Finishline Industries, Inc.Download PDFNational Labor Relations Board - Board DecisionsMar 23, 1970181 N.L.R.B. 756 (N.L.R.B. 1970) Copy Citation 756 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD Finishline Industries , Inc., formerly known as B-Y Manufacturing, Inc. and Sheet Metal Workers' International Association, Local Union No. 108, AFL-CIO and Carpenters District Council of Los Angelis County; Carpenters Local 1437. Case 21-CA-7041 March 23, 1970 SUPPLEMENTAL DECISION AND ORDER SUPPLEMENTAL ORDER Pursuant to Section 10(c) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, the National Labor Relations Board hereby adopts as its Supplemental Order the Recommended Supplemental Order of the Trial Examiner, and orders that the Respondent, Finishline Industries, Inc., formerly known as B-Y Manufacturing, Inc., Los Angeles, California, its officers, agents, successors, and assigns, shall take the action set forth in the Trial Examiner's Recommended Supplemental Order. BY CHAIRMAN MCCULLOCH AND MEMBERS BROWN AND JENKINS On July 24, 1967, the National Labor Relations Board issued its Decision and Order in the above-entitled proceeding, finding that the Respondent, by refusing to honor a collective - bargaining agreement entered into on January 11, 1966, between the Respondent and the Charging Party (Sheet Metal Workers' International Association , Local Union No. 108 , AFL-CIO), violated Section 8(a)(1) and (5) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended , and directed the Respondent , inter alia , to make whole its employees for any losses suffered as a result of the Respondent 's failure to honor said agreement. On April 23, 1969 , because of a controversy concerning the Respondent's compliance with the Board ' s Order , the Regional Director for Region 21 issued a Backpay Specification and Notice of Hearing. A hearing was held before Trial Examiner Henry S. Sahm on June 17 and 18 , 1969. On November 4, 1969 , Trial Examiner Sahm issued his Backpay Decision , a copy of which is attached hereto , recommending that the Respondent make payments of certain amounts of backpay to employees David Shelley, Roy R . Risley, Wayne D. Whittamore, and Eugene Robinson , as well as pension contributions in their behalf to the Sheet Metal Workers ' Pension Plan Thereafter, the Respondent filed exceptions to the Trial Examiner's Backpay Decision and a supporting brief, and the General Counsel filed an answering brief. Pursuant to Section 3(b) of the Act, the Board has delegated its powers in connection with this case to a three-member panel. The Board has reviewed the rulings made by the Trial Examiner at the hearing and finds that no prejudicial error was committed. The rulings are hereby affirmed . The Board has considered the entire record in this case , including the Trial Examiner ' s Backpay Decision , the exceptions, and the briefs , and hereby adopts the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the Trial Examiner. TRIAL EXAMINER'S BACKPAY DECISION STATEMENT OF THE CASE Background HENRY SAHM, Trial Examiner This supplemental proceeding for the determination of backpay was based on a specification issued April 23, 1969, by the National Labor Relations Board's Regional Director for Region 21, pursuant to Section 102.52, el seq , of the Board's Rules and Regulations. In the underlying unfair labor practice proceeding, Respondent herein was found by the Board to have violated Section 8(a)(5) of the Act by refusing to honor a collective-bargaining agreement entered into by Respondent with Sheet Metal Workers' International Association, Local Union No 108, on January 11, 1966.' As part of the remedy, Respondent was ordered to "Recognize Local 108 as the exclusive bargaining representative of all outside construction employees of Respondent, including overhead door installers and porcelain panel installers, excluding office clerical employees, watchmen, guards, professional employees, and supervisors as defined in the Act; honor the collective-bargaining agreement signed by Respondent on January 11, 1966, and make whole employees for any losses suffered by reason of Respondent's failure to honor said agreement." This is a proceeding for the purpose of determining the amount of backpay which will make whole four employees for their losses occasioned by the Respondent's failure to honor said agreement with Local 108 of the Sheet Metal Workers Union. Pursuant to notice, a hearing was held in Los Angeles, California, on June 17 and 18, 1969, before Henry S. Sahm, the undersigned Trial Examiner. Upon the entire record, including observation of the briefs filed by the General Counsel and Respondent, and from observation of the witnesses, there are hereby made the following- FINDINGS OF FACT Contentions of the Parties The backpay specifications in this proceeding alleged that the Respondent is responsible to four of its employees, under the terms of the Board's Order for losses caused by Respondent's failure to honor the agreement which it had signed with Local 108 on January 11, 1966, and thereby did not pay either the hourly wage rates or pension contributions provided foi in its January 11th agreement with Local 108 The specifications set out 1166 NLRB No 95 181 NLRB No. 118 FINISHLINE INDUSTRIES , INC. 757 by calendar quarters, the gross backpay allegedly due each employee, the formulae used in determining the amounts and the net backpay allegedly due them as well as the total pension contribution required to be paid to the pension fund on behalf of each employee The specifications alleged these amounts to be as follows for the period January 11, 1966, to December 13, 1967: Pension Employee Backpay Contributions David Shelley $2,414.95 $796.95 Roy R . Risley 1,593.62 597 52 Wayne D. Whittamore 1,655.77 518.94 Eugene Robinson 71 17 21.51 Totals $5,735.51 $1,93492 The Respondent argues that no backpay is due the four employees for the period from January 11, 1966, to December 13, 1967, because in January 1968, Respondent and the Union negotiated a new agreement to replace the January 11, 1966, agreement. The new agreement was made retroactive to January 1, 1966. By its terms, wages for the period from January 11, 1966, to December 13, 1967, were exactly equal to the wages actually paid tb the four employees by the Respondent during that period, thus eliminating, argues Respondent, its backpay obligations to these employees. Additionally, the Respondent argues that to compel the pension contributions called for in the specification would be an empty gesture not effectuating the policies of the Act, inasmuch as the four employees identified in the backpay specification are no longer engaged in work covered by the pension plan and because the "vesting" provisions of the pension plan are such that one of the employees has lost any possible future benefits which may have accured, and, under the present "vesting" rules, the others by virtue of not having worked in covered employment will, in all likelihood, never have a vested interest in the pension plan Testimony and Evidence The facts, as set forth in the testimony and stipulations, are virtually not in dispute. The Board, in its decision of July 24, 1967, found that Respondent failed to honor a collective-bargaining agreement it signed with Local 108 on January 11, 1966, and which had a termination date of June 30, 1970 This contract specified wage rates of $5.51 to $6 per hour for Respondent's journeymen outside construction employees, including overhead door installers However, the actual hourly wages paid to the four employees, members of Local 108, during the period covered by the backpay specification were approximately $1 per hour less than the contract specified. In addition, the agreement of January 11, 1966, required Respondent to make pension fund contributions of $.18 to $ 22 per hour but no pension contributions were made by Respondent to Local 108's Sheet Metal Workers' Pension Fund during this period of time The amounts in question were stipulated by the parties to be the amounts set out at page 2 above z The Board, in its decision of July 24, 1967, found that the Respondent Employer committed unfair labor practices when it attempted to substitute Local 1437 of the Carpenters, a rival union to Local 108 of the Sheet Metal Workers, the incumbent union, as representative of the four employees in question, overhead door installers, because the Carpenters Union claimed jurisdiction over them The Board stated: "in order to effectuate the policies of the Act and in order to fully remedy the violations committed herein, we should order the Respondent to honor its [January 11, 1966] agreement and make the overhead door installers whole for any losses they may have suffered by reason of its failure to honor the contract "' Subsequent to the Board's Order, the testimony and stipulations reveal the following sequence of events. On August 8, 1967, approximately 2 weeks after the Board's decision, Respondent's attorney, Henry H. Ely, telephoned Clyde Ringwood, business manager and president of Local 108 They arranged a luncheon meeting for the next day, August 9, 1967, at which Ringwood and Ely discussed the possibility of negotiating a new agreement to replace the January 11, 1966, agreement Respondent was ordered by the Board to honor and which by its terms was to run until 1970. At the luncheon, Ely pointed out that Respondent could not stay in business and pay the "sheet metal rate" called for under the January I t agreement, as Respondent's competition paid the lower "Carpenter's rate" of one dollar per hour less for the same work, installing overhead doors. Ringwood agreed to consider the matter On August 15, 1967, Attorney Ely wrote the Regional compliance officer that Respondent and Local 108 had entered negotiations toward a settlement. During September 1967, Ely and Ringwood had additional conversations relating to a new agreement. On approximately October 27, 1967, Ely drafted a proposed agreement between Respondent and Local 108 and sent this proposed agreement to Ringwood. A copy of the agreement was sent to the Regional compliance officer on October 30, 1967. On or about November 28, 1967, a new agreement dated January 1, 1967, was executed to cover the collective-bargaining relations between Respondent Local 108, which by its terms "cancelled and annulled" all agreements which may have existed between the parties. The contract was made effective as of January 1, 1967, according to Ely, because "I recall that my best recollection was that the claim of the Board for making whole the employees was started in January, 1967." On December 20, 1967, Ely found he was in error as to the beginning date of the backpay order, when he received a letter from the Region 21's compliance officer informing him of the preliminary computations of the backpay due under the terms of the Board's Order The computations included backpay for 1966 as well as 1967. Thereupon, on approximately January 4, 1968, Ely asked Ringwood to have the inception date of the agreement changed from January 1, 1967 to January 1, 1966, which change was affected by the Union. At the instant hearing, Ely was asked by counsel for the General Counsel, "Mr. Ely, why did you propose an effective date of January 1, 1966?" the probability of some typographical errors in the stipulations presented at the hearing It is found that the amount of backpay stipulated as due The parties stipulated that the amount of backpay due David Shelley David Shelley to be $2,414 95 and not $2,114 95 which is an unmistakable was $2,114 95 Respondent ' s Exhibit Number 4. There is no explanation as typographical error in the stipulation to why this amount was reduced from $2,41495 and the record indicates '166 NLRB No 95 758 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD Ely's testimony reads as follows: A. Well it was my opinion it would have an effect on the backpay. Q In other words, it was your intent to enter into an agreement which would retroactively provide for wage rates which were identical to the wage rates which the employees in fact had received'? A. Yes that is right. Q. Therefore there would be no difference, therefore, and therefore there would be no loss of wages9 A That is right Ely testified that after August 1, 1967, Respondent insisted on a retroactive effective date for a new contract, and that the Respondent would "absolutely not" have resumed recognition of Local 108 absent such an agreement Ely also testified that he made it clear to Ringwood, the representative of Local 108, that the dates were requested to eliminate backpay for the overhead door installers, an assertion which is credited regardless of Ringwood's testimony to the contrary Ringwood testified that with regard to the negotiation of the new agreement, he told Ely: "My personal position was I didn't care if they [overhead door installers] ever got a nickel" but "the Union's position was that they should get the [back] pay, period " Ringwood's testimony continues as follows: "I want to make it fully understood that it was never the intent of any agreement I negotiated with the Company to have any affect whatsoever on what was previously decided by the Board. I don't believe I would have filed the charges to start with if it was my intent to say, `Forget it all.' " The Union, testified Ringwood, had no intention when it signed the new agreement to affect in any way the Board's Decision and Order. As to the pension contributions called for in the January ll, agreement, the parties stipulated that the computations set out in the backpay specification are correct The specification alleges pension contributions were to be made for David Shelley for the entire period from January 11, 1966, to December 13, 1967; for Roy Risley from January 11, 1966, until he left Respondent's employ on August 9, 1967; for Eugene Robinson until he left Respondent's employ on March 31, 1966, and for Wayne Whittamore until he ceased working for Respondent on March 22, 1967. It was also stipulated that Wayne Whittamore has worked since March 29, 1968, in "covered" employment for employers other than Respondent and that pension contributions to the Sheet Metal Workers Pension Plan have been made on his behalf by these employers. The pension plan provides that an employee's interest in the pension fund is "vested" and he becomes eligible, upon retirement, for a pension after he accumulates 15 years of pension credits; that is, he must have worked in "covered" employment and pension contributions must have been made on his behalf by his employer for the requisite number of hours per year for at least 15 years However, under the current provisions of the pension plan, should contributions for the employee fall short of the minimum per year required for 2 consecutive years, the employee must start all over again accumulating pension years toward the 15-year minimum required to give him a vested right in the pension fund All monies contributed to the plan on the employee's behalf prior to such a 2-year hiatus are forfeited to the fund The stipulation and the evidence show that at the time of the hearing Eugene Robinson had not been employed in "covered" employment nor had pension contributions been made on his behalf for over 2 years. The stipulations also show that such a 2-year period would elapse for Risley on August 9, 1969 and for Shelley on December 13, 1969 With respect to Whittamore no such period has elapsed The Issues The relevant issues presented for decision are clear S 1. Which contract, the January 11, 1966, agreement or the new agreement negotiated in January 1968, and made retroactive to January 1, 1966, governs the wage rate for the purposes of computing backpay for the period January 11, 1966, to December 13, 19679 2. Are contributions to a pension fund required to be paid when the employees have left the industry and, under present vesting provisions of the'pension plan, might not receive any benefit therefrom9 Discussion and Conclusions Backpay Wages Respondent argues in its brief that where there is a Board order to bargain and to make employees whole for losses suffered as a result of the refusal to recognize and bargain with the Union, the order is complied with if the employer and the Union bargain in good faith. Presumably, the Respondent means by this that the new agreement executed by Respondent and the Union in January 1968, which allegedly eliminated any backpay was all that was necessary for Respondent to be in compliance with the Board's Order. In justification of this belief, Respondent characterizes its transgression of the Act a "technical violation," found by the Board in order to accelerate negotiations between the parties which would insure protection of the employees' rights in the future. Respondent is, indeed, astride both horns of a distasteful dilemma but unfortunately, its legal position is patently untenable and the cases it cites inapposite. The nature of the Board's order is unequivocal It found that Respondent had a duty to honor its January 11, 1966, agreement and that it had not performed that duty to the consequent detriment of the rights of its employees to be paid the wages required by the collective-bargaining agreement. The remedy ordered is equally clear "honor the collective-bargaining agreement signed by Respondent on January 11, 1966, and make whole its employees for any losses suffered by reason of Respondent's failure to honor said agreement." Respondent's contention that its backpay obligation ceased upon execution of the January 1968, agreement ignores the cogent fact that a backpay order is a reparation order designed to vindicate the public policy of the Act and its purpose is to make whole the employees for losses which they suffered as a result of an unfair labor practice. Consequently, the "new" contract cannot be regarded as either a settlement or a waiver by the Union of the Respondent Employer's liability for backpay under the Board's Order of July 24, 1967. It was beyond the parties' competency to attempt to circumvent the Board's mandate because its backpay order is not a 'Resp Exh 4 'Respondent urged that it be found in compliance with the Board's Order to post notices, a matter not properly before the Trial Examiner in a supplemental backpay proceeding FINISHLINE INDUSTRIES, INC. 759 private right but a command to pay the amount owed the Board as agent for the injured employees in vindication of the public policy of the statute 6 However, because the right to backpay is affected with the public interest, does not preclude the Board from approving adjustments which effectuate the purposes and policies of the Act The Board has made it known on numerous occasions that it favors settlements of backpay disputes,' and where the intentions of the parties are clear, the Board will give due consideration to an agreement to waive an employer's backpay liability 8 In the case at bar, however, it is plain that the agreement of January 1968, between Respondent and Local 108 fails as a settlement, because at no time did the agreement receive the approval of the Regional Director 9 Backpay is a remedy which the Board provides in the public interest to enforce a public right. No private right to such relief attaches to a party which can be bargained away or compromised without the approval of the Regional Director 10 The exchange of letters between Respondent's counsel and the Regional compliance officer reveal that no settlement was ever arrived at by the parties The compliance officer's letter of January 12, 1968, returning the "new agreement" for execution by Local 108 stated, "Upon [return of the executed agreement], I shall inquire whether or not the Agreement relieves Respondent of its backpay obligations under the terms of the Board's order " The letter from the compliance officer to Attorney Ely dated February 5, 1968, reads as follows- This will remind you that I am holding off referring the matter of the effect of the recently executed contract to my superiors until I know whether or not Respondent is willing to make an offer of settlement of the backpay It is clear from the foregoing that no settlement was reached In Master Appliance Corporation, supra, the Board declared [The purpose of backpay] is not to punish the Respondent or to enrich the employees discriminated against, but simply to make the employees whole through the restoration of earnings lost as a result of the employee's discriminatory conduct. Agreements between an employer and a Union in which the Union waives its right to further backpay are given due consideration in determining when the period of backpay obligation has terminated Any waiver of an employer's backpay liability by a Union cannot be lightly inferred, however, but must be in "clear and 'Nathanson v N L R B, 344 U S 25 at 27, W C Nabors Co, 134 NLRB 1078, 1096 , Clayton-Willard Sales , 126 NLRB 1325 See also N L R B v Armstrong Tire and Rubber Co, 263 F 2d 680 (C A 5) 'See, e g , Farmers Co-Operative Gin Assoc, 168 NLRB No 64, where the Board stated " there are certain principles and policies that guide the Board in resolving its position in this difficult area [of settlement agreements ] The Board has long had the policy of encouraging settlements which effectuate the purposes of the Act In considering settlements, the Board must weigh such factors as the risks involved in protracted litigation which may be lost in whole or in part, the early restoration of industrial harmony by making concessions , and the conservation of the Board's resources Moreover, the Board must evaluate the legal and factual merits disclosed by the administrative investigation to determine whether the allegations of violations in the complaint can be so clearly proved that no remedy, less than the maximum , can be expected In arriving at this decision, the discretion of the Board is recognized as broad 'Master Appliance Corp , 164 NLRB No 160 'Cf Preston Products Co , Inc, 169 NLRB No 34, fn I of TXD "Ideal Donut Shop, 148 NLRB 236, 237-238 unmistakable" language [Citation omitted]. The Board will not find that contract terms in themselves amount to a waiver unless the contract so provides expressly or by necessary implication In the January 1968, agreement, there is no express reference to a waiver of the employer's backpay obligation, nor is there a "necessary implication" that the claim to backpay has been waived Within the four corners of the agreement, the inference of a waiver can only be drawn from the effective date of the agreement, buttressed by Section 5 of the "new" agreement which reads 5. All agreements which may have existed between the parties hereto other than this agreement and the references herein, are hereby cancelled and annulled upon the execution of this agreement This clause is found to be a "zipper clause" within the holding of Master Appliances Corporation, supra, and therefore, it is concluded that the contract does not contain the "necessary implication" that the employer's liability for backpay is waived." Moreover, the circumstances under which the contract was executed would appear to negate an inference of waiver There was no quid pro quo for the Union's signing the new agreement, as it does not appear that the Union won any additional concessions for its members in the new agreement so as to justify a waiver of backpay It appears, rather that the Union signed the agreement merely to relieve the Respondent in the future of the burden of an uncompetitive wage scale. When asked the nature of the quid pro quo for the contract, Ely, although initially hesitant, eventually acknowledged that "the basic problem was that our competition paid Carpenter's rates for the work involved, and the Union recognized that problem when v e negotiated " Assuming, arguendo, that the Union had, through dereliction of its duty to fairly represent its members, clearly waived the Respondent's backpay obligation, the Board is not bound by that waiver. The Board has stated only that it will give "due consideration" to a waiver 12 Such consideration is given in light of the Act's purposes which in the case of backpay is designed to vindicate the public policy of the statute Viewed in this context, even where a clear waiver is shown there remains the question under the facts in any given case would such a waiver effectuate the policies of the Act' Under the circumstances of this case, it is found it would not. It is clear that Respondent's purpose in negotiating a new contract was to circumvent the Board's Order According to its own admission, Respondent refused to recognize the Union unless it abandoned the contract the Board ordered Respondent to honor and unless the Union renounced the Board's remedy of backpay It is difficult to visualize how, under such circumstances, condonation of this intention would promote the objectives of the Act. Finally, the burden of proof that no backpay is due the employees because a new contract was executed to replace the original one, rests on the Respondent, because it was the wrongdoer and because the issue is one of affirmative defense." The burden of establishing the affirmative The Master Appliance case held that since the contract contained no expressed waiver, one will not be implied from a "zipper clause," which does no more than indicate that the parties have embodied their full agreement in the written contract "Master Appliance Corporation, supra (164 NLRB No 160) ""The employer has the burden of proving facts that show no liability or 760 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD defense is on the Respondent This it has failed to do." Pension Contributions The discussion above disposes of Respondent's contention that the new contract eliminated any obligation which it may have had under the January 11, 1966, agreement to contribute to the Sheet Metal Workers Pension Plan. However, Respondent contends further, that regarding the contract, circumstances had so changed at the time of the hearing that it should not be forced to do that which would be, a futile gesture and vain act. At the hearing, Respondent took the position that the employees in question would not in any way be benefited by its contributions to the fund since the employees were not presently engaged in "covered" employment and, in all likelihood, under the present terms of the pension plan, contributions would be forfeited to the fund by reason of the failure of minimum contributions on behalf of the employees for two consecutive years. See supra. Respondent's contention is unsound This defense fails with regard to Whittamore who has been "continuously" employed in covered employment Therefore, the contributions required of the Respondent for the period indicated in the backpay specification will not be forfeited to the fund, but will apply toward vesting a right in the fund in employee Whittamore. With regard to the other three employees, two may shortly incur a 2-year break in covered employment and the third has incurred such a break in covered employment so that contributions for periods prior to the break are or may shortly be forfeited to the fund. As the General Counsel aptly points out in his brief, it is sheer speculation to contend that contributions on behalf of Risley and Shelley will be useless They had not, at the time of the hearing, been employed in noncovered employment for 2 consecutive years, nor was the possibility precluded that the rules of the pension plan would be liberalized, as they had been in the past, to breathe new significance into the contributions required. Even should the Respondent's predictions eventuate the equities still preponderate on the side of the Union It is not inappropriate to note that actuaries take into account the fact that some contributions will be forfeited, in determining what per hour contribution will be necessitated in the future to keep a pension fund sound However, more important than the balancing of the speculations between wrongdoer and wronged, is whether or not forgiving the pension contributions would effectuate the policies of the Act. It is believed that it would not The contract in question, which the Board declared should be honored, did not condition contributions on the eventuality that the employees on whose behalf those contributions were to be made, must attain a vested interest in the fund Now armed with hindsight, the that mitigate the extent of the damage " The Rogers Mfg Co , 178 NLRB No 69 "US Air Conditioning Corp, 141 NLRB 1278, 1280, Phelps-Dodge Corp Y N L R B 313 U S 177, 199-200, Fisher Construction Corp v Lerche, 232 F 2d 508, 509 (C A 9), N L R B v Boswell Co. 136 F 2d 585, 597 (C A 9) Respondent declares that contributions would be fruitless. Uncertainty, if any there be, must be resolved against the wrongdoing employer whose conduct made certainty Simpossible." The plain answer is that were the Respondent to be absolved of the obligation to make these contributions, it might well encourage the very conduct the Board found to be an unfair labor practice The time often consumed, in unfair labor practice proceedings, is well known and to be avoided where possible. "The certainty of delay" is a pernicious subverter of the rights guaranteed under the Act 16 A decision that the contributions need not be made where an employee has left the industry and has been working in noncovered employment for 2 years, would place a premium on delay For the reasons stated, it is found that it will effectuate the policies of the Act for Respondent to make all of the pension contributions called for in the backpay specification. RECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENTAL ORDER Upon the foregoing findings and conclusions and the entire record and pursuant to Section 10(c) of the Act, it is recommended that B-Y Manufacturing, Inc., their officers, agents, successors, and assigns," shall pay to each employee and to the Pension Fund, the amounts set forth below opposite their names, with interest at the rate of 6 percent per annum on each of the quarterly sums set forth in the backpay specifications, less lawfully required tax withholdings: Pension Employee Backpay Contributions David Shelley $2,414 95 $796.95 Roy R. Risley 1,593 .62 597.52 Wayne D. Whittamore 1,655.77 518 94 Eugene Robinson 71.17 21.51 IT IS ALSO RECOMMENDED that the Board reserve the right to modify the backpay and reinstatement provisions herein if such modifications become necessary by a change of circumstance. "The Rogers Mfg Co , 178 NLRB No 69, Story Parchment Paper Co v Paterson Parchment Paper Co, 282 U S 555, 562-563, N L R B v District Council of Painters , No 52, 363 F 2d 204 , 205 (C A 9), N L R B v Kartarik , Inc. 227 F 2d 190, 192-193 (C A 8) "Farmers Co-Operative Gin Association , 168 NLRB No 64, at 3 "Wiley v Livingston , 376 U S 543, Wackenhut v United Plant Guards, 332 F 2d 954 (C A 9) Copy with citationCopy as parenthetical citation