclosing for itself the opportunity to dis-
cuss this or any other issues. Accordingly, as the Union’s tac-
tics prevented further bargaining discussions, and as such dis-
cussions could have included any matters of interest to the Un-
ion, I shall dismiss this allegation of the complaint. Silver
Bros. Co., 312 NLRB 1060, 1061–1062 (1993).
4. Removal of Reed from the contract
I find that the removal of Reed from the GSA contract on
March 22 was not discriminatorily motivated. It is clear that
both Reed and Ketchum, under the specific terms of the GSA
contract, should not have been hired because they lacked one of
the essential qualifying requirements. This was pointed out to
the Respondent and to the FPS in then C.O.R. Sturrup’s March
12 memorandum, which set forth the results of an audit of unit
employees’ qualifications that was for some unknown reason
requested not by the Respondent, but by Local Union President
Reed himself. Thereafter, Reed and Ketchum were given the
opportunity to furnish pertinent college transcripts showing that
they had certain alternative qualifications, but they were unable
to do so. I credit the testimony of Dufresne and Karawia and
find that at the time it was difficult to hire or retain security
guards who possessed the qualifications required by the GSA
contract, and that the Respondent did not want to compound the
problem by discharging two employees. Thus, Reed was not
singled out, as the discharge of Reed also mandated the dis-
charge of Supervisor Ketchum; and there is no record evidence
showing that at the time the Respondent was aware that in fact
Ketchum happened to be a very active supporter of the Union.
I credit the testimony of Karawia and find that he perceived
the March 12 memorandum to be, in effect, a directive from
GSA that the Respondent take certain action, and that it was
virtually impossible to obtain an ex post facto contract modifi-
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 724
cation. In any event, Karawia did not need to seek one, as he
was advised that C.O.R. Sturrup himself was seeking such a
modification. At no time did Karawia express any opposition
to the proposed contract modification which would result in the
retention of both Reed and Ketchum. Meanwhile, however, as
far as Karawia was concerned, the Respondent was required to
adhere to the specific provisions of the governing GSA contract
which, by its terms, precluded the Respondent from employing
unqualified guards such as Reed and Ketchum. And during this
time neither Perez nor Tackett nor Sturrup nor anyone from
FPS or GSA instructed or even suggested that the Respondent
delay or refrain from removing Reed or Ketchum until after
Sturrup’s request for a modification was acted upon, either
favorably or unfavorably, by Tackett. Insofar as the record
shows, Karawia did not know whether the modification would
be issued in a day, a month, or, given his other dealings with
the government, considerably longer; or whether in fact the
modification request would be denied as he believed it would
be. Thus, while GSA did not demand, by means of a cure notice
or otherwise, that Reed and Ketchum be removed from the
contract, neither did GSA or FPS advise Karawia to the con-
trary. Karawia simply did what he believed to be required and
most appropriate under the circumstances, namely, comply with
the GSA contract.
Moreover, it is significant that Reed believed he was “nego-
tiating” his reinstatement with Sturrup, thus indicating that
Reed understood the matter was really between Reed and GSA
and that the Respondent was, in effect, a disinterested third
party; thus, at that point Reed was not negotiating with the
Respondent to get his job back because he understood that the
Respondent had no control over GSA’s decisionmaking proc-
ess.32
The Respondent took its contractual obligations very seri-
ously, and Dufresne received a severe written reprimand “up to
and including termination” should he again fail to abide by the
contract by hiring personnel who did not meet the minimum
requirements, and thereby causing “irreparable damage to ISI’s
relationship with GSA.” Similarly, GSA took the matter very
seriously and demoted Sturrup from his position as C.O.R. for
permitting the Respondent to hire these individuals in the first
instance. The situation was significant, all other employees had
the requisite qualifications, and the modification was not
merely a technical change to correct an inadvertent oversight. 33
Nor was the removal of Reed and Ketchum from the contract
a “discharge” from the Respondent’s employ, as these indi-
viduals were offered other positions during the time GSA was

32 Had a strike occurred, although nominally a strike against the Re-
spondent, in actuality it would have been a strike against GSA for fail-
ing to issue the modification. Similar secondary boycott considera-
tions are also applicable to the April 21 strike, as the Respondent could
not raise its wages without GSA approval; however such issues were
not raised at the hearing.
33 Having carefully considered the testimony of Perez and Sturrup I
find that they were discretely downplaying the role that the potential
strike played in GSA’s granting of the modification, and absent the
strike threat I find it highly unlikely, in agreement with Karawia, that
such a modification would have been requested by Sturrup or granted
by Contracting Officer Tackett.
considering the modification; thus, when or if the modification
was granted both Reed and Ketchum could have been readily
returned to employment under the contract. Further, Karawia
did not procrastinate, but immediately signed and returned the
modification document to GSA as a result of which Reed and
Ketchum were forthwith returned to work. Finally, there is no
other evidence showing that the Respondent harbored animus
against Reed. On the basis of the foregoing I find that the Gen-
eral Counsel has not demonstrated that the 1-day removal of
Reed from the contract was discriminatorily motivated, as al-
leged, and I shall dismiss this allegation of the complaint.
5. The unprotected nature of the strike
I find that the April 21 strike was unprotected as it was de-
signed to compromise both the security of the Federal buildings
and the occupants of these buildings, and I further find that the
security guards who engaged in the strike were lawfully dis-
charged. During the March 12 conference call the union repre-
sentatives considered it to be, in effect, a conspiracy by the
Respondent and GSA to attempt to ascertain any details regard-
ing the threatened strike. Tacket’s repeated requests to be so
advised were thwarted by White and Reed with vitriolic invec-
tive and outrage at GSA’s involvement in this matter. This is
demonstrated by testimonial accounts of the conference call, by
the Union’s subsequent letter, and, in addition, I find, by the
destruction of the tape recording of the conference call that the
Union made in order to show such complicity by the Respon-
dent and GSA. I do not credit Reed, who testified that he de-
stroyed the tape recording because he feared that it was perhaps
unlawful to record such a conversation. This does not make
sense, as he admitted during his testimony that he recorded the
conversation, and it is not the physical tape itself but rather the
recording of the conversation that is potentially actionable.
Rather, I find that Reed destroyed the tape recording because it
presented in explicit detail the unprofessional and total disre-
gard that the Union had for in any manner assisting GSA or the
Respondent to prepare for and maintain security in the event of
a strike, and supported and enforced the argument, made by the
Respondent, that the Union was not the least concerned about
the Federal buildings or their occupants or anything other than
its own agenda, namely, obtaining a wage increase that it un-
derstood it could not get from the Respondent without GSA’s
involvement.34
The events surrounding the strike that Reed had planned for
about March 23 are instructive. After March 12 Reed had pre-
pared the union members for a strike in the event that he and
Ketchum were dismissed. The strike was to commence at 12
noon on March 23 if Reed and Ketchum were not reinstated by
that time. No notice whatsoever of this imminent strike was
given to the Respondent, and it was not until that very morning
that Reed first told Sturrup during their “negotiations” that
there would be a strike at noon that day unless the modification
was approved forthwith. According to the testimony of one
union member it was understood the Respondent was not to be
34 In this regard it is interesting that the Union, throughout its various
inconsistent communications, vehemently objects to GSA’s involve-
ment in labor matters and at the same time elicits GSA’s assistance in
securing a wage increase.
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 725
advised of any strike and that Reed would schedule the strike at
the “most inopportune time for ISI and FPS,” namely, when
FPS officers were not available “so they couldn’t help fill in
when we went on strike.”
It is clear from the record that post abandonment by security
guards is universally considered to be serious conduct warrant-
ing immediate termination. I do not credit Reed’s testimony to
the effect that the security guards were instructed not to walk
out and leave their posts unguarded. I find that this was untrue
and self-serving testimony that Reed believed was critical to his
case in order to demonstrate that the Union had no intention of
compromising security by post abandonment. While many
union members testified on behalf of the Union in this proceed-
ing regarding the strike and other matters, not one corroborated
this testimony of Reed. Clearly, because of the importance of
this issue to the determination of the protected or unprotected
nature of the strike, I find the absence of such corroborating
evidence to be highly significant.35
Further, Reed was angry with the three security guards at the
FBI building who had advised Reed that they considered a
strike on about March 23, which would compromise the secu-
rity of the building and its occupants, to be particularly inap-
propriate at the time. As noted above, several memoranda re-
garding this matter were submitted to the Respondent, and one
such memorandum states that the reason the security guards at
the FBI building had refused to strike at the time Reed had
intended to call the strike was “due to a major conference that
was ongoing [sic] that morning. A strike would severely em-
barrass the FBI’s Senior Agent in Charge, and be a major secu-
rity risk to 50 major law enforcement and military officials.”
Reed knew this, and had he been genuinely concerned with
building security he would have taken this opportunity to allay
the concerns of the security guards by instructing them that
they were indeed not expected to walk off and leave their posts
unguarded. However, insofar as the record shows, Reed’s reac-
tion to the expressed concern of the guards was one of hostility
and anger coupled with the admonition, “You don’t run fucking
union business.”36 As one concerned union member testified,
“I felt that the way that they were dealing with things was un-
professional. I felt that the way they were leading it was going
to eventually end up and get everyone fired, [a]nd it was some-
thing I decided I wasn’t going to support.”
From the foregoing it is clear that Reed was prepared to call
a strike at noon on March 23 without any notice whatsoever to
the Respondent, with only minimal notice to the FPS (which
notice was only incidental to Reeds threat to Sturrup that a
strike would begin at noon that day unless the modification was
approved), and with no prior instructions to union members that
they were not to abandon their posts until relieved by replace-
ments. This, I conclude, demonstrates that the Union, through

35 Two employees, namely Vernon Tolson, the local union vice-
president, and Jerry Hatcher, the local union treasurer, were personally
concerned about leaving their posts unattended: Hatcher spoke to Cape
prior to being relieved and Tolson called the director of social security
(at the building where he was stationed) and informed him that he
(Tolson) was leaving; however neither employee testified that he was
acting pursuant to any instructions by Reed or the Union.
36 I do not credit Reed’s assertion that he did not use this language.
Reed, who had been given sole discretion to call a strike at the
most opportune time, was willing to compromise the security of
the buildings and their occupants by postabandonment in fur-
therance of Reed’s agenda.
The April 21 strike was called by Reed without notice to the
Respondent and with minimal notice to FPS. I do not conclude
that the “deadline” given to the Respondent in White’s April 20
letter (received by the Respondent on April 21) constituted
appropriate notice of a strike, as the Union had formerly pre-
sented the Respondent with many alleged “deadlines” and the
Respondent could reasonably believe that this was simply a
continuation of the Union’s rather unorthodox and unprofes-
sional way of doing business. Nor do I credit Reed’s testimony
that he advised Dufresne of the strike on the afternoon of April
20. Rather, I credit Dufresne and the corroborating testimony
of Cape, and find that Dufresne received no such notice from
Reed. This testimony by Reed is significant, as was his simi-
larly discredited testimony regarding the postabandonment
matter, because it demonstrates that Reed, upon reflection, has
since come to the realization that in fact the Union should have
indeed provided the Respondent an opportunity to prepare for
the strike, and/or should have instructed the guards that they
were not to leave their posts and join the strike until properly
relieved by replacements.
The General Counsel’s argues, in effect, that the potential
danger was minimal, that there were in fact replacements for
the strikers and therefore no post abandonment, and, as it
turned out that there was no harm to persons or property, the
strike did not lose its protected nature. The Respondent argues
that the fact that the guards’ posts, for the most part, were
timely covered by a combination of nonstriking guards, FPS
personnel, and armed replacements from the Respondent’s
other accounts demonstrates the Respondent’s quick response
to a critical situation; but this fortuitous circumstance does not
alter the fact that the Union did not know at the time the strike
was called that such replacements were available, that the Un-
ion gave no notice whatsoever to the Respondent, and that the
Respondent had sufficient reason to believe that it was the Un-
ion’s intention to have the guards leave their posts regardless of
the presence of any replacements, just as it was prepared to do
on March 23; accordingly, the employees were lawfully dis-
charged for post abandonment. In addition, the Respondent
argues that an after-the-fact analysis that the strike did not lose
its protected nature because no harm befell anyone is premised
upon an unsound and insupportable rationale. I agree with the
positions of the Respondent.
The right to strike is not absolute. In Marshall Car Wheel &
Foundry Co., 107 NLRB 314 (1953), the Board states:

In cases involving supervisory and plant-protection employ-
ees, the Board has recognized the validity of the general prin-
cipal that the right of certain classes of employees to engage
in concerted activity is limited by the duty to take reasonable
precautions to protect the employer’s physical plant from such
imminent damage as foreseeably would result from their sud-
den cessation of work. We are of the opinion that this duty
extends as well to ordinary rank-and-file employees whose
work tasks are such as to involve responsibility for the prop-
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 726
erty which might be damaged. Employees who strike in
breach of such obligation engage in unprotected activity for
which they may be discharged or subjected to other forms of
discipline affecting their employment conditions.

The General Counsel relies upon the Board’s decision in
Federal Security, Inc., 318 NLRB 413 (1995), enf. denied 154
F.3d 751 (10th Cir., 1998). In that case armed security guards,
working for a private security firm who were assigned to guard
posts at a multiresidence public housing site administered by
the Chicago Housing Authority (CHA), walked off the job after
giving their employer only about 2-hours notice. Their dis-
missal by the employer was found to be violative of the Act.
The administrative law judge in that proceeding, at page 421,
analyzed the issue as follows:

Finally, the Respondent contends that the walkout was unpro-
tected because it compromised the safety of the residents of
CHA properties and that of nonstrikers who were left alone at
some locations. There is no evidence that any harm resulted
from the fact that certain building posts were left unmanned
for a brief period on August 11th. According to the testimony
of Chief Tackett, once the walkout began at 10 a.m. it took
only 20 minutes to cover every post that had been walked off
. . . I find that the strikers acted reasonably in giving the Re-
spondent adequate notice of the walkout sufficiently far in ad-
vance that it could have taken the necessary steps to see that
no post was uncovered at any time. Accordingly, their actions
did not lose the protection of the Act. Columbia Portland
Cement Co., 294 NLRB 410, 421–422 (1989).

The Board, in a two to one decision, Member Truesdale dis-
senting, affirmed the decision of the administrative law judge
without further analysis of the nature of the walkout. Member
Truesdale, in his dissent, footnote 2, states that he

would find that in light of the security guards’ duties and the
nature of the facilities at which they worked and, in the cir-
cumstances of this case, the inadequacy of the notice given,
their walkout was not protected because it compromised the
safety of the residents of the CHA properties and of the non-
strikers who were left alone at some locations.

The Tenth Circuit refused to enforce the Board’s Order, stat-
ing, inter alia, as follows:

For our purposes it is enough to say that otherwise protected
activity surely loses its protection when it compromises the
safety of others; the Act permits employees to exercise self
help, but not in a reckless way.
. . . .
The next question is how critical was the protection the pro-
testing guards refused to give? The answer is in record evi-
dence undisputed by the parties but largely unmentioned by
the ALJ. The guards carry guns and were slated to wear
bulletproof vests.37 They patrol the buildings around the

37 Similarly, in the instant case, the Union requested that the Re-
spondent furnish the guards with bulletproof vests because of the dan-
gerous nature of their duties.
clock. They monitor all guests who enter and all who exit.
These were buildings designated as high-crime areas to begin
with, which is why they had been “swept” by the Chicago Po-
lice Department and then sealed with only one passage in and
out. The guards are more than a presence; they are a deter-
rent. Their presence at every building (stationed at each pas-
sage at all hours) demonstrates that the CHA views them as
vital and critical. And when they walked out of the Robert
Taylor Homes, they did so conspicuously, literally parading
across the complex, recruiting others to join the march, in full
view of the residents (and perhaps more importantly, in view
of those from whom the residents are to be protected). They
took guns and radios with them (the radios are supposed to be
left behind for the next guard on a post so he can communi-
cate with the front office); the guards left at least four build-
ings unattended. In addition, they gave almost no warning to
Federal [the employer] (calling 90 minutes ahead and leaving
work with a “dispatcher” is at best a token gesture), and no
consensus to a reason—at least until after the walkout, when
for the first time they thought it best to draft a list of tangible
demands . . . . Were they endangering the lives of the resi-
dents and the unaccompanied guards they left behind by
walking out in that manner? We must agree with Member
Truesdale that the only reasonable answer is yes.

The ALJ extended the Act’s protection to the striking guards
principally because he found no harm resulted from the walk-
out. Our review of the record casts doubt on that conclusion,
but we need not decide the issue because we reject the AlJ’s
focus. Whether actual harm resulted is hindsighted and ir-
relevant. The proper focus is that the unguarded stations un-
questionably heightened the danger to residents. If harm ul-
timately was avoided, it is to the credit of Federal’s quick re-
sponse to the crisis; we see no reason why the conduct of the
guards should be exempted because of such diligence. The
“health and safety” exception does not ask whether anyone
actually was harmed by the activity otherwise protected; it
asks whether the activity endangered anyone to the point that
harm was foreseeable. For the unguarded residents (and
guards left without partners) that day, 20 minutes was long
enough to place them is serious danger . . . . The record
brought the area to life well enough for us to decide that the
guards in this case exposed residents to heightened danger
when they abruptly abandoned their posts, a conclusion that
makes their conduct unprotected under the NLRA and their
discharges lawful. Enforcement denied.

Security guards, such as those involved in this proceeding,
are entrusted with critical responsibilities and it is reasonable to
require that unions representing such guards conduct their af-
fairs in a responsible, professional manner with sufficient re-
gard for the safety and security of the persons and property
their members are hired to protect. While security guards and
the Unions representing them may be required to forego to
some extent the tactical element of surprise and potentially
lessen the immediate impact of a strike against an employer, the
Board requires such an accommodation to the interests of safety
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTIVE SERVICES 727
and security;38 this is just a common sense approach to a deadly
serious matter. As the application of this policy is dependent
upon the circumstances in each instance, and only the Union
knows when it will strike, it must be incumbent upon the Union
to act reasonably and responsibly by giving the employer suffi-
cient specific advance notice of such strike. It is not adequate to
simply threaten a strike at some indefinite and “most oppor-
tune” point in the future, as this would effectively nullify the
very purpose of the notification requirement and, as a practical
matter, is meaningless, as every union in every bargaining
situation retains the right to strike in its arsenal of economic
weapons and the “threat” of a strike, whether articulated or not,
is always implicit.
As noted above, the date and time the Union designated for
the strike was most opportune in respect to the ends it hoped to
accomplish, but most inopportune with respect to public safety.
There is no evidence in this proceeding that the Union had
given any consideration whatsoever to the public safety; nor is
there any showing that either the International Union or the
Local Union had any established policy or guidelines respect-
ing strikes by security guards that would provide some reason-
able accommodation and balance between the Union’s right to
strike and the protection of the public. There was no notice to
the Respondent and grossly inadequate notice to FPS; the Un-
ion attempted to capitalize on the element of surprise knowing
that it was very difficult, within a few hours, to obtain the ser-
vices of qualified replacement security guards licensed to carry
firearms and capable of operating x-ray equipment and magne-
tometers with any degree of competence; and, contrary to the
discredited testimony of Reed, the Union did not instruct its
members to remain at their posts until replacements had prop-
erly relieved them. Accordingly, I find that the Union acted
irresponsibly, unprofessionally and recklessly by striking as it
did because it potentially exposed people and property to fore-
seeable danger. I therefore conclude that the April 21 strike
was unprotected and that the discharge of the strikers on about
April 23 for post abandonment was not unlawful. I shall dis-
miss this allegation of the complaint. Marshall Car Wheel &
Foundry Co, supra, Federal Security, Inc., supra.
6. The strike was an economic strike; the hiring of
permanent replacements
It is clear and I find that the strike was an economic strike
and not an unfair labor practice strike.39 Prior to the strike the
Union presented the Respondent with two lists of demands and
threatened to strike if these demands were not met. The de-
mands, which are set forth in White’s April 4 and 21 letters,
were not met and the Union struck. I have found that the Re-

38 Marshall Car Wheel & Foundry Co., supra.
39 Had the strike not been an unprotected strike, as found above, then
the discharge of the employees for post abandonment would have been
unlawful and the economic strike would have thereby been converted
into an unfair labor practice strike from April 23 until such time as the
Respondent rescinded the discharges; thus, the employees would have
been entitled to backpay from May 16, the date the Union offered to
return the employees to work, until May 26, the date the Respondent
rescinded the discharges and thereby converted the unfair labor prac-
tice strike to an economic strike.
spondent committed no unfair labor practices prior to the strike,
and, further, the Union’s demands do not even refer to any
unfair labor practice alleged in the complaint. I do not credit
the testimony of Reed that he did not necessarily agree with the
content of White’s letters and that the Union struck for reasons
other than those White specifically listed in his letters. Further,
as noted above, White, who had sole responsibility for negotia-
tions, did not appear at the hearing and did not testify that his
letters were inaccurate or that there were additional reasons for
the strike that he neglected to list in his letters.
Abundant record evidence demonstrates that subsequent to
about April 23, after the strikers had been discharged and the
emergency situation became normalized, the Respondent com-
menced to hire permanent replacements and specifically told
each of the replacements that his or her position with the Re-
spondent was permanent. The replacements relied upon such
assurances in accepting the positions. I so find.
7. Delaying the rehire of Relich in violation of
Section 8(a)(1) and (3)
Because the Respondent was in need of striker replacements
it agreed to rehire Relich as a new employee. While the sce-
nario is not entirely clear, it appears that the immediate rehire
of Relich on about April 28 was delayed for as much as several
weeks as a result of the Respondent’s indecisiveness regarding
his reinstatement. Relich simply wanted to return to work
without having to provide any negative information regarding
the Union. Dufresne was agreeable, but Delong, on behalf of
the Respondent, wanted Relich to first write out a statement
that would distinguish Relich from the other strikers. The com-
plaint alleges that the Respondent placed unlawful conditions
upon the rehire of Relich. While Relich’s ultimate rehire was
not conditioned upon his denouncement of the Union, it does
appear that his rehire was delayed because the Respondent
wanted some type of union-related statement from him that
would warrant his rehire. The record evidence clearly reflects
Relich’s dilemma: Thus, for financial reasons he found it nec-
essary to return to work, but he was concerned about compro-
mising his loyalty to the Union and, in addition, he harbored a
degree of fear that Reed and perhaps others would make things
very difficult for him if he crossed the picket line. I find that by
delaying the rehire of Relich because of his procrastination in
furnishing a statement that, even if accurate, could possibly
exacerbate his already tenuous relationship with the Union, the
Respondent has violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act as
alleged.40
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. The Respondent is an employer engaged in commerce
within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
2. The Union is a labor organization within the meaning of
Section 2(5) of the Act.
40 The matter of Relich’s going to the Board’s offices to give a
statement is not alleged as a reason for the delay in Relich’s rehire, and
Dufresne’s remark about “playing games” seems to merely reflect
bewilderment with Relich’s procrastination in failing to provide the
statement that he had willingly agreed to provide in the first instance.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 728
3. The Respondent has violated Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the
Act only as set forth herein.
THE REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has violated and is violat-
ing Section 8(a)(1) and (3) of the Act, I recommend that it be
required to cease and desist therefrom and from in any other
like or related manner interfering with, restraining, or coercing
its employees in the exercise of their rights under Section 7 of
the Act. Further, the Respondent shall be required to make
employee Phillip Relich whole for any loss of wages or benefits
he may have suffered by reason of the Respondent’s delay in
rehiring him in the manner prescribed in F. W. Woolworth Co.,
90 NLRB 289 (1950), plus interest as computed in New Hori-
zons for the Retarded, 283 NLRB 1173 (1987). In addition, the
Respondent shall be required to post an appropriate notice,
attached hereto as “Appendix.”
[Recommended Order omitted from publication.]