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United States v. Martin

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
Oct 28, 1985
781 F.2d 671 (9th Cir. 1985)

Summary

holding that law enforcement officer's search was justified by exigent circumstances "[i]n light of the potential danger of additional explosions or fire" and the need "to determine the cause of the explosion and to ensure that additional explosions or fire would not occur"

Summary of this case from United States v. Spadafore

Opinion

No. 84-1369.

Argued and Submitted June 13, 1985.

Decided October 28, 1985. Designated for Publication January 24, 1986.

Edward P. Moffat, James McGinnis, Asst. U.S. Attys., Fresno, Cal., for plaintiff-appellee.

Gerald R. Lewis, Law Offices of Lewis Grove, Fresno, Cal., for defendant-appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California.

Before GOODWIN and BRUNETTI, Circuit Judges, and STEPHENS, District Judge.

The Honorable Albert Lee Stephens, Jr., Senior United States District Judge for the Central District of California, sitting by designation.


Roylee Russell Martin was convicted after a court trial of possession of an unregistered firearm and illegal making of a firearm in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 5861. On appeal Martin argues that the district court erroneously denied his motions to suppress certain evidence and statements because (1) he had not received proper Miranda warnings; (2) his statements were not voluntary; and (3) his residence was searched and evidence was unlawfully seized without a warrant. We affirm.

FACTS

On July 20, 1983, at approximately 7:00 p.m., the Merced County Police Department received a report of an explosion and an injured person at an apartment complex in the City of Merced. The apartment involved was Martin's residence. Officer Rick Owens arrived at the scene first. Officer Owens did not see the injured person, but observed blood on the sidewalk. He smelled smoke from outside the apartment and, through an uncurtained window, saw dense black smoke inside the apartment and gunpowder on the kitchen table.

Officer Owens knocked on the apartment door, received no response, and then entered the apartment. He saw explosive materials and devices — some marked as property of the National Guard — scattered around the living room and kitchen. Blood, skin, and flesh fragments were visible on the kitchen walls and ceiling. Officer Owens seized the gunpowder and explosive components before leaving the apartment, and then requested help from the National Guard and the police department.

Within fifteen minutes, Captain Gantney of the National Guard and Police Detective Schindler arrived and entered the apartment. Captain Gantney inventoried and took possession of the National Guard property consisting of gunpowder, smoke grenades, flares and M-16 shells. He destroyed any inherently explosive materials. Military personnel trained in explosive device demolition took possession of the remaining explosive components. The apartment was secured.

That evening, Detective Schindler went to the hospital to talk to Martin. Martin had received an injection of Demerol approximately one-half hour before this conversation and appeared groggy and in much pain. Detective Schindler discontinued the conversation. The next day at approximately 10:30 a.m., Detective Schindler returned to the hospital again to question Martin about the explosion. Martin told Schindler that he had been making bombs for the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. That afternoon Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Agent Galyan spoke with Martin at the hospital.

Schindler and Galyan testified that it was apparent Martin was still under the effects of medication: he was groggy but coherent, conducted continuous conversation, and made eye contact. He did not doze off and asked and answered questions. Martin testified that when he talked to the officers he had received Demerol medication which made him drowsy and that he was in pain. Notwithstanding, Martin agreed that he spoke with each of the officers voluntarily, without pressure or coercion.

SUPPRESSION OF STATEMENTS [9] A. Miranda Warnings

The questioning of appellant Martin took place at the hospital where he was being treated for injuries sustained in the explosion. Martin contends that because law enforcement personnel failed to advise him of his constitutional rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), any statements he made should have been suppressed. He argues that he was "in custody" because he was not free to leave the hospital, and that his presence in the hospital was, at least, the functional equivalent of being in custody in that he was deprived of his freedom of action to a significant degree.

The procedural safeguards provided by Miranda were designed to protect individuals from police "custodial interrogation." Id. at 444, 86 S.Ct. at 1612. The Court in Miranda was concerned about the incommunicado interrogation of individuals in a police-dominated atmosphere which elicits self-incriminating information without informing the suspect of his constitutional rights. Id. at 445. The Court stated that "[a]n individual swept from familiar surroundings into police custody, surrounded by antagonistic forces, and subjected to . . . techniques of persuasion . . . cannot be otherwise than under compulsion to speak." Id. at 461, 86 S.Ct. at 1620 (emphasis added).

In the instant case, before the arrival of any investigative officers at the Martin apartment, Martin and his brother went to the hospital. Medical personnel treated Martin there for several days. There are no facts to indicate law enforcement officials were in any way involved in Martin's hospitalization or did anything to extend Martin's hospital stay and treatment. In such circumstances, the district court correctly found Martin was not "in custody," and that the procedural safeguards outlined in Miranda were not required before law enforcement personnel spoke with Martin. The district court properly denied Martin's motion to suppress statements for failure to give the Miranda warning.

This is not to say that an individual would never be "in custody" when held for medical treatment in a hospital. If the police took a criminal suspect to the hospital from the scene of a crime, monitored the patient's stay, stationed themselves outside the door, arranged an extended treatment schedule with the doctors, or some combination of these, law enforcement restraint amounting to custody could result. There is nothing in this case to suggest the officers deliberately delayed making a formal arrest in order to avoid compliance with Miranda.

Martin's arrest occurred approximately six months after his release from the hospital, and seemed to have no relationship to the hospitalization.

B. Voluntariness

Martin contends his statements to police while he was in the hospital were involuntary. He argues that because he was in great pain and under the influence of Demerol, a pain-killing medication, his statements were not the product of his free will and rational choice. Martin cites Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 83 S.Ct. 745, 9 L.Ed.2d 770 (1963) and Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 98 S.Ct. 2408, 57 L.Ed.2d 290 (1978) in support of his position.

The facts of both these cases are inapplicable to those of the instant case. In the instant case, Martin was awake and relatively coherent during the questioning at the hospital. He sat up in his bed and spoke freely with Detective Schindler and Agent Galyan. When Martin became too groggy to understand the detective's questions, Detective Schindler terminated the interview. There is no evidence of extended and oppressive questioning. Nor had Martin received excessive quantities or unusual combinations of drugs. Martin's injuries, while painful, did not render him unconscious or comatose. Moreover, Martin said that he wanted to talk to the officers and was not reluctant to tell his story.

In Townsend, a 19-year old heroin addict was arrested while under the influence of heroin. He was moved from police station to police station and run through a line-up over a period of approximately nine hours. During the interrogation process he went into drug withdrawal, was unresponsive to questioning, was injected by a doctor with phenobarbital and hyoscine and given extra phenobarbital tablets to take later to alleviate the withdrawal symptoms. Questioning continued and he gave a full confession.
In Mincey, the defendant was in an intensive care unit with a hip wound, damaged sciatic nerve and partial paralysis of his right leg. He had tubes in his throat and nose, a catheter in his bladder, he was hooked up to an i-v unit, and had received various drugs. He could not talk and had to write answers to the officer's questions. He was given a Miranda warning by the interrogating officer. In spite of the fact that the defendant asked repeatedly that interrogation stop until he could get a lawyer, the officer questioned him continuously for four hours.

The district court properly concluded that "although the defendant was injured and under medical care at the time the statements were made, the type, dosage, and schedule of painkilling narcotic administered to [Martin] was not sufficient to overbear his will to resist the questioning or impair his rational faculties."

Martin also challenges the sufficiency of the district court's order. He suggests the district court did not explain its decision on the voluntariness question with the clarity required by Sims v. Georgia, 385 U.S. 538, 87 S.Ct. 639, 17 L.Ed.2d 593 (1967). Sims requires only that the district court's "conclusion that the confession [was] voluntary . . . appear from the record with unmistakable clarity." Id. at 544, 87 S.Ct. at 643. No formal findings of fact or written opinion is required. Id. The district court's written order in the instant case meets this standard.

SUPPRESSION OF EVIDENCE — WARRANTLESS ENTRY AND SEARCH

Martin acknowledges that the initial warrantless entry of his apartment was justified by exigent circumstances. He contends, however, that once Officer Owens determined that no other people were inside the apartment, no further search should have been conducted. He argues that the detectives then turned to a criminal investigation that was unjustified by the exigencies warranting the initial entry, and that the search of his apartment went beyond the scope allowed by the Supreme Court in Michigan v. Clifford, 464 U.S. 287, 104 S.Ct. 641, 78 L.Ed.2d 477 (1984), and Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 98 S.Ct. 1942, 56 L.Ed.2d 486 (1978).

The district court found there were exigent circumstances which justified the law enforcement officers' warrantless search of Martin's apartment and seizure of tangible evidence found therein.

First, the officer had received a report of a person bleeding as a result of an explosion. After arriving at the apartment, the officer was unable to get a response from any occupant by knocking on the door. The officer observed smoke through an uncurtained window and could smell smoke while standing outside the apartment. The officer had reason to believe persons in Martin's apartment might be in need of medical or other assistance.

Because the officer saw and smelled smoke, a second basis existed for immediate investigation of the smoke's source. The fact that Martin's apartment was within an apartment complex increased the community interest in investigating the source without delay for fear of further explosions or possible fire in other areas of the apartment complex. These circumstances justify not only the search for injured persons, but also the search to determine the cause of the explosion and to ensure that additional explosions or fire would not occur. See Michigan v. Clifford, 464 U.S. at 293-95, 104 S.Ct. at 647 (search to ensure against rekindling of fire; search to preserve evidence from intentional or accidental destruction); Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. at 510, 98 S.Ct. at 1950 (search for continuing dangers such as faulty wiring or defective furnace); United States v. Urban, 710 F.2d 276, 278-79 (6th Cir. 1983) (search for and removal of potentially explosive chemicals).

In light of the potential danger of additional explosions or fire within the apartment complex, the district court correctly concluded that exigent circumstances remained to justify a continued search. Because the officer thereafter observed the weapons and explosive materials in plain view, the seizure of the evidence was proper. See United States v. Murry, 751 F.2d 1528, 1532 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 106 S.Ct. 381, 88 L.Ed.2d 335 (1985).

AFFIRMED.


Summaries of

United States v. Martin

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
Oct 28, 1985
781 F.2d 671 (9th Cir. 1985)

holding that law enforcement officer's search was justified by exigent circumstances "[i]n light of the potential danger of additional explosions or fire" and the need "to determine the cause of the explosion and to ensure that additional explosions or fire would not occur"

Summary of this case from United States v. Spadafore

holding that a suspect was not in custody even though “questioning ... took place at the hospital” and he was “not free to leave”

Summary of this case from United States v. Hallford

holding that a potential explosion within an apartment increases the likelihood of finding exigent circumstances

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holding that, although the effects of the defendant's medicine left him groggy and in pain, his statements were voluntary

Summary of this case from U.S. v. Coleman

holding statements voluntary where defendant under influence of pain killer and still in pain, groggy though awake and fairly coherent, and spoke freely with police and where there was no evidence of extended/oppressive questioning

Summary of this case from Davidson v. Sullivan

holding that type, dosage, and schedule of painkilling narcotic administered to defendant was insufficient to overbear defendant's will to resist questioning or impair his rational faculties

Summary of this case from United States v. Goldstein

holding that a defendant's statement made outside of police custody was voluntary because he was "awake and relatively coherent during the questioning" despite painful injuries

Summary of this case from U.S. v. King

holding that a defendant was not in custody when he went to the hospital after an explosion in his apartment, had received Demerol, appeared to be groggy but was coherent, asked and answered questions, and spoke with a local police detective and a special agent

Summary of this case from State v. Lowe

holding statements voluntary even though defendant was under the influence of Demerol, a painkiller, and still in pain

Summary of this case from State v. Foster

finding that a defendant, groggy from the effects of Demerol, who spoke with detectives in his hospital room was not in custody and therefore not entitled to Miranda warnings

Summary of this case from U.S. v. Jamison

finding statements voluntary where defendant was in pain and on medication

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finding defendant's statements to have been made voluntarily while defendant was in pain and under the influence of Demerol, a painkiller

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concluding that a suspect was not in custody when he spoke freely with law enforcement officers at his hospital bed and had sought and received treatment at the hospital without any police involvement

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concluding suspect was not in custody when "there are no facts to indicate law enforcement officials were in any way involved in Martin's hospitalization"

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affirming conclusion that defendant's statements were voluntary despite administration of Demerol while hospitalized

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affirming the district court's conclusion that the defendant's statements were voluntary, although provided after he was administered a painkiller (demerol) while hospitalized due to injuries caused while handling explosives, because he "was awake and relatively coherent during the questioning at the hospital;" "sat up in his bed and spoke freely with [law enforcement];" questioning stopped when he "became too groggy to understand the detective's questions;" there was "no evidence of extended and oppressive questioning;" the defendant's "injuries, while painful, did not render him unconscious or comatose;" he "said that he wanted to talk to the officers and was not reluctant to tell his story."

Summary of this case from United States v. Abdulmutallab

affirming finding by a preponderance of the evidence that a defendant who was injured but awake and relatively coherent voluntarily spoke with police in the hospital

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rejecting defendant's identical argument on similar facts

Summary of this case from United States v. Dudley

rejecting defendant's claim that statements were not of "free will and rational choice" because he was in great pain and under the influence of Demerol, a pain-killing medication

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In United States v. Martin, 781 F.2d 671 (9th Cir. 1985), statements made by defendant in the hospital while in pain and under the influence of Demerol, a pain-killing medication, were again held to be voluntary.

Summary of this case from U.S. v. Kelley

suggesting suspect could be in custody for Miranda purposes when police "took a criminal suspect to the hospital from the scene of a crime, monitored the patient's stay, stationed themselves outside the door, arranged an extended treatment schedule with the doctors, or [engaged in] some combination of these" actions

Summary of this case from Reigelsperger v. Utah

In Martin, officers attempted to interview the defendant in the hospital but ended the interview because he "appeared groggy and in much pain" after suffering injuries from an explosion.

Summary of this case from People v. Vargas

stating that under some circumstances police presence and close monitoring of a defendant at the hospital could indicate that the defendant was in custody

Summary of this case from State v. Maestas

In United States v. Martin (9th Cir. 1986) 781 F.2d 671, the police received a report that the defendant had been injured in an explosion at his apartment and was in the hospital receiving treatment.

Summary of this case from People v. Hudson
Case details for

United States v. Martin

Case Details

Full title:UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, v. ROYLEE RUSSELL MARTIN…

Court:United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit

Date published: Oct 28, 1985

Citations

781 F.2d 671 (9th Cir. 1985)

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