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Alexander v. General Motors Corporation

Supreme Court of Georgia
Nov 25, 1996
267 Ga. 339 (Ga. 1996)

Summary

holding that the Court of Appeals correctly stated the public policy exception but erroneously concluded that the exception did not apply

Summary of this case from Luigino's Int'l v. Miller

Opinion

S96G0657.

DECIDED NOVEMBER 25, 1996.

Certiorari to the Court of Appeals of Georgia — 219 Ga. App. 660.

Kenneth F. Dunham, Dovre C. Jensen, Margaret N. Paton, L. Lynn Hogue, for appellant.

Lord, Bissell Brook, Terry R. Howell, Corliss L. Worford, for appellee.


Alexander was injured while driving in Virginia when the driver's seat of his General Motors vehicle, purchased new in Georgia, failed in a collision and caused him to be ejected from the vehicle. He sued General Motors in Georgia under a strict liability theory. The trial court granted partial summary judgment to General Motors, ruling that because the injuries occurred in Virginia, that state's substantive law would be applied. Because there is no strict liability action under Virginia law, the trial court dismissed those claims and permitted Alexander to amend the complaint to state a claim based on negligence under Virginia law. The Court of Appeals affirmed that judgment, concluding that since Virginia products liability law is not radically dissimilar to Georgia law and pursues similar public policy by different methods, it does not contravene Georgia public policy, and the "public policy" exception to the rule of lex loci delicti does not apply. We granted Alexander's petition for certiorari to consider whether, since Virginia does not recognize recovery on the basis of strict liability, the application of the rule of lex loci delicti would contravene the public policy embodied in OCGA § 51-1-11. For the reasons stated below, we conclude that the rule of lex loci delicti should not be applied, and reverse the contrary decision of the Court of Appeals.

Alexander v. General Motors Corp., 219 Ga. App. 660 ( 466 S.E.2d 607) (1995).

The opinion by the Court of Appeals correctly states the choice of law principles applicable to this case, including the public policy exception to the rule of lex loci delicti. However, the conclusion in that opinion that "Virginia products liability law is not radically dissimilar to Georgia law but rather pursues a similar public policy by somewhat different methods," misses the crucial point that Georgia's public policy of shifting to manufacturers the burden of loss caused by defective products is effectuated by precisely those "somewhat different methods."

As is pointed out in the majority opinion of the Court of Appeals, Virginia does not recognize a claim for strict liability in tort in products liability actions. See also Harris v. T.I., Inc., 243 Va. 63 ( 413 S.E.2d 605) (1992). Instead, Virginia continues to rely on warranty law and negligence principles. Abbot v. American Cyanamid Co., 844 F.2d 1108, 1114 (4th Cir. 1988). In a claim for breach of an implied warranty of merchantability, which the majority opinion of the Court of Appeals describes as Virginia's "functional equivalent" to strict liability, Virginia law requires one injured by an allegedly defective product to notify the manufacturer of the breach of implied warranty within a reasonable time. Hebron v. American Isuzu Motors, Inc., 60 F.3d 1095 (4th Cir. 1995). In Georgia, however, OCGA § 51-1-11 imposes strict liability in tort without requiring any similar notification. A claim in negligence in a Virginia products liability case differs from a strict liability claim in Georgia in that the latter eliminates questions of negligence and the usual defenses to negligence. Ford Motor Co. v. Carter, 239 Ga. 657 ( 238 S.E.2d 361) (1977). This comparison demonstrates that Virginia law and Georgia law are radically dissimilar in terms of the burden placed on persons seeking recompense for injuries caused by defective products.

The present case is an excellent example of how the differences in method affect the substantive result. Applying Virginia law, the trial court not only dismissed the strict liability claim because Virginia law does not provide for it, but by relegating Alexander to an action based only on negligence, foreclosed pursuit of any warranty claim. Such a result is antithetical to the policy of which OCGA § 51-1-11 is an expression:

The manufacturer is made liable for a new product that is defective when it leaves his hands and is the proximate cause of injury. Reasonable care in inspecting, designing and manufacturing a product is not a defense because the language creating the tortious misconduct is manufacturing a defective product, and this high burden of care is demanded to safeguard the life and person from injury as a matter of public policy. [Cit.]

Ford Motor Co. v. Carter, 141 Ga. App. 371 (2) ( 233 S.E.2d 444) (1977).

Because Virginia law would place Alexander in exactly the position from which OCGA § 51-1-11 was intended to protect those who are injured by defective products placed in the stream of commerce in this state, we conclude that it is contrary to the public policy of this state as expressed in that statute. Accordingly, Alexander is entitled to have Georgia law applied to his claims against General Motors. See Karimi v. Crowley, 172 Ga. App. 761, 762 ( 324 S.E.2d 583) (1984). The decision of the Court of Appeals must, therefore, be reversed.

Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur, except Fletcher, P.J., who concurs in judgment only.


Summaries of

Alexander v. General Motors Corporation

Supreme Court of Georgia
Nov 25, 1996
267 Ga. 339 (Ga. 1996)

holding that the Court of Appeals correctly stated the public policy exception but erroneously concluded that the exception did not apply

Summary of this case from Luigino's Int'l v. Miller

In Alexander the court found that it would violate Georgia public policy to apply Virginia law because, unlike Georgia, Virginia did not recognize strict liability for manufacturers.

Summary of this case from Elder v. Reliance Worldwide Corp.

applying Georgia law to strict liability claim when injury occurred in Virginia but the case was filed in Georgia

Summary of this case from Elder v. Reliance Worldwide Corp.

noting that "the public policy of this state as expressed in [the product-liability] statute" is "to protect those who are injured by defective products placed in the stream of commerce in this state"

Summary of this case from Maynard v. Snapchat, Inc.

stating that Georgia's strict products liability claim "eliminates questions of negligence and the usual defenses to negligence"

Summary of this case from Johns v. Suzuki Motor of Am., Inc.

applying Georgia law rather than Virginia law even though injury occurred in Virginia because Virginia products liability law violated Georgia public policy

Summary of this case from Coon v. Med. Ctr., Inc.

applying public policy exception because the lex loci was "radically dissimilar" from Georgia

Summary of this case from Coon v. Med. Ctr., Inc.

In Alexander v. General Motors Corp., 267 Ga. 339 (478 SE2d 123) (1996), "Alexander was injured while driving in Virginia when the driver's seat of his General Motors ["GM"] vehicle, purchased new in Georgia, failed in a collision and caused him to be ejected from the vehicle."

Summary of this case from Bailey v. Cottrell, Inc.
Case details for

Alexander v. General Motors Corporation

Case Details

Full title:ALEXANDER v. GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION

Court:Supreme Court of Georgia

Date published: Nov 25, 1996

Citations

267 Ga. 339 (Ga. 1996)
478 S.E.2d 123

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