Ex Parte Stevens et al

Patent Trial and Appeal Board

Nov 27, 2012

11560338 (P.T.A.B. Nov. 27, 2012)

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARKOFFICE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
United States Patent and Trademark Office
Address: COMMISSIONER FOR PATENTS
P.O. Box 1450
Alexandria, Virginia 22313-1450
www.uspto.gov
APPLICATION NO. FILING DATE FIRST NAMED INVENTOR ATTORNEY DOCKET NO. CONFIRMATION NO.
11/560,338 11/15/2006 John K. Stevens VAI.P-058 5630
73549 7590 11/27/2012
Larson & Anderson, LLC
re:VAI
P.O. Box 4928
Dillon, CO 80435-4928
EXAMINER
PRESTON, REBECCA STRASZHEIM
ART UNIT PAPER NUMBER
3738
MAIL DATE DELIVERY MODE
11/27/2012 PAPER
Please find below and/or attached an Office communication concerning this application or proceeding.
The time period for reply, if any, is set in the attached communication.
PTOL-90A (Rev. 04/07)
UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
__________

BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
__________

Ex parte JOHN K. STEVENS and PAUL WATERHOUSE
__________

Appeal 2011-008587
Application 11/560,338
Technology Center 3700
__________

Before DEMETRA J. MILLS, JEFFREY N. FREDMAN, and
JACQUELINE WRIGHT BONILLA, Administrative Patent Judges.

BONILLA, Administrative Patent Judge.

DECISION ON APPEAL
This is an appeal under 35 U.S.C. § 134 involving claims directed to a
metal surgical implant assembly. The Examiner has rejected the claims as
obvious. We have jurisdiction under 35 U.S.C. § 6(b). We affirm the
obviousness rejections, but designate two affirmances as new grounds of
rejection under 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b).

Appeal 2011-008587
Application 11/560,338

2
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Claims 1-6 are on appeal. Independent claim 1 is representative and
reads as follows (emphasis added):
1. A metal surgical implant assembly comprising: a metal surgical
implant with at least one elongated portion; a first antenna wrapped
around the at least one elongated portion; the first antenna electrically
coupled with circuitry; the first antenna and circuitry tuned to a
frequency below 450 kilohertz; the assembly substantially sterile.
The claims stand rejected under 35 U.S.C. § 103(a) as follows:
(I) claims 1-5 as obvious over Sherman1 in view of Gustilo;2
(II) claim 6 as obvious over Sherman in view of Gustilo, and
further in view of Werneth;3
(III) claims 1-5 as obvious over DiSilvestro4 in view of Sherman;
and
(IV) claim 6 as obvious over DiSilvestro in view of Sherman, and
further in view of Werneth.

1 Sherman, U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2007/0005141 A1, published Jan. 4,
2007.
2 Gustilo, U.S. Pat. No. 5,725,595, issued Mar. 10, 1998.
3 Werneth et al., U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2006/0106375 A1, published
May 18, 2006.
4 DiSilvestro et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,559,951 B2, issued Jul. 14, 2009.
Appeal 2011-008587
Application 11/560,338

3
I.
Findings of Fact
1. Sherman describes an apparatus for transcutaneously transferring
energy to an implantable orthopaedic device, such as a tibial tray implant
(Sherman [0004]).
2. Figures 8 and 9 in Sherman show features of a relevant tibial tray.

Figure 8 depicts a tibial tray (60) comprising a bobbin assembly (68) secured
to a distal end of the stem portion (66) (id. at [0036]). Figure 9 depicts the
bobbin assembly (68) as including “screw head 70 having a hemispherical
shape and a bobbin 72 extending axially from the screw head 70 in the
direction of an axis 74” (id.). A “secondary coil 16 is wound around the
bobbin 72 of the bobbin assembly 68” (id. at [0037]).
Appeal 2011-008587
Application 11/560,338

4
3. Sherman teaches that the “bobbin assembly 68 may be formed from
any nonmagnetic material such as a plastic material” (id. at [0036]).
4. Sherman discloses that in certain embodiments, “resonant frequencies
of the coils 12, 16 are matched to a resonant frequency of about 5 kilohertz”
(id. at [0028]; see also [0057] (describing a frequency “of about 5 kilohertz”
for knee implants and “about 4 kilohertz” for hip implants)).
5. Gustilo describes a hip stem prosthesis, such as one inserted in a
femur (Gustilo, col. 1, ll. 54-57).
6. Gustilo teaches that “[t]ypically, the hip stem prosthesis 10 is made of
a material such as titanium, a cobalt-chromium alloy, stainless steel or other
material of a surgical grade suitable for implantation” (id. at col. 3, ll. 58-
60).
7. Titanium is a non-magnetic metal.5 Certain cobalt-chromium alloys
used in surgical implants are non-magnetic metal.6 Certain stainless steels
used in implants are non-magnetic metal.7

5 See.,e.g., Non-magnetic metals, NEWTON: ASK A SCIENTISTS! DEO OFFICE
OF SCIENCE, http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/phy05/phy05054.htm
(last visited Nov. 26, 2012); Q & A Magnetic Metals, THE NEW YORK
TIMES: SCIENCE http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/16/science/16qna.html
(last visited Nov. 26, 2012).
6 See, e.g., ASTM F75 CoCr Alloy (Arcam EBM system),
http://www.arcam.com/CommonResources/Files/www.arcam.com/Documen
ts/EBM%20Materials/Arcam-ASTM-F75-Cobalt-Chrome.pdf (last visited
Nov. 26, 2012).
7 What Is Surgical Stainless Steel?, WISEGEEK,
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-surgical-stainless-steel.htm (last visited
Nov. 26, 2012) (id.); see also Jack Ward, Body piercing and MRI Scans,
Appeal 2011-008587
Application 11/560,338

5
Analysis
We first address claim interpretation of the phrase “a metal surgical
implant with at least one elongated portion” recited in claim 1. The
Examiner interprets “with” in this phrase to mean “accompanying,” citing a
Dictionary.com definition (Ans. 10). Thus, according to the Examiner, “a
metal surgical implant with at least one elongated portion” corresponds to
two independent structures, i.e., a metal surgical implant and an elongated
portion, which are attached with/to each other respectively (id. at 9). Based
on this interpretation, the Examiner concludes that “the at least one
elongated portion is not required to be metal” (id. at 10).
Appellants dispute this interpretation and argue that claim 1 requires
that the elongated portion be metal (App. Br. 3). According to Appellants,
“[o]ne skilled in the art of surgical implants would immediately understand
that the plain meaning of ‘elongated portion’ simply defines the shape of the
‘metal surgical implant’” (id. at 5-6). Appellants note that the
“www.dictionary.com printout” provided by the Examiner presents other
definitions of the term “with,” including one defining the term to mean
“characterized by or having,” which is consistent with Appellants
interpretation (Reply Br. 2).
Based on the record before us, we understand that the term “with” has
at least two alternative meanings, including the interpretation adopted by the
Examiner and the one adopted by Appellants. We note, however, that
“during examination proceedings, claims are given their broadest reasonable

http://safepiercing.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/Piercing_MRI.pdf (last
visited Nov. 26, 2012).
Appeal 2011-008587
Application 11/560,338

6
interpretation consistent with the specification.” In re Hyatt, 211 F.3d 1367,
1372 (Fed. Cir. 2000). When we read the term in light of Specification here,
we interpret “with” as defined by Appellants. Specifically, the Specification
describes that “[a] metal surgical implant has a first antenna wrapped around
an elongated portion ….” (Spec. 2, 1st sentence under “Summary of the
invention”). A broadest reasonable reading consistent with this disclosure,
i.e., that the “surgical implant has … an elongated portion” (id.), is that the
recited “elongated portion” is part of the metal surgical implant itself.
Moreover, the rest of the Specification does not disclose that the elongated
portion may be a structure separate from the metal implant or that the
elongated portion may be non-metal. Thus, we interpret the term “metal” to
modify the “at least one elongated portion,” which is part of the “metal
surgical implant,” as recited in claim 1.
Our analysis does not end with this claim interpretation, however.
The Examiner finds, among other things, that Sherman “discloses the
invention substantially as claimed,” including a “bobbin assembly (68)
featuring at least one elongated portion (screw 70, 72) around which is a
bobbin (72) with a first antenna (secondary coil 16) and a sleeve (78)
(paragraphs [0036-0037])” (Ans. 4). The Examiner finds that the “bobbin
assembly, including all it’s components, is formed from a non-magnetic
material such as plastic” (id. (citing Sherman [0036])). The Examiner
further finds that “Gustilo discloses a hip stem prosthesis (10),” where the
“stem maybe made from titanium or stainless steel” (id. at 5 (citing Gustilo,
col. 3, ll. 58-60)). The Examiner concludes that it would have been obvious
to an ordinary artisan to “make the surgical implant (tibial tray) including
Appeal 2011-008587
Application 11/560,338

7
the platform and stem portion, as taught by Sherman, from the same
materials (titanium or stainless steel) as the stem of the prosthesis, as taught
by Gustilo,” because both materials were implanted into bones (id.).
In response, Appellants assert the claim construction discussed above,
and argue that based on proper claim construction, the obviousness
rejections must be withdrawn. (App. Br. 6; see also id. at 5-7). Appellants
further contend:
Sherman acknowledges the detuning/signal blocking problems caused
by metal (e.g Gustilo). The only materials Sherman lists as possible
choices for construction of the bobbin assembly (e.g. where the
antenna is wrapped) are either plastic or rubber. See Sherman's
paragraphs [0030], [0034], [0036], and [0037]. Sherman does not
allow for the bobbin to be made of metal and the citation of Gustilo
for this limitation is improper.
(Id. at 6.)
Contrary to Appellants’ assertion, Sherman does not teach that a
bobbin assembly must be plastic or rubber, or that it cannot be made of
metal. What the reference discloses is that “bobbin assembly 68 may be
formed from any nonmagnetic material such as a plastic material.” (FF 3
(citing Sherman [0036]) (emphasis added); see also Sherman [0030] (stating
that “bobbin 32 may be formed from any nonmagnetic and nonconductive
material such as, for example, a plastic material”); [0034] (stating that
“sleeve 56 may be formed from any nonmagnetic and nonconductive
material such as plastic or the like”); [0037] (stating that “sleeve 78 may also
be formed from any type of nonmagnetic material such as a plastic or rubber
material”).) In other words, while Sherman teaches the use plastic or rubber,
Appeal 2011-008587
Application 11/560,338

8
as examples of nonmagnetic material, Sherman also expressly teaches that
any nonmagnetic material used in implanted devices is also appropriate.
The Examiner cites Gustilo to show that an ordinary artisan would
have known to use “a material such as titanium, a cobalt-chromium alloy,
stainless steel or other material of a surgical grade suitable for implantation”
when making a bobbin assembly for an implant as taught in Sherman.
Nothing in Sherman, nor anything else cited by Appellants, indicates that
Sherman teaches away from such a combination. It would have been
obvious to an ordinary artisan reading Sherman to use nonmagnetic metals
understood to be useful in implants, such as titanium, certain cobalt-
chromium alloys, and certain stainless steels, exactly as taught in Gustilo
(FF 6, 7).
Thus, we conclude that the preponderance of the evidence establishes
that claim 1 is obvious over Sherman in view of Gustilo. Appellants do not
argue dependent claims 2-5 separately, and therefore these claims fall with
independent claim 1. 37 C.F.R. § 41.37(c)(1)(vii).
We note that the Examiner focuses on, and at times relies on, what we
conclude to be an incorrect claim interpretation (Ans. 10-11). Moreover, the
Examiner does not expressly make the point, as we do here, that an ordinary
artisan reading Gustilo would have known that titanium, certain cobalt-
chromium alloys, and certain stainless steels, and especially those often used
in implants, were nonmagnetic (FF 7; Ans. 5). For these reasons, and our
newly cited evidentiary references, we designate the affirmance of the
Examiner’s obviousness rejection of claims 1-5 over Sherman in view of
Gustilo as a new ground of rejection under 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b).
Appeal 2011-008587
Application 11/560,338

9
II.
The Examiner rejects claim 6 as obvious over Sherman in view of
Gustilo, and further in view of Werneth (Ans. 5-6). In this rejection, the
Examiner relies on the rejection of claims 1 and 5 as discussed above, but
further finds that “Werneth teaches a probe with two antennas, with a
defined directional and distance relationship with respect to each other,
which are tuned to different frequencies,” as recited in dependent claim 6.
We agree with the findings of the Examiner regarding Werneth (Ans. 6; see
also Werneth [0088]), which Appellants do not dispute (App. Br. 7).
Thus, we conclude that the preponderance of the evidence establishes
that claim 6 is obvious over Sherman in view of Gustilo and Werneth, and
affirm the Examiner’s rejection of claim 6 based on these references.
Because the Examiner relies on incorrect claim interpretation and does not
expressly state that Gustilo teaches the use of nonmagnetic metals in
implants, as discussed above in relation to claims 1-5, we designate this
affirmance as a new ground of rejection under 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b).
III.
The Examiner rejects claims 1-5 as obvious over DiSilvestro in view
of Sherman (Ans. 6-8; Final Office Action 5-7). Appellants do not respond
to this rejection or otherwise indicate that Appellants appeal the rejection
(see, e.g., App. Br. 2 (“Grounds of Rejection to be reviewed on Appeal”);
see also App. Br. and Reply Br. generally). Thus, we summarily affirm this
rejection.
Appeal 2011-008587
Application 11/560,338

10
IV.
The Examiner also rejects claim 6 as obvious over DiSilvestro in view
of Sherman, and further in view of Werneth (Ans. 8; Final Office Action 7-
8). Appellants do not respond to this rejection or otherwise indicate that
Appellants appeal the rejection (see, e.g., App. Br. 2 (“Grounds of Rejection
to be reviewed on Appeal”); see also App. Br. and Reply Br. generally).
Thus, we summarily affirm this rejection.
SUMMARY
We affirm all four obviousness rejections. Regarding our affirmance
of the rejections of claims 1-5 as obvious over Sherman in view of Gustilo,
and claim 6 as obvious over Sherman in view of Gustilo and Werneth,
however, we designate these rejections as new grounds under 37 C.F.R.
§ 41.50(b).
TIME PERIOD FOR RESPONSE
This decision contains new grounds of rejection pursuant to 37 C.F.R.
§ 41.50(b). 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b) provides that “[a] new ground of rejection
. . . shall not be considered final for judicial review.”
37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b) also provides that the Appellant, WITHIN TWO
MONTHS FROM THE DATE OF THE DECISION, must exercise one of
the following two options with respect to the new ground of rejection to
avoid termination of the appeal as to the rejected claims:
(1) Reopen prosecution. Submit an appropriate amendment of
the claims so rejected or new evidence relating to the claims so
rejected, or both, and have the matter reconsidered by the examiner, in
which event the proceeding will be remanded to the examiner. . . .
Appeal 2011-008587
Application 11/560,338

11
(2) Request rehearing. Request that the proceeding be reheard
under § 41.52 by the Board upon the same record. . . .

AFFIRMED; 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b)

dm

Notice of References Cited

Application/Control No.

11/560,338
Applicant(s)/Patent Under
Reexamination
Appeal No. 2011-008587
Examiner

BPAI
Art Unit

3700

Page of

U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS

* Document Number Country Code-Number-Kind Code Date MM-YYYY

Name

Classification

A US-

B US-

C US-

D US-

E US-

F US-

G US-

H US-

I US-

J US-

K US-

L US-

M US-
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS

* Document Number Country Code-Number-Kind Code Date MM-YYYY

Country

Name

Classification

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T
NON-PATENT DOCUMENTS
* Include as applicable: Author, Title Date, Publisher, Edition or Volume, Pertinent Pages)

U

Non-magnetic metals, NEWTON: ASK A SCIENTISTS! DEO OFFICE OF SCIENCE
http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/phy05/phy05054.htm (last visited Nov. 26, 2012)

V

Q & A Magnetic Metals, THE NEW YORK TIMES: SCIENCE http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/16/science/16qna.html (last
visited Nov. 26, 2012)

W

ASTK F75 CoCr Alloy (Arcam EBM system),
http://www.arcam.com/CommonResources/Files/www.arcam.com/Documents/EBM%20Materials/Arcam-ASTM-F75-Cobalt-
Chrome.pdf (last visited Nov. 26, 2012)

X

What Is Surgical Stainless Steel?, WiseGEEK, http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-surgical-stainless-steel.htm (last visited Nov.
26, 2012)

*A copy of this reference is not being furnished with this Office action. (See MPEP § 707.05(a).)
Dates in MM-YYYY format are publication dates. Classifications may be US or foreign.

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
PTO-892 (Rev. 01-2001) Notice of References Cited Part of Paper No.

Notice of References Cited

Application/Control No.

11/560,338
Applicant(s)/Patent Under
Reexamination
Appeal No. 2011-008587
Examiner

BPAI
Art Unit

3700

Page of

U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS

* Document Number Country Code-Number-Kind Code Date MM-YYYY

Name

Classification

A US-

B US-

C US-

D US-

E US-

F US-

G US-

H US-

I US-

J US-

K US-

L US-

M US-
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS

* Document Number Country Code-Number-Kind Code Date MM-YYYY

Country

Name

Classification

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T
NON-PATENT DOCUMENTS
* Include as applicable: Author, Title Date, Publisher, Edition or Volume, Pertinent Pages)

U

Jack Ward, Body piercing and MRI Scans, http://safepiercing.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/Piercing_MRI.pdf (last visited
Nov. 20, 2012)

V

W

X

*A copy of this reference is not being furnished with this Office action. (See MPEP § 707.05(a).)
Dates in MM-YYYY format are publication dates. Classifications may be US or foreign.

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
PTO-892 (Rev. 01-2001) Notice of References Cited Part of Paper No. 2 of 2

Privacy PolicyNEWTON's HOME PAGE

Non-magnetic Metals
Name: Shannan
Status: other
Age: N/A
Location: N/A
Country: N/A
Date: N/A

Question:
What metals are not magnetic?

Replies:
There is not a simple answer. For a metal (or any other substance) to be
magnetic, it must have electron spin. This gives the substance an
electronic angular momentum to interact with the magnetic field. Some
metals, like the lanthanides, consistently have unpaired electrons due to
the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and so are typically strongly magnetic. But
other metals may be magnetic or not magnetic depending upon what
substance they are found. Alloys made of nominally magnetic metals
such as Fe and Ni may become non-magnetic in certain alloys grouped
together as "stainless steel". In addition, the term "magnetic" is not very
precise. Some substances become "magnetic" in the presence of a
magnetic field, but are not magnetic in the absence of a magnetic field.
These are called "paramagnetic". Other substances form "permanent"
magnets and have their own intrinsic magnetic field. These are called
"ferromagnetic" materials because iron metal is the "typical" example. Yet
other substances have a structure in which some of the electrons point in
one direction and another layer of domain point in the opposite direction.
These more complex structures are called "antiferromagnetic". A further
complication is that the magnetic behavior depends upon the
temperature. So at low temperature a substance may have one kind of
magnetic properties but at a higher temperature may have another type
of magnetic behavior. The bottom line is that the magnetic properties of a
substance is complicated, and it is hard to assign metals as being strictly
magnetic and others to be strictly non-magnetic.

Page 1 of 3Non-magnetic Metals
11/26/2012http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/phy05/phy05054.htm
You might find the attached article from the 16 May edition of the New
York Times (on-line) interesting:

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/16/science/16qna.html

Vince Calder

Dear Shannan,

Numerous metals are not ferromagnetic. Common examples are copper,
silver, aluminum, lead, magnesium, platinum and tungsten. All materials,
however, react to magnetic fields in one of three ways:

Ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, have small
domains in which all the atoms line up with their permanent magnetic
moments pointing in the same direction. When an external magnetic field
is applied, the domains pointing in the direction of the field grow at the
expense of other domains producing a very strong magnetic field in the
direction of the external field. When the external field is removed, the
domains remain aligned, producing a permanent magnet.

In paramagnetic materials, such as aluminum, magnesium, and platinum,
the atoms have permanent magnetic moments, but do not form domains.
An external magnetic field tends to line the atoms up parallel to the
external field, but the effect is much smaller and is proportional to the
external field, so when the external field is removed, the atoms point
randomly and no permanent effect remains.

In diamagnetic materials, such as copper, lead, and silver, the atoms
have no permanent magnetic moment. The effect of an external
magnetic field is small (similar to paramagnetic materials) and in the
opposite direction.

As you can see, the subject is complicated, but these are the main ideas.

Best, Dick Plano, Professor of Physics emeritus, Rutgers University

Virtually anything that we commonly think of as matter can be influenced
by a magnetic field, provided certain conditions are met. However, for the
most part there are only 3 elements (and then compounds made that
include those elements) which are commonly thought of as magnetic:
Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt. While most any matter can be influenced by a
magnetic field, these 3 elements are thousands of times more
susceptible to the effects of a magnetic field. Their interaction is so
strong, their effects so dramatic, and other things so weak or subtle, that
we generally just think of other things as not "magnetic".

The reason these three metals are so strongly magnetic is not completely
understood. Their outer-most electrons tend to possess spins that line-
up. This alignment, whatever the reason, is what gives cobalt, iron and
nickel their very strong magnetic properties compared to most other
materials.

Michael Pierce

Page 2 of 3Non-magnetic Metals
11/26/2012http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/phy05/phy05054.htm

NEWTON is an electronic community for Science, Math, and Computer Science K-12 Educators, sponsored and operated by
Argonne National Laboratory's Educational Programs, Andrew Skipor, Ph.D., Head of Educational Programs.

For assistance with NEWTON contact a System Operator (help@newton.dep.anl.gov), or at Argonne's Educational Programs

NEWTON AND ASK A SCIENTIST
Educational Programs
Building 360
9700 S. Cass Ave.
Argonne, Illinois
60439-4845, USA
Update: June 2012

Click here to return to the Physics Archives
Page 3 of 3Non-magnetic Metals
11/26/2012http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/phy05/phy05054.htm

May 16, 2006
Q & A
Magnetic Metals
By C. CLAIBORNE RAY
Q. I have a titanium screw in my skull for a bone-anchored hearing aid. Does this mean I
cannot have an M.R.I.? What elements make something attractive to a magnet?
A. You can still have magnetic resonance imaging with a titanium implant. In fact, titanium
is used for many medical implants because it does not interfere with CT scans and M.R.I.'s
the way steel implants can, implant manufacturers say.
Titanium may obscure specific areas of an image, but it is not affected by even strong
magnetic fields.
Not all metallic elements are attracted to magnets, and most orthopedic implants are made
of nonmagnetic alloys. The four strongly magnetic elements are iron, nickel, cobalt and
gadolinium.
The strength of magnetic attraction depends on the way moving electrons are aligned in the
atoms of a substance, sometimes forming minuscule internal magnets.
In some substances, the tiny magnetic fields cancel one another out or are always randomly
oriented. In materials attracted to magnets, the internal magnets within the material line up
with the magnetic field of the magnet. That gives the material a magnetic field, and it is then
pulled to the magnet.
The fields vary with temperature, becoming stronger as it grows colder and disappearing at
high enough temperatures.
In the four ferromagnetic elements, the internal magnetic fields can stay aligned even at
normal temperatures.
Readers are invited to submit questions by mail to Question, Science Times, The New York
Times, 229 West 43rd Street, New York, N.Y. 10036-3959, or by e-mail to
question@nytimes.com.
Page 1 of 2Magnetic Metals - New York Times
11/26/2012http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/16/science/16qna.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0

Copyright 2006 The New York Times Company
Privacy Policy Search Corrections XML Help Contact Us Work for Us Site Map

Page 2 of 2Magnetic Metals - New York Times
11/26/2012http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/16/science/16qna.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0
ASTM F75
Cobalt Chrome Alloy
Arcam EBM system
ARCAM EBM MATERIAL INFORMATION. ISSUED NOVEMBER 2007.
r E s st
ASTM F75 CoCr Alloy
www.arcam.com
G
en
er
al
c
h
ar
ac
te
ri
st
ic
s
Co
ba
lt-
ba
se
d
al
lo
ys
h
av
e b
ee
n
us
ed
in
d
em
an
di
ng
ap
pl
ic
at
io
ns

fo
r a
s l
on
g
as
in
ve
st
m
en
t c
as
tin
g
ha
s b
ee
n
av
ai
la
bl
e a
s a
n
in
du
st
ria
l p
ro
ce
ss
. A
rc
am
’s
El
ec
tro
n
Be
am
M
elt
in
g
te
ch
no
lo
gy

co
m
pe
te
s d
ire
ct
ly
w
ith
in
ve
st
m
en
t c
as
tin
g
an
d
is
a v
ia
bl
e
ch
oi
ce
fo
r m
an
uf
ac
tu
rin
g
co
m
pl
ex
p
ar
ts
in
co
ba
lt-
ba
se
d
al
lo
ys
.
Th
e m
ajo
rit
y
of
in
ve
st
m
en
t c
as
tin
gs
m
ad
e f
ro
m
th
e c
ob
al
t
su
pe
r a
llo
ys
a
re
ca
st
in
a
n
op
en
at
m
os
ph
er
e.
W
ith
A
rc
am
’s
El
ec
tro
n
Be
am
M
elt
in
g
pr
oc
es
s t
he
v
ac
uu
m
at
m
os
ph
er
e p
ro
-
vi
de
s a
co
nt
ro
lle
d
en
vi
ro
nm
en
t a
nd
en
ab
les
su
pe
rio
r m
at
er
ia
l
pr
op
er
tie
s i
n
th
e m
an
uf
ac
tu
re
d
pa
rt
s.
Co
Cr
M
o
al
lo
ys
ar
e w
id
ely
u
se
d
fo
r m
ed
ica
l p
ro
st
he
tic
im
pl
an
t
de
vi
ce
s.
Th
e a
llo
ys
ar
e e
sp
ec
ia
lly
u
se
d
w
he
re
h
ig
h
sti
ffn
es
s o
r a

hi
gh
ly
p
ol
ish
ed
a
nd
e
xt
re
m
el
y
w
ea
r-
re
sis
ta
nt
m
at
er
ia
l i
s
re
qu
ire
d.
C
oC
rM
o
al
lo
ys
ar
e t
he
m
at
er
ia
ls
of
ch
oi
ce
fo
r a
pp
li-
ca
tio
ns
su
ch
as
k
ne
e i
m
pl
an
ts,
m
et
al
-to
-m
et
al
h
ip
jo
in
ts
an
d
de
nt
al
p
ro
sth
et
ics
.
Co
ba
lt
al
lo
ys
a
lso
p
lay
a
n
im
po
rt
an
t r
ol
e i
n
th
e p
er
fo
rm
an
ce
o
f
ae
ro
- a
nd
la
nd
-b
as
ed
g
as
tu
rb
in
es
. W
hi
le
va
cu
um
ca
st
ni
ck
el
al
lo
ys
p
re
do
m
in
at
e i
n
th
e h
ot
se
ct
io
ns
o
f m
od
er
n
ae
ro
tu
rb
in
e
en
gi
ne
s,
co
ba
lt
al
lo
ys
a
re
ro
ut
in
ely
sp
ec
ifi
ed

fo
r p
ar
tic
ul
ar
ly
d
em
an
di
ng
ap
pl
ic
at
io
ns

su
ch
a
s f
ue
l n
oz
zle
s a
nd
v
an
es
fo
r i
nd
us
-
tr
ia
l g
as
tu
rb
in
es
.
A
rc
am
A
ST
M
F
75
is
a
no
n-
m
ag
ne
tic

Co
Cr
M
o
al
lo
y
ex
hi
bi
tin
g
hi
gh

st
re
ng
th
, c
or
ro
sio
n
re
sis
ta
nc
e,
an
d
ex
ce
lle
nt
w
ea
r r
es
ist
an
ce
. I
t i
s w
id
ely

us
ed
fo
r o
rt
ho
pa
ed
ic
an
d
de
nt
al

im
pl
an
ts
. H
ig
hl
y
po
lis
he
d
co
m
po
-
ne
nt
s i
nc
lu
de
fe
m
or
al
st
em
s f
or

re
pl
ac
em
en
t h
ip
s a
nd
k
ne
e c
on
dy
les
.
O
th
er
c
ob
al
t m
ed
ic
al
im
pl
an
ts

in
cl
ud
e
ac
et
ab
ul
ar
c
up
s a
nd
ti
bi
al

tr
ay
s.
In
a
ll
ca
se
s,
bu
t e
sp
ec
ia
lly
in

hi
p
co
m
po
ne
nt
s,
m
at
er
ia
l q
ua
lit
y
is
im
pe
ra
tiv
e
as
p
ar
ts
a
re
h
ea
vi
ly
lo
ad
ed

an
d
su
bj
ec
t t
o
fa
tig
ue
.
A
rc
am
E
B
M
sy
ste
m
Sp
ec
ia
l c
h
ar
ac
te
ri
st
ic
s
Th
e A
rc
am
A
ST
M
F
75
C
oC
r a
llo
y
is
al
so
su
ita
bl
e f
or
R
ap
id

M
an
uf
ac
tu
rin
g
of
p
ro
du
ct
io
n
to
ol
s f
or
in
je
ct
io
n
m
ou
ld
in
g
of

pl
as
tic
p
ar
ts
. T
he
h
ig
h
ha
rd
ne
ss
o
f t
he
m
at
er
ia
l a
nd
th
e e
xc
el-
len
t m
at
er
ia
l q
ua
lit
ie
s a
llo
w
p
ol
ish
in
g
co
m
po
ne
nt
s t
o
op
tic
al

or
m
irr
or
-li
ke
fi
ni
sh
es
, a
nd
en
su
re
s l
on
g
to
ol
li
fe
.
To
ol
s c
an
b
e b
ui
lt
w
ith
co
m
pl
ex
g
eo
m
et
rie
s,
an
d
th
e c
on
fo
rm
al

co
ol
in
g
ch
an
ne
ls
fu
rt
he
r e
nh
an
ce
th
e t
oo
l’s
li
fe
a
nd
in
cr
ea
se

pr
od
uc
tiv
ity
, p
ar
t a
nd
su
rf
ac
e q
ua
lit
y.
A
p
p
li
ca
ti
o
n
s
C
oC
r i
s t
yp
ic
al
ly
u
se
d
fo
r:
–
G
as
tu
rb
in
es

–
O
rt
ho
pa
ed
ic
im
pl
an
ts
–
D
en
ta
l i
m
pl
an
ts

P
o
w
d
er
s
p
ec
if
ic
at
io
n
Th
e A
rc
am
A
ST
M
F
75
C
oC
r a
llo
y p
ow
de
r f
or
E
BM
is
p
ro
du
ce
d
by
g
as
at
om
iz
at
io
n
an
d
th
e c
he
m
ica
l c
om
po
sit
io
n
co
m
pl
ies

w
ith
th
e A
ST
M
F
75
st
an
da
rd
’s
sp
ec
ifi
ca
tio
n.
T
he
p
ar
tic
le
siz
e i
s
45
–1
00
m
icr
on
s.
Th
is
lim
ita
tio
n
of
th
e m
in
im
um
p
ar
tic
le
siz
e
en
su
re
s s
af
e h
an
dl
in
g
of
th
e p
ow
de
r.
Pl
ea
se
re
fe
r t
o
th
e A
rc
am
M
SD
S
(M
at
er
ia
l S
af
et
y D
at
a S
he
et)

fo
r m
or
e i
nf
or
m
at
io
n
ab
ou
t t
he
h
an
dl
in
g
an
d
sa
fe
ty
o
f t
he

A
rc
am
A
ST
M
F
75
C
oC
r a
llo
y.
A
ST
M
F
75
C
oC
r A
llo
y
P
O
ST
P
R
O
C
ES
SI
N
G
H
ea
t
tr
ea
tm
en
t
Th
e f
ol
lo
w
in
g
he
at
tr
ea
tm
en
t p
ro
gr
am
is
re
co
m
m
en
de
d.
1.
H
ot
is
os
ta
tic
p
re
ss
in
g
(H
IP
) i
n
a s
ha
re
d
cy
cle
, w
ith
th
e
fo
llo
w
in
g
pa
ra
m
et
er
s:
–
12
00
°C
–
10
00
b
ar
a
rg
on
–
24
0
m
in
ut
es
.
2.
H
om
og
en
isa
tio
n
(H
O
M
) h
ea
t t
re
at
m
en
t,
w
ith
th
e f
ol
lo
w
in
g
pa
ra
m
et
er
s:
–
12
20
°C
–
0.
7–
0.
9
m
ba
r a
rg
on
–
24
0
m
in
ut
es
.
A
s r
ap
id
q
ue
nc
h
ra
te
a
s p
os
sib
le,
fr
om
1
22
0°
C
to
7
60
°C
in

8
m
in
ut
es
m
ax
im
um
. T
he
p
ur
po
se
is
to
d
iss
ol
ve
c
ar
bi
de
s
an
d
im
pr
ov
e t
he
is
ot
ro
py
o
f t
he
m
ic
ro
st
ru
ct
ur
e,
re
du
ci
ng
th
e
br
itt
len
es
s o
f t
he
a
s-
bu
ilt
E
BM
m
at
er
ia
l.
M
ac
h
in
in
g
Pa
rt
s m
an
uf
ac
tu
re
d
in
th
e E
BM
p
ro
ce
ss
fe
at
ur
e g
oo
d
m
ac
hi
n-
ab
ili
ty
. P
ar
ts
p
ro
du
ce
d
us
in
g
th
e A
rc
am
E
BM
p
ro
ce
ss

de
m
on
st
ra
te
e
xc
el
le
nt
re
su
lts
w
he
n
us
in
g
an
y
co
nv
en
tio
na
l
m
ac
hi
ni
ng
p
ro
ce
ss
.
Th
e e
xc
el
len
t p
ro
pe
rt
ie
s d
isp
la
ye
d
by
th
e p
ar
ts
m
an
uf
ac
tu
re
d
w
ith
E
BM
a
llo
w
p
ol
ish
in
g
of
th
e p
ar
ts
to
a
m
irr
or
o
r o
pt
ic
al

fin
ish
fo
r u
se
in
d
ies
a
nd
o
th
er
ap
pl
ica
tio
ns
re
qu
iri
ng
a
su
pe
rio
r
su
rf
ac
e f
in
ish
.
C
H
E
M
IC
A
L
C
O
M
P
O
S
IT
IO
N

A
rc
am
A
ST
M
F
7
5
*
A
ST
M
F
7
5
R
eq
u
ir
ed
C
h
ro
m
iu
m
, C
r
28
,5
%

27
–
30
%
M
o
ly
b
d
en
u
m
, M
o

6
%

5
–
7
%
N
ic
ke
l,
N
i
0,
25
%

<
0,
5%
Ir
o
n
, F
e

0,
2%

<
0,
75
%
C
ar
b
o
n
, C

0,
22
%

<
0,
35
%
Si
lic
o
n
e,
S
i
0,
7%

<
1%
M
an
g
an
es
e,
M
n

0,
5%

<
1%
Tu
n
g
st
en
, W

0,
01
%

<
0,
2%
Ph
o
sp
h
o
ru
s,
P

0,
01
%

<
0,
02
%
Su
lp
h
u
r,
S

0,
00
5%

<
0,
01
%
N
it
ro
g
en
, N

0,
15
%

<
0,
25
%
A
lu
m
in
iu
m
, A
l
0,
05
%

<
0,
1%
Ti
ta
n
iu
m
, T
i
0,
01
%

<
0,
1%
B
o
r,
B

0
,0
06
%

<
0,
01
%
C
o
b
al
t,
C
o

B
al
an
ce

B
al
an
ce
*
Ty
p
ic
al
M
E
C
H
A
N
IC
A
L
P
R
O
P
E
R
T
IE
S

A
rc
am
,
A
rc
am
, a
ft
er

A
S
T
M
F
7
5
-0
7
,

as
-b
u
il
t*

h
ea
t
tr
ea
tm
en
t*

re
q
u
ir
ed
R
o
ck
w
el
l H
ar
d
n
es
s
47
H
R
C

34
H
R
C

25
–3
5
H
R
C
Te
n
si
le
S
tr
en
g
th
,

96
0
M
Pa

65
5
M
Pa

U
lt
im
at
e

14
0,
00
0
p
si

95
,0
00
p
si
Te
n
si
le
S
tr
en
g
th
,

56
0
M
Pa

45
0
M
Pa
Yi
el
d

80
,0
00
p
si

65
,0
00
p
si
El
o
n
g
at
io
n
a
t
B
re
ak

N
o
t
ap
p
lic
ab
le

20
%

>
8%
R
ed
u
ct
io
n
o
f A
re
a
N
o
t
ap
p
lic
ab
le

20
%

>
8%
Fa
ti
g
u
e
lim
it
, R
o
ta
ti
n
g

>
10
m
ill
io
n
c
yc
le
s
B
ea
m
F
at
ig
u
e

at
6
10
M
Pa
(9
0
ks
i)
*
Ty
p
ic
al

A
rc
am
A
ST
M
C
o
C
r
F7
5
R
o
ta
ti
n
g
B
ea
m
F
at
ig
u
e
Te
st
80
0
70
0
60
0
50
0
4
0
0
30
0
20
0
10
0 0 1,
0
E+
0,
4
C
yc
le
s
Load (MPa)
1,
0
E+
0,
5
1,
0
E+
0,
6
1,
0
E+
0,
7
1,
0
E+
0,
8
R
B
F
S/
N
d
ia
g
ra
m
in
M
Pa
u
n
it
s
12
0,
0
0
10
0,
0
0
80
,0
0
60
,0
0
4
0,
0
0
20
,0
0
0,
0
0 1,
0
E+
0,
4
C
yc
le
s
Load (ksi)
1,
0
E+
0,
5
1,
0
E+
0,
6
1,
0
E+
0,
7
1,
0
E+
0,
8
R
B
F
S/
N
d
ia
g
ra
m
in
k
si
u
n
it
s
Po
lis
h
ed
to
ro
d
ia
l b
ar
s
3”
x
3
/8
”
x
3/
16
”
40
00
c
p
m
(6
7
H
z)
R
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
at
u
re
, a
ir
In
te
rr
u
p
te
d
a
t
20
M
c
yc
le
s
H
ip
s
te
m
im
p
la
n
t.
In
te
rr
u
p
te
d
a
t
20
M
c
yc
le
s
SS
IN
G
fo
r su H
Po
lis
h
ed
to
ro
d
ia
l b
ar
s
3”
x
3
/8
”
x
3/
16
”
40
00
c
p
m
(6
7
H
z)
R
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
at
u
re
, a
ir
K
n
ee
im
p
la
n
t.
As-built microstructure, etched cross-section
along the Z-direction, 50x
As-built microstructure, etched cross-section
along the Z-direction, 100x
Microstructure after HIP+HOM, etched cross-section
along the Z-direction, 50x
Microstructure after HIP+HOM, etched cross-section
along the Z-direction, 100x
Arcam AB | Krokslätts Fabriker 27A, SE 431 37 Mölndal, Sweden | Phone: +46 31 710 32 00 | Fax: +46 31 710 32 01 | info@arcam.com | www.arcam.com
Arcam provides Free Form Fabrication machines for Direct Manufacturing of metal parts. The technology offers ultimate geometric freedom combined with first
class material properties. Arcam is guided by our vision to revolutionize the art of manufacturing.Use Arcam to manufacture your future.
Microstructure
Manufacturing CoCr parts with EBM results in fully dense parts
without weld lines in the material before or after heat treatment
(HIP+HOM).
The as-built material consists of elongated grains containing
carbide precipitation. Heat treatment transforms the micro-
structure into an isotropic structure with a substantial reduction
of visible carbides.
The images below show the typical microstructure before and
after heat treatment (HIP+HOM). The as-built material has elon-
gated grains in the build direction (Z). It contains a high density of
carbides that result the high hardness of the as-built material.
HIP+HOM completely transforms the microstructure into an
isotropic state. The carbides are dissolved, leading to the in-
creased ductility and reduced hardness demonstrated in the after
the heat treatment specifications. There is no porosity in the as
built or in the HIP+HOM material.
Category: ▼Industry
Non Surgical
Metal Polishing
Compound
Allergy to Nickel
On This Page
3 Videos
7 Links to Related
Articles
Watch the Did-You-
Know slideshow
AdChoices
www.compdentalcaredc.com
symptomfind.com/CosmeticDentalCare
The term surgical stainless steel describes a particular grade of
stainless steel that contains a special mix of compounds. This
common metal is typically used for medical instruments and
jewelry. Specific characteristics found in surgical steel make it
compatible with the human body, so it is ideal for surgical
equipment, implants, and body piercing.
Manufacturers create surgical stainless steel products using a
stainless steel blend that contains higher amounts of chromium,
nickel, and molybdenum. These substances provide specific
characteristics such as hardness, durability, and a polished
finish that resists scratching. Two types of stainless steel are
employed when making medical tools. Martensitic steel
provides hardness to maintain firm edges and strength for long-
lasting stability. Austenitic steel is softer and non-magnetic, so it
works best in items that are implanted, such as pins or screws
used in orthopedic procedures.
Examples of surgical stainless steel medical equipment include
the scalpel and forceps. Surgery instruments are regularly
exposed to blood, which is highly corrosive. The extra chromium
in surgical steel protects against corrosion caused by exposure
to blood and other damaging substances. Chromium also
provides a scratch-resistant surface, which eliminates nicks or
marks on medical tools that can harbor bacteria.
AdChoices
Comprehensive
Dental Care
Experience and Excellence in Dentistry.
Near the World Bank
Dental Implant
Warnings
What You Should Know Before Getting
Dental Implants. Read Expert Advice
What Is Surgical Stainless
Steel?
AdChoices 304 Stainless Steel Surgical Steel Medical Instruments Surgical Guide
wiseGEEK
clear answers for common questions
Feedback About wiseGEEK Login
Submit Qu
Page 1 of 5What Is Surgical Stainless Steel?
11/26/2012http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-surgical-stainless-steel.htm
Orthopedic Surgical
Nickel
Metal Implant
undefined
Christi Ãábdô Alice
Ed Shakila Ping-Yu
wiseGEEK on Facebo
85,578 people like wiseGEEK.
Like
9
Article Details
Written By: Elle Jay •
Edited By: Daniel
Lindley
•
Copyright Protected:
2003-2012 Conjecture
Corporation
•
Free Widgets for
your Site/Blog
Did You Know?
People have a stronger
sense of smell when they
are anxious. more...
get widget

This Day in History
www.mysoundbridge.com
smiledesignerdds.com
GotPrint.net/BusinessCards
www.BethesdaFamilyDentistry.com
Middle Ear
Implant
Great Alternative To Hearing Aids.
Discover Soundbridge - Get Info Now
Affordable Dental
Implant
First Class Dental Experience For All
Patients. Visit Dr.Rania Saleh!
500 Business
Cards $8.50
Premium Glossy, Instant Online Proof.
100% Satisfaction Guaranteed
Hard edges are a vital characteristic of surgical tools, because
they must stay sharp and precise despite repeated use.
Molybdenum keeps surgical stainless steel instruments keen
and rigid. Razor-sharp edges are imperative during surgery,
because a perfect incision is an absolute necessity. Durability is
also important for medical instruments, since they are
continuously exposed to harsh cleaning chemicals and high
heat for sterilization. Surgical stainless steel is highly durable,
does not stain, and is antibacterial, making it especially suited
for use within the body.
One of the most common uses of surgical stainless steel is in
jewelry. Anyone with a pierced belly button or tongue should be
familiar with this type of metal, because it is usually used when
piercing these sensitive areas. People with sensitive skin
require surgical steel earrings to avoid infection or reactions,
especially in newly pierced ears.
Surgical stainless steel products are designed and created to
work within the particular environment in which they will be
used. Manufacturers frequently make a specific item according
to a special order, based on very particular needs. Recipes for
surgical stainless steel contain varying degrees of chromium,
nickel, and other compounds that work together to deliver the
desired properties.
AdChoices
Bethesda Implant
Dentist
Dental Implants to Restore Smiles
Request an Appointment Online!
Page 2 of 5What Is Surgical Stainless Steel?
11/26/2012http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-surgical-stainless-steel.htm
More Info...
Submit Qu
November 26 , 1789 :
Thanksgiving Day was
celebrated in the US for
the first time. more...
get widget
Subscribe to
wiseGEEK
Learn something new
every day by
email
enter email addre
www.wmwa.net
www.anolon.com
www.Infolytica.com
Wholesale Welding
Wire
Full Welding Products in Stock 4
Locations Fast Call 877-499-1544
Anolon Official
Site
Get $10 Off On Select Anolon Pots,
Pans & More. Shop Online At
Anolon!
Thermal radiation Simulate the process using coupled
electromagnetic-thermal analysis
Related Videos
AdChoices Alloy Steel Metal Allergies Steel Jewelry F
Related wiseGEEK Articles
What Items Are Made from Surgical Steel?
What Are the Different Kinds of Orthopedic Surgical Instrumen
What Is a Skin Hook?
What Is a Needle Holder?
What Are Stainless Steel Forceps?
What Is a Surgical Tray?
What Is a Surgical Hemostat?
AdChoices
Surgical
Instruments
Super Deals Compare and Save
German Quality Instruments
How to Clean Stainless
Steel Appliances
Quick Tips on How to
Remove Spots from
Stainless Steel
Page 3 of 5What Is Surgical Stainless Steel?
11/26/2012http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-surgical-stainless-steel.htm
wholesalesurgicalinstruments.com
www.amazingmagnets.com
FacesofCoal.org/Sign-our-Petition
www.sidecuts.com
submit p
login
Login
username
password
forgot password?
Regis
Register
username
password
confirm
email
Buy Neodymium
Magnets
Top Quality Neodymium Magnets,
Low Prices, Speedy Same Day
Shipping
Protect our coal America’s number one energy
resource under attack. Join us.
Stainless Steel
Coils
300 Series, 17-7, stainless strip,
sheet, shim stock .002-.035" thick
Discuss this Article
Post your comments
Post Anonymously
Page 4 of 5What Is Surgical Stainless Steel?
11/26/2012http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-surgical-stainless-steel.htm
or connect with facebook
Log In
FAQ
Contact Us
Privacy Policy
Terms and Conditions
Copyright © 2003 - 2012
Conjecture Corporation
wiseGEEK
clear answers for common questions
Page 5 of 5What Is Surgical Stainless Steel?
11/26/2012http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-surgical-stainless-steel.htm
 
 

 

   
 




 
 

  
   
  
  
  

 
  !  
 

 
"  "  

  

  
   





 
#

    !   




$   
   ! "



    
 

    




   

    #
   %    #

  
   



&




  

 
   
 '  


 


(
 
 

   
      

 
 
   






" 
$) 
 
*
 #


" 
)
# #

*

 
 


 
   


 
    


 

 

"
   
 


 



  


 #












$
 




    


 

" 
       #

 
  


 

 




    
  
  

 $

  

+,-#  $ 
  


  $  



.
 
  

"  $
 



#
 
 


"$




  
$ 





#

"



#
      %
 
     
  

"

"


 
 #
  
 
   /-0
/+12 
)%%*
 
3
 !45


  
  
   #

  

      /-0 %% 
/+12 %%

"



 !

#

  

  


  
 #




#


    

 !& !

  

 
   

 
   

 


 
 /-0%%

#
   
 

  
167"
 
  



$ /+12 %%


 #

  
# !
  

- 8
 
 


 

 


 
 
  !
  
 


 

 #

 '  

  
/+12 %%    
  #

  . 
" 
 
#

  .%  


# /+12 %%
 
   +9 
 

"    
 


  
#



 $  
/+12 %% 
"  
  

" 
 
!"

:

  

%

  
    #
     

  
  
  



   8# #


 
  


  

     

 
 
 
  "   






      


"

 


# /+12 %%" 
 

 
 

 
 
 


     


 
;
+ .  % #< " $<
%
!"( #( 
 %

;


  %
&
 
  =

 
 >
" ? 
 


"+6;@6#+-1)6---*
6 2 ( =" $ < %
!" 
%
!"  A
  


> 
  
 > 

 
 (  
  
. 

   /-0   /+12
%
 %" ? 
 


"B)1*;++B-#++B/
/$<%
!"AC". 
&
;  A
   

. 

  +9 " 
" 6-@)6*;
91/#911)8 +@@,*
0 $ < %
!" ? D & "
.  &
; . 

 $
  

 .



  -6# A 
  %"

" 6-,)6*; 0-B#0-@ ).
+@@,*
4


 
Dr. Jack Ward