Section 128.4 - Spanish Language Arts and Reading, Grade 2, Adopted 2017(a) Introduction. (1) The Spanish language arts and reading Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) reflect language arts standards that are authentic to the Spanish language and Spanish literacy; they are neither translations nor modifications of the English language arts TEKS. The Spanish language arts and reading TEKS embody the interconnected nature of listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking through the seven integrated strands of developing and sustaining foundational language skills; comprehension; response; multiple genres; author's purpose and craft; composition; and inquiry and research. The strands focus on academic oracy (proficiency in oral expression and comprehension), authentic reading, and reflective writing to ensure a literate Texas. They are integrated and progressive with students continuing to develop knowledge and skills with increased complexity and nuance in order to think critically and adapt to the ever-evolving nature of language and literacy.(2) The seven strands of the essential knowledge and skills for Spanish language arts and reading are intended to be integrated for instructional purposes and are recursive in nature. Strands include the four domains of language (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) and their application in order to accelerate the acquisition of language skills so that students develop high levels of social and academic language proficiency. Although some strands may require more instructional time, each strand is of equal value, may be presented in any order, and should be integrated throughout the year. It is important to note that encoding (spelling) and decoding (reading) are reciprocal skills. Decoding is internalized when tactile and kinesthetic opportunities (encoding) are provided. Additionally, students should engage in academic conversations, write, read, and be read to on a daily basis with opportunities for cross-curricular content and student choice.(3) Spanish, as opposed to English, has a closer letter-sound relationship and clearly defined syllable boundaries. The syllable in Spanish is a more critical unit of phonological awareness than in English because of the consistent phoneme-grapheme correspondence. Syllables are important units for Spanish because of their strong effect in visual word recognition (Carreiras et al., 1993) and their major role in predicting Spanish reading success. In addition, Spanish presents a much higher level of orthographic transparency than English and does not rely on sight words for decoding. This orthographic transparency accelerates the decoding process, and the focus quickly moves to fluency and comprehension. However, in English sight words are used because of words that are not decodable such as "are" or "one." In Spanish, decoding issues are not as prevalent as issues of comprehension. These specific features of the Spanish language will influence reading methodology and development.(4) Text complexity increases with challenging vocabulary, sophisticated sentence structures, nuanced text features, cognitively demanding content, and subtle relationships among ideas (Texas Education Agency, STAAR Performance Level Descriptors, 2013). As skills and knowledge are obtained in each of the seven strands, students will continue to apply earlier standards with greater depth to increasingly complex texts in multiple genres as they become self-directed, critical learners who work collaboratively while continuously using metacognitive skills.(5) Research consistently shows that language and literacy development in the student's native language not only facilitates learning English and English literacy, but is foundational to cognitive development and learning (Cummins, 2001; Thomas & Collier, 2002; Coelho, 2001). Emergent bilinguals (Sparrow et al., 2014; Slavin & Cheving, 2013) are students who are in the process of acquiring two or more linguistic codes, becoming bilingual, biliterate, and bicultural. Emergent bilinguals are often defined by their perceived deficits (semilinguals) (Escamilla, 2012). However, research has shown that bilinguals develop a unique interdependent system (Escamilla et al. 2007; Grosjean, 1989; Valdes and Figueroa, 1994) in which languages interconnect to increase linguistic functionality. This linguistic interdependence of language acquisition facilitates a transfer of literacy skills from the primary language (L1) to the second language (L2) (August & Shanahan, 2006; Bialystok, 2007; Miramontes, et al., 1997). The strength of learning through formal instruction in Spanish determines the extent of transfer to English (August, Calderon, & Carlo, 2002; Slavin & Calderon, 2001; Garcia, 2001). For transfer to be maximized, cross-linguistic connections between the two languages must be explicitly taught while students engage in a contrastive analysis of the Spanish and English languages (Cummins, 2007). Continued strong literacy development in Spanish provides the foundation and scaffold for literacy development given that a Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP) exists between the two languages (Cummins, 1991). Consequently, direct and systematic instruction (Genesee et al., 2005) in the appropriate sequence of Spanish skills with early English as a second language-based literacy instruction is critical to student success. As a result of working within two language systems, students' metalinguistic and metacognitive skills are enhanced when they learn about the similarities and differences between languages (Escamilla et. al., 2014). The extent to which English and Spanish are used is reliant on the type of bilingual program model being used (see Texas Education Code, § 29.066 ).(6) English language learners (ELLs) are expected to meet standards in a second language, and their proficiency in English directly impacts their ability to meet these standards. The comprehension of text throughout the stages of English language acquisition requires scaffolds such as adapted text, translations, native language support, cognates, summaries, pictures, realia, glossaries, bilingual dictionaries, thesauri, and other modes of comprehensible input. Strategic use of the student's first language is important to ensure linguistic, affective, cognitive, and academic development in English. ELLs can and should be encouraged to use knowledge of their first language to enhance vocabulary development; vocabulary needs to be in the context of connected oral and written discourse so that it is meaningful.(7) Current research stresses the importance of effectively integrating second language acquisition with quality content area education in order to ensure that ELLs acquire social and academic language proficiency in English, learn the knowledge and skills, and reach their full academic potential. Instruction must be linguistically accommodated in accordance with the English Language Proficiency Standards (ELPS) and the student's English language proficiency levels to ensure the mastery of knowledge and skills in the required curriculum is accessible. For a further understanding of second language acquisition needs, refer to the ELPS and proficiency-level descriptors adopted in Chapter 74, Subchapter A, of this title (relating to Required Curriculum).(8) Oral language proficiency holds a pivotal role in school success; verbal engagement must be maximized across grade levels (Kinsella, 2010). In order for students to become thinkers and proficient speakers in science, social studies, mathematics, fine arts, language arts and reading, and career and technical education, they must have multiple opportunities to practice and apply the academic language of each discipline (Fisher, Frey, & Rothenberg, 2008).(9) Statements that contain the word "including" reference content that must be mastered, while those containing the phrase "such as" are intended as possible illustrative examples.(b) Knowledge and skills. (1) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, discussion, and thinking--oral language. The student develops oral language through listening, speaking, and discussion. The student is expected to:(A) listen actively, ask relevant questions to clarify information, and answer questions using multi-word responses;(B) follow, restate, and give oral instructions that involve a short, related sequence of actions;(C) share information and ideas that focus on the topic under discussion, speaking clearly at an appropriate pace and using the conventions of language;(D) work collaboratively with others by following agreed-upon rules for discussion, including listening to others, speaking when recognized, making appropriate contributions, and building on the ideas of others; and(E) develop social communication such as distinguishing between asking and telling.(2) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking--beginning reading and writing. The student develops word structure knowledge through phonological awareness, print concepts, phonics, and morphology to communicate, decode, and spell. The student is expected to: (A) demonstrate and apply phonetic knowledge by:(i) decoding multisyllabic words;(ii) decoding words with multiple sound spelling patterns such as c, k, and q and s, z, soft c, and x;(iii) decoding words with silent h and words that use the syllables que-, qui-, gue-, gui-, güe-, and güi-;(iv) decoding words with diphthongs and hiatus;(v) decoding common abbreviations; and(vi) decoding words with prefixes and suffixes;(B) demonstrate and apply spelling knowledge by:(i) spelling multisyllabic words;(ii) spelling words with diphthongs and hiatus;(iii) spelling common abbreviations;(iv) spelling words with prefixes and suffixes; and(v) spelling words with silent h and words that use the syllables que-, qui-, gue-, gui-, güe-, and güi-;(C) alphabetize a series of words and use a dictionary or glossary to find words; and(D) develop handwriting by accurately forming all cursive letters using appropriate strokes when connecting letters.(3) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking--vocabulary. The student uses newly acquired vocabulary expressively. The student is expected to: (A) use print or digital resources to determine meaning and pronunciation of unknown words;(B) use context within and beyond a sentence to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words;(C) use affixes, including re-, pre-, -ción, and ísimo/ísima, to determine the meaning of words and subsequently use the newly acquired words;(D) identify, use, and explain the meaning of antonyms, synonyms, idioms, and homographs in context; and(E) differentiate between and use homographs, homophones, and commonly confused terms such as porque/porqué/por qué/por que, sino/si no, and también/tan bien.(4) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking--fluency. The student reads grade-level text with fluency and comprehension. The student is expected to use appropriate fluency (rate, accuracy, and prosody) when reading grade-level text.(5) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking--self-sustained reading. The student reads grade appropriate texts independently. The student is expected to self-select text and read independently for a sustained period of time.(6) Comprehension skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student uses metacognitive skills to both develop and deepen comprehension of increasingly complex texts. The student is expected to: (A) establish purpose for reading assigned and self-selected texts;(B) generate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding and gain information;(C) make and correct or confirm predictions using text features, characteristics of genre, and structures;(D) create mental images to deepen understanding;(E) make connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society;(F) make inferences and use evidence to support understanding;(G) evaluate details read to determine key ideas;(H) synthesize information to create new understanding; and(I) monitor comprehension and make adjustments such as re-reading, using background knowledge, checking for visual cues, and asking questions when understanding breaks down.(7) Response skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student responds to an increasingly challenging variety of sources that are read, heard, or viewed. The student is expected to: (A) describe personal connections to a variety of sources;(B) write brief comments on literary or informational texts that demonstrate an understanding of the text;(C) use text evidence to support an appropriate response;(D) retell and paraphrase texts in ways that maintain meaning and logical order;(E) interact with sources in meaningful ways such as illustrating or writing; and(F) respond using newly acquired vocabulary as appropriate.(8) Multiple genres: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--literary elements. The student recognizes and analyzes literary elements within and across increasingly complex traditional, contemporary, classical, and diverse literary texts. The student is expected to: (A) discuss topics and determine theme using text evidence with adult assistance;(B) describe the main character's (characters') internal and external traits;(C) describe and understand plot elements, including the main events, the conflict, and the resolution, for texts read aloud and independently; and(D) describe the importance of the setting.(9) Multiple genres: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--genres. The student recognizes and analyzes genre-specific characteristics, structures, and purposes within and across increasingly complex traditional, contemporary, classical, and diverse texts. The student is expected to: (A) demonstrate knowledge of distinguishing characteristics of well-known children's literature such as folktales, fables, and fairy tales;(B) explain visual patterns and structures in a variety of poems;(C) discuss elements of drama such as characters, dialogue, and setting;(D) recognize characteristics and structures of informational text, including: (i) the central idea and supporting evidence with adult assistance;(ii) features and graphics to locate and gain information; and(iii) organizational patterns such as chronological order and cause and effect stated explicitly;(E) recognize characteristics of persuasive text, including: (i) stating what the author is trying to persuade the reader to think or do; and(ii) distinguishing facts from opinion; and(F) recognize characteristics of multimodal and digital texts.(10) Author's purpose and craft: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student uses critical inquiry to analyze the authors' choices and how they influence and communicate meaning within a variety of texts. The student analyzes and applies author's craft purposefully in order to develop his or her own products and performances. The student is expected to: (A) discuss the author's purpose for writing text;(B) discuss how the use of text structure contributes to the author's purpose;(C) discuss the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes;(D) discuss the use of descriptive, literal, and figurative language;(E) identify the use of first or third person in a text; and(F) identify and explain the use of repetition.(11) Composition: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--writing process. The student uses the writing process recursively to compose multiple texts that are legible and uses appropriate conventions. The student is expected to: (A) plan a first draft by generating ideas for writing such as drawing and brainstorming;(B) develop drafts into a focused piece of writing by: (i) organizing with structure; and(ii) developing an idea with specific and relevant details;(C) revise drafts by adding, deleting, or rearranging words, phrases, or sentences;(D) edit drafts using standard Spanish conventions, including:(i) complete sentences with subject-verb agreement;(ii) past, present, and future verb tense, including the difference between ser and estar;(iii) singular, plural, common, and proper nouns, including gender-specific articles;(iv) adjectives, including articles;(v) adverbs that convey time and adverbs that convey place;(vi) prepositions and prepositional phrases;(vii) pronouns, including personal, possessive, and objective, and the difference in the use of formal pronoun usted and informal pronoun tú;(viii) coordinating conjunctions to form compound subjects and predicates;(ix) capitalization of proper nouns and the salutation and closing of a letter;(x) punctuation marks at the end of declarative sentences and the beginning and end of exclamatory and interrogative sentences; and(xi) correct spelling of words with grade-appropriate orthographic patterns and rules; and(E) publish and share writing.(12) Composition: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--genres. The student uses genre characteristics and craft to compose multiple texts that are meaningful. The student is expected to: (A) compose literary texts, including personal narratives and poetry;(B) compose informational texts, including procedural texts and reports; and(C) compose correspondence such as thank you notes or letters.(13) Inquiry and research: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student engages in both short-term and sustained recursive inquiry processes for a variety of purposes. The student is expected to: (A) generate questions for formal and informal inquiry with adult assistance;(B) develop and follow a research plan with adult assistance;(C) identify and gather relevant sources and information to answer the questions;(D) identify primary and secondary sources;(E) demonstrate understanding of information gathered;(F) cite sources appropriately; and(G) use an appropriate mode of delivery, whether written, oral, or multimodal, to present results.19 Tex. Admin. Code § 128.4
Adopted by Texas Register, Volume 42, Number 38, September 22, 2017, TexReg 5107, eff. 9/25/2017; Amended by Texas Register, Volume 44, Number 30, July 26, 2019, TexReg 3869, eff. 8/1/2019